PRINTED ORGANIC ELECTRONICS AND ITS

APPLICATIONS

A Seminar Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

SAMUDRALA AKHIL BHARADWAJ 18KD1A04E2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK Kakinada || Approved by AICTE

|| Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

JONNADA VILLAGE, DENKADA MANDAL,

VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA-535005

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 LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E &permanently Affiliated to JNTU,Kakinada) Accredited by
NAAC with “A” Grade and NBA Accredited (ECE, CSE, EEE, Mech)
Jonnada (Village), Denkada (Mandal), Vizianagaram Dist – 535 005 Phone No. 08922-
241111, 241112

CERITIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “PRINTED ORGANIC

ELECTRONICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS” is the Bonafede work of
SAMUDRALA AKHIL BHARADWAJ (18KD1A04E2)the student of this college,
submitted in partial full fillment of the requirements for the award of degree Bachelor
of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering during the academic
year 2018 – 2022.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We consider it as a privilege to thank all those people who helped us a lot for
the successful completion of this seminar work entitled “PRINTED ORGANIC
ELECTRONICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS”.

We would first like to express our heart-felt gratitude to our parents without whom we
would not have been privileged to achieve and fulfill our dreams.

We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and hearty
thanks to Management of LENDI Institute of Engineering and Technology for
providing congenial atmosphere and encouragement.

We sincerely express our whole hearted thanks to Dr. V.V.Rama Reddy,

Principal, LENDI Institute of Engineering and Technology who has given us a lot
of support and freedom during our seminar work.

We profoundly thank Dr. M. Rajan Babu, Head of the Department,

Electronics and Communication Engineering for his collaboration and constant
encouragement for the successful completion of this seminar work even though he is
busy with his hectic schedule of administration and teaching.

Finally, we would like to thank all the Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff
who helped us in the successful completion of this seminar work. We also like to thank
all of our friends who helped us directly or indirectly for the successful completion of
our seminar work.

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 LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E &permanently Affiliated to JNTU,Kakinada) Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade and NBA Accredited (EC
Jonnada (Village), Denkada (Mandal), Vizianagaram Dist – 535 005 Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112

INSTITUTE
VISION

Producing globally competent and quality technocrats with human values for the
holistic needs of industry and society.

MISSION
 Creating an outstanding infrastructure and platform for the enhancement of
skills, knowledge and behaviour of students towards employment and higher
studies.
 Providing a healthy environment for research, development and
entrepreneurship, to meet the expectations of industry and society.
 Transforming the graduates to contribute to the socio-economic development
and welfare of the society through value based education.

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 LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E &permanently Affiliated to JNTU,Kakinada)
Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade and NBA Accredited (ECE, CSE, EEE, Mech)
Jonnada (Village), Denkada (Mandal), Vizianagaram Dist – 535 005
Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112

Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringVISION

Emerge as a Center of Eminence in Electronics and Communication Engineering

toimpart quality education towards highly skilled and competent engineer.

MISSION
 Offering an inspiring and conducive learning environment to prepare skilledand
competent engineers.
 Providing practical skills and project based education for meeting the growing
challenges of industry.
 Arranging an unique environment towards entrepreneurship by fostering
innovation, creativity, freedom and empowerment.
 Imparting professional behavior, strong ethical values, innovative research
capabilities and leadership abilities.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: Graduates will have strong knowledge, skills and attitudes towards
employment, higher studies and research.

PEO2: Graduates shall comprehend latest tools and techniques to analyze,

design anddevelop novel systems and products to solve real life problems.

PEO3: Graduates shall have multidisciplinary approach, professional attitude,

ethical values, good communication, team work and engage in life-long
learning to adapt the rapidly changing technologies.

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 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Capable of design, develop, test, verify and implement analog and
digitalelectronics and communication engineering systems and products.

PSO2: Qualify in national and international competitive examinations for

successfulhigher studies and employment.

