Signum Academy

Minerals and Energy Resources

Short Notes :
Introduction
 Minerals, energy resources and we
 Minerals ore an indispensable part of our lives [Pin to ship]
"Homogenous naturally occuring substance with a definable internal structure"
Rocks  Minerals lone or more than one]

Depends upon the physical and chemical conditions

Classifiction of Minerals
Geographars V/s Geologists
 Study Minerals as a part of earth crust  Study formation or minerals, their age physical and chemical
composition
 Above the earth  Below the earth

Minerals

Metallic Non - Metallic Energy Metallic

Eg Mica
Salt Eg coal
Ferrous Non-Ferrous Precious Potash Petroleum
Eg. Iron Eg. Copper Eg. Gold Sulpur Natural gas
ore Lead Silver graphite
Manganese tin Platinum
Nickel
Cobalt

Mode of occurrence of Minerals

 Found in "ores"  [Minerals mined with other element]

commercially
Viable extraction

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 (i) Veins and lodes (ii) Beds and layers (iii) Residual mass of weathered material
Eg Tin, copper, Eg coal, gypsum, Eg Bouxite
zinc and lead. potash etc.

(iv) Alluvial deposits (v) ocean water

Eg Gold, silver, tin Eg salt, magnesium
(Minerals not corroded and bromine
by water

Types of Mining and Distribution of Minerals

1. Open pit Mining
2. Ovuarreging
3. Underground
Mining with shaft

 Some facts -
 Minerals are nationalised
 Mining by tribal group [Rat hole]

Peninsular rocks
 Coal, Mct allic, Minerals, Hica and many other non-Matallic Minerals.

 East and west of Penisula

 Petroleum
 Rajasthan
 Non-ferrous Minerals [copper]
 North India
 Devoid of Eonomic Minerals

 How a 'deposit' or 'Reserve' turn into Mine ??

Ferrous Minerals
 3/4 of total metallic base for Met allurigical industries.

Iron ore

 Back bone of Industrial Development.

 Magnetite (70% of Iron content)
 Excellent magneti qualities
 Hematite (50 - 60% of content)
 Industrial iron

Manganese

 used in making steel and ferro manganese alloy

 10 kg in 1 tonne of steel
 used in manufacturing bleaching powder insecticides and paints
 Orissa is the largest producer of manganese are

* How a 'deposit' or 'Reserve' turns into Mine ??

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 Major iron ore belts in India

(i) Orissa - Jharkhand belt

 Hematite are found in Badam pahr, Goa and Neamundi.
 Part  Paradrip port.

(ii) Durg - Bostar - Chandrapur

 Chattsgarh and Haharashtra
 Hematite are found in Bailadila range of Bastar distinct.
 Port  Vishakapatnam (Japan and south korea)

(iii) Bellary - Chitradurga - Chikmaglur - Tumkur

 Kudir mukh mines is 100% export unit
 Port - Manglore (Through pipe line)

(iv) Maharashtra - Goa Belt

 Goa and Ratnagir
District of Mah
 Port - Mor magao

Non-Ferrous Minerals
 Not sufficient
 Minerals such as copper, bouxite, lead, zinc and gold.
 used in metallurigical engineering and electrical industries

(i) Copper
 India is critically deficient in copper production.
 Malleable, ductile and a good conductor, therefore have high demand.
 Balaghat hine produces 52% of total copper.
 Singbhum distinct and khetri Hines.

Bauxite
 Bauxite  dumina  aluminium
 Strength of metal eg iron with extreme lightness, Good Conductivity and great mallebility.
 Amarkantak plateau, maikal hills plateau region of Bilaspur- katri
 Orissa  Largest Bauxite producing state

Non-Metallic Minerals and Rock Minerals

(i) Mica
 Mode of series of plates
 used in electronic industries due to di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating propeaties and resistance
to high voltage.
 Chota nagpur plateau, koderma Gaya - Hazari bogh, Ajmer, Rajasthan and Nellore Mica velt of AP.

(ii) Limestone
 Rock composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium coabonate.
 Essential for smelting iranore in blast furmances and cement Industries.
 A.P, M.P, Rajasthan, Gujrat, T.N and Many more.

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 Hazards of Mining
Risk of Collapsing Hineroots

(i) Impact on Miners

Inundation and fire in coal mines

Health issues

Dust and maxious fumer are inhaled.

