PRE-HISTORIC 1 Development of two types of tombs:

Religious Influence
● They believe in life after death
● Priesthood was powerful, possessed
of almost unlimited authority
● They are monotheistic in theory &
polytheistic in practice
Social & Political Influence
● Monarchy - form of government Mastaba Pyramid

Important Personalities
Egyptian Architecture
Pre- 3100 B.C : The Nile Civilization
● strip of fertile country on the banks
of Nile
● Mediterranean Sea,
● Arabian Sea,
● Red Sea

Djoser Imhotep
Historical Influence
● Old Kingdom (1st to 10th Dynasty)
● Capital being at Memphis

Climatic Influence
● equitable and warm temperature
● Structure has no downspout, drainage, Sneferu Khufu
and gutters
 New Kingdom (17th – 20th Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom (11th-16th Dynasty)

- Thebes as the capital Rameses I Rameses II

Important Personalities Architectural character
● - prosperous period in which much
building • Simplicity
● was carried out • Monumentality
● - Hyksos Dynasty – shepherd kings • Solidity / Massiveness

Important Personalities
Systems of construction

Thuthmose I Hatshepsut

Mentuhotep Senuseret ● Post & Lintel

● Columnar Or Trabeated

Thuthmose IV Amenophis III

Amenemhet I
Features of EGYPTIAN
ARCITECTURE

Androsphinx, Heirocosphinx

Battered Wall Hieroglyphics

Pyramid
Decorative features ● royal tombs of the kings
● Obelisks – are monumental ● Evolved from Mastaba with four
pillars usually in pairs at the ● sides facing the cardinal points,
temple entrances considered
● the symbol of “Heliopolis” the Criosphinx, EXAMPLES OF PYRAMID
sun god. Step Pyramid (Pyramid of Djoser)
Material abundant
● Saqqara necropolis, Egypt
● Stone
● Built by Imhotep, oldest surviving
● Soft stone
masonry building structure in the
● Hard stone
world
● Sundried bricks
● Acacia
● Evolved from Mastaba
● Date palm
● sycamore

Three typesof tombs

Sphinx - Egyptian sphinx portrayed as a Mastaba
female. When it was, it symbolized Isis -flat top or tapered (around 75
and/or the reigning queen. In
degrees slope) solid temple.

Bent Pyramid
Dahshur Necropolis, Egypt
(Pyramid of Sneferu)
● -unique example of early pyramid
development in Egypt, this was the
one of the pyramid built by Sneferu
● -The lower part of the pyramid rises
from the desert at a 54-degree
inclination, but the top section is
built at the shallower angle of 43
degrees
Red Pyramid
Dahshur Necropolis, Egypt
(Pyramid of Sneferu)
The Three Great Pyramids Of Gizeh
● -it is known as el-haram el-watwat
(Bat Pyramid) .
● -It is the largest of the pyramids of
Dashur and the third largest
pyramid in Egypt.
● -Using these blocks it is estimated
that building began between the
twenty-second and twenty-ninth
years of the reign of Sneferu
● Nile in northern Egypt .
● -It was River uilt by khufu
(Cheops)
● -Great Pyramid’s core is made of
yellowish limestone blocks, and
the inner passages are of finer
light-coloured limestone
● Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu
● Pyramid Of Chepren or Khafre
● Pyramid Of Mykerinos Or
Menkaure

Slope pyramid
( The Great Pyramid of Gizeh)