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 Course Objectives
Objectives (At the end of the course, the students will be able to )
Course
Gain theoretical experience on innovative technologies

Work on the real world/practical/theoretical problems involving

Seminar

issues in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Get an idea to deliver efficient solutions to challenging problems
inElectronics, Communications and allied disciplines

Course outcomes
Course Outcomes (After completing this course the student must be able to)

envision latest technologies / applications for societal needs

Develops skills for analysis and synthesis of practical systems

Semina

Acquire the use of new tools effectively and creatively

r

Work to carry out analysis and cost-effective, environmental

friendly designs of engineering systems
Write Technical / seminar reports and oral presentation to
an audience

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 CONTENTS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. History
4. Conductive Organic Materials
5. Organic Electronic advantages
6. Printed OTFT technology
7. A Unipolar Gravure-Printed Technology
8. Applications
 Organic Solar Cell(OSC)
 Organic Light Emitting Diode
 AMOLED
 Large Area pressure sensors
9. Conclusion
10. References

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 Abstract
The technological advancements in Organic electronics made their use in a wide
range of applications and their low cost, amorphous in nature, and flexibility able to
replace the inorganic electronics. Printed circuits of Low cost and a large area made
these to use in applications where silicon-based circuits are too expensive. Organic
TFT technologies like printed complementary OTFT technology and Unipolar
Gravure- Printed technologies are discussed. and some Major real-time applications
like Organic Solar cell(OSC), OLED, AMOLED, and High-pressure Organic Sensor
are discussed.

Introduction
Organic electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with conductive polymers and
conductive small molecules. Organic electronics have the polymers and small
molecules are carbon-based. Most polymer electronics are laminar electronics.
Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less expensive. This makes them a
desirable alternative in many applications.

One of the promised benefits of organic electronics is their potential low cost
compared to traditional electronics. Attractive properties of polymeric conductors
include their electrical conductivity (which can be varied by the concentrations of
dopants) and comparatively high mechanical flexibility. Challenges to the
implementation of organic electronic materials are their inferior thermal stability, high
cost, and diverse fabrication issues.

The last decade has witnessed an impressive development of printed organic

electronics. This field started as a promising research area with limited practical impact
and is now becoming a cutting-edge enabling technology with several fields of
applications, where silicon-based circuits are too expensive or can be profitably
complemented to enable specific functionalities. The key advantages of printed organic
electronics are the low cost per unit of surface, the compatibility with flexible or
conformable substrates, and the capability to integrate sensors and circuits on foil.
Actual and potential applications are numerous and diversified.
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 They include large area sensing surfaces infrared radiation sensors for smart radio
frequency identification (RFID) gas and pH for conservation. For all these
applications, organic thin film transistors (OTFTs).

History

Traditional conductive materials are inorganic, especially metals such as copper and aluminum as
well as many alloys.

In 1862 Henry Letheby described polyaniline, which was subsequently shown to be electrically
conductive. Work on other polymeric organic materials began in earnest in the 1960s. For
example, in 1963, a derivative of tetraiodopyrrole was shown to exhibit conductivity of 1 S/cm (S
= Siemens) In 1977, it was discovered that oxidation enhanced the conductivity of polyacetylene.
The 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, and
Hideki Shirakawa jointly for their work on polyacetylene and related conductive polymers.Many
families of electrically conducting polymers have been identified including polythiophene,
polyphenylene sulphide, and others.

J.E. Lilienfeld first proposed the field-effect transistor in 1930, but the first OFET was not
reported until 1987, when Koezuka et al. constructed one using Polythiophene which shows
extremely high conductivity. Other conductive polymers have been shown to act as
semiconductors, and newly synthesized and characterized compounds are reported weekly in
prominent research journals. Many review articles exist documenting the development of these
materials.

Historically, organic materials (or plastics) were viewed as insulators, with applications commonly
seen in inactive packaging, coating, and containers.Ching W. Tang -who built the first organic
light-emitting diode (OLED). André Bernanose was the first person to observe
electroluminescence in organic materials, and Ching W. Tang,reported fabrication of an OLED
device in 1987. The OLED device incorporated a double-layer structure motif composed of copper
phthalocyanine and a derivative of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride.

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 Conductive Organic Materials

Organic conductive materials can be grouped into two main classes: polymers and conductive
molecular solids and salts. Polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pentacene and rubrene often
form semiconducting materials when partially oxidized.

Conductive polymers are often typically intrinsically conductive or at least semiconductors. They
sometimes show mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional organic polymers.
Both organic synthesis and advanced dispersion techniques can be used to tune the electrical
properties of conductive polymers, unlike typical inorganic conductors. Well-studied classes of
conductive polymers include polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophenes, and polyaniline. Poly(p-
phenylene vinylene) and its derivatives are electroluminescent semiconducting polymers. Poly(3-
alkythiophenes) have been incorporated into prototypes of solar cells and transistors.