Vulnerable to pulmonary diseases

(ii) Impact of Environment  Dumping of waste and slurry


Water source get contaminated Degradation of land, soil and reiver pollution

Conservation of Minerals
 Our dependence of minerals and its avalbity to us
 1 % of the earth's crust
 Replinshment and mineral for mation  =  consumption.

 Finite and non-renewable

 Continued extraction =  costs [[  Greater Depths decreased quality]]

 Step for conservation

 Improved technology, Recycling of Metals, using other alternaties and substitutes.
Energy Resources
 Nessicity of energy ??
Eg. full Minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium

 Convertional source  Non - Convental source

Ordinary, following the traditional way Not ordinary, other than traditional way.
Eg. Firewood Eg - Solar
cattle dung cake wind
coal tidal
petroleum Geothermal.

Conventional sources of energy : Natural Gas

 source of energy as well as an industrial raw material
 Found in association with or without petroleum
 Environment friendly  low carbon dioxide emission.
 Krisha - Godawari basin, numbai - High Gulf of camboy
 HVJ Pipeline [Hazira - vijipur - jagdisphur] = Artery to Indian Gas production
 Power and Fertilizer Industries are keyusers
 CNG (Comprused Natural Gas] is used in vericials is replacing liquid fuels.

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 Conventional sources of energy : coal
 Formation ?? Coal  Bulky
 Degree of compression, Depth and time of burial  Industries are
near coal fields
 On the basis of quality

1. Peat 2. Lignite 3. Bituminous

 Low carbon  Low grade brow coal  Deep Inside the earth
 High Mositure  Soft with high  Temperature
 Low heating capacity moisture content  Commercial use, smelting

4. Anthracite
 Highest quality
 Hard coal.

On the basis of age

(i) Gondwana coal (ii) Trtiary Coal

 200 Million coal  55 Million years age
 Damodar valley, Tharia, Rhaniganj, Bokaro  North eastern states.

Conventional sources of energy : Petroleum

 Petroleum Industry as a "Nodal Industry"
 Synthetic tentile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industry
 occurence ??
 anticlines and fault traps in  Porous and non-porous layer and gas being lighter usually
Rocks for med duringtertiary age occurs above the oil

 Found In - Mumbai High, Gurjat (Ankdeshwar), Assam (Digboi)

Conventional sources of energy : Electricty

 It's importance ??
 Per capita consumption is considered as index of Development

Hydro Electricity Thermal electricity

 Produuced by Running water  By Buring coal,, pet roleum and natural gas
 use rebewable resources  Use non-renewable fossil fuels.
 Multipurpose river projects like Bhakra
nangal, Damodar valley corp.

Non-conventional source of energy : Nuclear or Atomic energy


 Need for it ??  Obtained by altering the structure of atoms
  Consumption of fossil fules  Uranium and thorium are used
  Found In Jharkhand, The Aravalli ranges of
 Price rise Rajasthan and the monazite sand of kerala,
 Uncertinaties in future and environmental problems (rich in Thorium)
 We must use renewable source of energy. eg. solar
energy, wind energy, tide and biomass

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 Non-Conventional source of energy : Solar energy & wind energy

 Photovltic technology converts sunlight  Potential of wind

directly into electricity  largest wind farm claster nogorcoil to maduri [T.N]
 The largest solar plant of India is located  A.P, karnataka, Gujrat, kerala, Maharshtra etc.
at Modhopur, near Bhuj
[sterliseing milk cans]
 Relife for nural households

firewood and cowdung cakes 

Environmental conservation supply og maneers 

Non-Conventional sources of energy : Biogas

 Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste is used to make biogas
 Decomposition of organic matter  Gas  Higher efficiency as compared to kerosene, dung cake and char-
coal.
 Plants using cattle dung are known as "gabar gas plants."
Twin Benifits

source of energy quality of Manure

(+)
prevents the loss of trees

Non - Conventional Sources of Energy : Tidal energy

 Energy produced by tides
 Gulf of kuchchn, provides ideal condition for cuttising tidal energy.

Non - Conventional Sources of Energy : Geothermal energy

 Electricity produced by the heat from the Interior of the earth.

 Two Experimental Project

1. Puga valley, ladakh  Water turns into steam and steam is used to rotate turbine
2. Parvati valley near mani karan, H.P and generate electricity.

Conservation of Energy resources

 Development = Need for the energy 
 Consumption of energy is also increasing * Energy saved is
energy produced
 we should use sustainable energy

 Use public transporation

 switch off electricity whent not in use.
 Using power saving devices
 Using non-conventional sources of energy.

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