Fig: shows some individual molecules and large polymer structure

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 Organic electronics Advantages

Organic electronics have attracted much attention in recent years due to their
multiple advantages such as high flexibility, easy processing, low fabrication
cost, and large area fabrication. These unique advantages make them highly
promising for organic solar cells, organic memory devices, organic thin film
transistors, organic light emitting diodes, organic photodetectors, organic
sensor, and so forth. The performance of organic electronic devices is
strongly dependent on the fabrication procedure as well as the processing
parameters. Among various fabrication methods to implement these organic
electronics devices, spray coating is emphasized because of its compatibility
to large area fabrications and industrial mass productions. However, other
methods, such as inkjet printing, offer, for example, to reduce the ink material
consumption by drop-on-demand design. The recent advances in fabricating
organic electronic devices have been carried out with the development of
novel materials. Certainly, blending of organic materials to form composites
has been developed to improve the properties of the devices, or to lead studies
to determine some properties due to their interaction. Complementary
modeling studies can be carried out to support the evidence experimentally. In
this special issue, the papers address these issues.

One of the main advantages of organic electronics is the possibility of manufacturing components
and circuits over large areas, while silicon chips are restricted to the area of circular pads of
limited sizes.

Most of these advantages, however, is certainly the fact that organic electronics can be fabricated
on plastic substrates, thin and flexible.

Only the flash memory transistor, the silicon component found in the pen-drives in digital cameras
and MP3 players, continued to resist the benefits of plastic.

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 Organic Thin Film Transistor (OTFT)
Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) technology involves the use of organic semiconducting
compounds in electronic components, notably computer displays. Such displays are bright, the
colors are vivid, they provide fast response times, and they are easy to read in most ambient
lighting environments.

Several factors have motivated engineers to conduct and continue research in organic
semiconductor technology. One of these factors is cost. Organic displays are relatively cheap, but
until recently, they have proven slow in terms of carrier mobility (the ease with which an atom
shares electrons and holes with other atoms). Slow carrier mobility translates into sluggish
response time, which limits the ability of a display to rendering motion such as is common in
animated computer games and, increasingly, on the Web. Researchers at Lucent Technologies and
Pennsylvania State University have, however, recently developed a process for growing organic
crystals with carrier mobility rivaling that of traditional TFT materials. Further improvements are
expected.

Another factor that motivates research in OTFT technology is application diversity. Organic
substrates allow for displays to be fabricated on flexible surfaces, rather than on rigid materials as
is necessary in traditional TFT displays. A piece of flexible plastic might be coated with OTFT
material and made into a display that can be handled like a paper document. Sets of such displays
might be bundled, producing magazines or newspapers whose page contents can be varied
periodically, or even animated. This has far-reaching ramifications. For example, comic book
characters might move around the pages and speak audible words. More likely, such displays will
find use in portable computers and communications systems.

An Organic Thin Film Transistor (OTFT) is a field-effect transistor using an organic

semiconductor in its channel.
OTFTs can be prepared either by vacuum evaporation of small molecules, by solution-
casting of polymers or small molecules, or by the mechanical transfer of a peeled single-
crystalline organic layer onto a substrate.
These devices have been developed to realize low-cost, large-area electronic products
and biodegradable electronics.
OTFTs have been fabricated with various device geometries.

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The above figure shows Printed Organic Thin Film Transistor (OTFT)

The figure shows Typical applications of organic electronics: (a) RFID, (b) analog mixed signal circuits,
(c–d) large-area sensing surfaces.

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 Printed Complimentary OTFT
technology
An example of printed C-OTFT technology was developed by CEA-Liten on 11 × 11 cm2 flexible
foils . The theTFTs exploit a staggered Top Gate (TG) multi-finger structure with a 20-µm
channel
length (L) on 125-µm thick and polyethylene-naphthalene (PEN) substrate. Both N and P-type
Transistors are implemented with a top-gate bottom-contact multi-. finger architecture Source and
drain electrodes are first patterned either by photolithography or by laser ablation on a 125-µm
thick Polyethylene-naphthalene (PEN) foil with 20µm as a typical channel length. Then after
surface treatment and injection engineering by the mean of self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) ,
the small molecule-based organic semiconductors are patterned through the screen printing with a
final thickness in the range of 50-150nm. The typical carrier mobility of 1.5 cm²/V.s and 0.55
cm²/V.s are respectively obtained for p-type and n-type. A common fluoropolymer dielectric is
then screen-printed and annealed on top of both semiconductors with a thickness of 750nm,
leaving open areas for via holes. Finally a silver-ink conductor is screen-printed on the top of the
dielectric and annealed at 100°C, forming in the same step the gate electrodes for devices and the
2nd level for interconnection. The CEA printed technology also enable monolithic integration of
multiple device including N and P transistors, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors with 24
pF/mm², and optional screen-printed carbon-ink resistors.

The figure shows C-OTFT cross-section of the adopted technology

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The Figure shows Simplified process flow of the C-OTFT technology on flexible foil

A Unipolar Gravure-Printed OTFT Technology

An example of state-of-the-art printed unipolar OTFT technology based on gravure is given by the
AT4000TG technology This process was developed by CEA Liten using a Sheet-to-Sheet (S2S)
platform and GEN1 (320× 320 mm2) PEN substrates. The OTFTs exploit a staggered TG
geometry shown in below figure.

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A summary of the main steps of the process flow is reported in the above figure. Gold source/drain
contacts are patterned using large-area photolithography. The amorphous polymer semiconductor
(OSC) and organic dielectric (ODL) are printed using gravure. The stack is finalized with the
screen printing of the gate layer. The second generation of this technology succeeded in greatly
reducing gate-leakage defects using a stack of cross-linked insulating layers as dielectric. This
technique has proven very successful, leading to a state-of-the-art yield performance of 99.8%
defect-free devices measured over 540 OTFTs.

Applications of Organic Electronics

There are numerous applications of Organic electronics and we are going to discuss only a few
real-time and Major Applications.

1. Organic solar cell(OSC)

2. Organic Light Emitting Diode(OLED)

3. AMOLED

4. Large Area Pressure sensors

Organic Solar Cell (OSC)

An organic solar cell (OSC) or plastic solar cell is a type of photovoltaic that uses organic
electronics, a branch of electronics that deals with conductive organic polymers or small organic
molecules, for light absorption and charge transport to produce electricity from sunlight by the
photovoltaic effect. Most organic photovoltaic cells are polymer solar cells.

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The molecules used in organic solar cells are solution-processable at high throughput and are
cheap, resulting in low production costs to fabricate a large volume. Combined with the flexibility
of organic molecules, organic solar cells are potentially cost-effective for photovoltaic
applications.[4] Molecular engineering (e.g., changing the length and functional group of
polymers) can change the bandgap, allowing for electronic tunability. The optical absorption
coefficient of organic molecules is high, so a large amount of light can be absorbed with a small
number of materials, usually on the order of hundreds of nanometers. The main disadvantages
associated with organic photovoltaic cells are low efficiency, low stability and low strength
compared to inorganic photovoltaic cells such as silicon solar cells.

Compared to silicon-based devices, polymer solar cells are lightweight (which is important for
small autonomous sensors), potentially disposable and inexpensive to fabricate (sometimes using
printed electronics), flexible, customizable on the molecular level, and potentially have a less
adverse environmental impact. Polymer solar cells also have the potential to exhibit transparency,
suggesting applications in windows, walls, flexible electronics.

The Figure shows the Organic Solar Cells

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 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED or organic LED), also known as organic

electroluminescent (organic EL) diode, is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive
electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric
current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these
electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television
screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such as smartphones and handheld game
consoles. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-
state lighting applications.
Although its name looks similar, OLED is fundamentally different from LED. The LED is based
on a p-n diode structure. In an LED, doping is used to create p- and n- regions by changing the
conductivity of the host semiconductor. OLEDs do not employ a p-n structure. Doping of OLEDs
is used to increase radiative efficiency by direct modification of the quantum-mechanical optical
recombination rate. Doping is additionally used to determine the wavelength of photon emission.

An OLED display works without a backlight because it emits visible light. Thus, it can display
deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low
ambient light conditions (such as a dark room), an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast
ratio than an LCD, regardless of whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or an LED
backlight. OLED displays are made in the same way as LCDs, but after TFT (for active matrix
displays), addressable grid (for passive matrix displays) or indium-tin oxide (ITO) segment (for
segment displays) formation, the display is coated with hole injection, transport and blocking
layers, as well with electroluminescent material after the first 2 layers, after which ITO or metal
may be applied again as a cathode and later the entire stack of materials is encapsulated. The TFT
layer, addressable grid or ITO segments serve as or are connected to the anode, which may be
made of ITO or metal.OLEDs can be made flexible and transparent, with transparent displays
being used in smartphones with optical fingerprint scanners and flexible displays being used in
smartphones..

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The above Figure is Real time application of OLED
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ACTIVE MATRIX ORGANIC LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE (AMOLED)

AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode, it is a type of OLED display device

technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic
compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology
behind the addressing of pixels.

Since 2007, AMOLED technology has been used in mobile phones, media players, TVs, and
digital cameras, and it has continued to make progress toward low-power, low-cost, high
resolution, and large size (for example, 88-inch and 8K resolution) applications.

An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels generating light

(luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin-film
transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to
each individual pixel.

Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger
the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the
second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel,
thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for passive-matrix OLED
operation.

TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. In AMOLEDs, the
two primary TFT backplane technologies, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon
(a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating the active-matrix
backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) onto flexible plastic substrates .

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The above figure shows the Structure of AMOLED.

The above figure is the Samsung Folded display which uses AMOLED display

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 A Large-Area Pressure Sensors

Systems-on-foil made with organic materials have been used to detect spatial pressure distribution
in applications such as electronic skins and tactile sensors . Human-machine interactions typically
require high sensitivity, whereas the availability of larger dynamic ranges and faster responses
could enable the use of these devices, e.g., home security, automotive and smart building
applications. These features have been demonstrated in a large-area pressure sensing surface,
based on printed PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric sensors on foil (front plane), laminated with distributed
addressing OTFT electronics (backplane). This system features 6 × 10 elements distributed over
16.5 × 27.5 cm2 area. The active area of each sensor is 1.8 × 1.8 cm2. The system-on-foil
architecture is shown in below figure. In each pixel, the current generated by the sensor during the
impact is converted to voltage by an integrated 5 k resistor (R) and readout with external silicon
electronics, exploiting the active addressing functionality of the switch M . The functionality of
the system has been verified in a drop tower.

The figure shows (a) the System architecture of the pressure sensing surface. (b) Photograph of the 6 × 10
system-on-foil. (c) Drop tower impact test: the recorded individual force of 4 pixels (squares, circles,
triangles, rhombi), resultant (grey), and reference force (black).

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 Conclusion

Organic printed TFTs on foil have become an attractive technology option to create innovative
systems and enable unprecedented applications. They provide ultra-low-cost electronic functions
distributed on a large, flexible surface, and are thus ideal for applications combining many sensors
or actuators with silicon ICs. Besides, at the state-of-the-art, they have enough performance to
create standalone electronics, such as RFID tags augmented with sensors. Still the challenges of
circuit and system design with these printed technologies are important: minimal complexity (per
pixel) is needed, due to the imperfect yield, and robust design is a must to counteract the large
OTFT variability and limited matching.

References
• Printed Organic Electronics on Flexible Foil: Circuit Design and Emerging Application
Egidio Ragonese , Senior Member, IEEE, Marco Fattori , Member, IEEE, and Eugenio
Cantatore
• Organic Semiconductors for Optically Triggered Neural Interfacing: The Impact of Device
Architecture in Determining Response Magnitude and Polarity Connor P. Sherwood,
Daniel C. Elkington, Michael R. Dickinson, Warwick J. Belcher, Paul C. Dastoor, Krishna
Feron, Alan M. Brichta, Rebecca Lim, and Matthew J. Griffith
• Bruce E. Kahn. Organic electronics technology. Retrieved on December 3, 2012
• M. Fattori et al., “Organic pressure-sensing surfaces fabricated by lamination of flexible
substrates,” IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1159–1166,
Jul. 2018. [2] T. Someya et al.,
• “A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for
artificial skin applications,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 101, pp. 9966–9970, Jul.
2004. [3] M. Kaltenbrunner et al,

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PRESENTATION SLIDES

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