1. Main pyramid
2. Enclosure wall
3. Satellite Pyramid
4. Mortuary Temple THREE TYPES OF TOMBS
5. Causeway Temples
6. Valley temple ● -located on a rocky plateau ● Temples - they were
on the west bank of the sanctuaries that only
 Kings and Priests can penetrate
● Pylons – An Egyptian gateway. It
played a
critical role in the symbolic
architecture of a cult building
TWO TYPES OF TEMPLE
● Mortuary – built in honor
of the pharaohs
● Cult – built for the worship
of the gods
Parts Of An Egyptian Temple
• Entrance Pylon – massive sloping
towers fronted by an obelisks
• Hypaethral Court – large outer court
open to the sky
• Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in
which the roofs rest on column.
• Sanctuary – usually surrounded by
passages and chambers
● Avenue of Sphinx – where mystical
monster were placed
● Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
-constructed over 3,000 years ago by
Ramesses II
- twin temples of Abu Simbel
-the temples are dedicated to the
gods Ra-Horakty, Ptah, and the deified
Ramesses II (The Great Temple)
• Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Mt.
Der–El-Bahari
-Temple of a Million Years
-mortuary temple of Queen
Hatshepsut
-begun in 1961 by Prof. Kazimierz
Michałowski
-The walls of the temple were
decorated with scenes from the
queen’s life.
West Asiatic Architecture
3000 BC - 330 BC : The Cradle
Civilization
Climatic Influence
● floods and heavy rains Assyria
and Babylon
● dry and hot climate in Persia
Religious Influence
● all culture worshiped many gods
and goddesses
 ● Mesopotamians were
superstitious
● The SUMERIAN had a religion
based on the elements
Social and Political Influence
● Cultural development was not
homogenous
● Collective rule of city states by a
sovereign king and with this
came monumental palaces
Hammurabi’s Code
Cuneiform script
Historical Influence
Assyrian Architecture
● The Assyrians were great
warriors and hunters
● Assyrian kings built walledcities,
in which palaces took
precedent over religious
buildings.
Architectural Character
● Palaces were raised on brick
platforms
● Palaces were raised on brick
platforms
● The interiors were richly
decorated and luxurious.
Babylonian Architecture (612 BC)
● Traditional building was
enhance by a new form of
façade ornament
● enlarged and heavily fortified
and adorned with new buildings.
● surrounded by a fortification of
doble walls and had defensive
towers
● The walls also had a large moat
in front
Architectural Character
● In important buildings,
walls were decorated with
coloured terracotta cones
placed in geometrical
patterns
Persian Architecture (612 BC)
● The materials for construction
were also from different
locations.
● their architecture was
originaland distinctive in style.
Architectural Character
● Massiveness
● Monumentality
● Grandeur
System of Construction ● The gate had a pair of ● The palace was arranged
● Walls are very thick and projecting towers on each wall. around two major courtyards
reinforced with buttresses. ● Faced with blue glazed bricks ● about which were grouped
● Rooms are usually roofed with and ornamented with figures of smaller courtyards.
domes or vaults animals ● The building was decorated with
● ● The ornaments were modelled relief sculpture and glazed
Passive cooling in relief and glazed in other brick.
● Courtyards . colors.
● thick wal
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: PALACE
Water supply PERIOD: ASSYRIAN
● Channels

Materials abundant
• MUD
• STRAWS AND OTHER FIBER
• MUD-BRICKS
• TIMBER
• POPLAR AND OTHER TREES ●
• STONE
• GLAZED TILES ARCH’L STRUCTURES: TEMPLE
PERIOD: SUMERIAN
PALACE OF SARGON
EXAMPLES palace of King Sargon II at
● ARCH’L STRUCISHTAR: GATE Dur-Sharrukin
TEMPLE
● PERIOD: BABYLONIAN ● Approached at ground level
through a walled citadel
ISHTAR GATE ● two minor palaces and a temple
to nabu
● All buildings within the citadel
were arranged around
courtyards.
GREAT ZIGGURAT UR

● The ziggurat is believed by the
Sumerians to unite the heavens
and the earth
● The chief temple was also used as
a last line of defense during times
of war.
● The temple is usually accessed
only by the priest
● Constructed of mud bricks
reinforced with thin layers of
twisted reeds
ARCH’L STRUCISHTAR: PALACE
PERIOD: PERSIAN
● The site was more than half Climatic influence
covered by buildings. ● Climate was intermediate
● Only the sculptures which between cold &hot
adorn doorways or windows and ● Archipelago and islands: sea
openings was the inevitable
Greek Architecture Religous influence
Aegeans
8th - 2nd Century B.C:
worship nature
● Athens as its center kingdom
contains the upper city known
Greek
as Citadel.
● Represents their deities by large
● The rugged nature of the Greek
statues.
Peninsula and its widespread
● They worship natural
islands
phenomena
● Black Sea
● Mediterranean Sea,

Cycladic art encompasses the visual

art of the ancient Cycladic civilization

PALACE AT PERSEPOLIS Historic influence

● It was constructed as a new Early Period (3000 B.C – 700 B.C.)
capital for the Persian Empire
and started around 510 BC – 460 ● Aegeans
BC. ● Minoans
● Mycenaeans
 ● Continuation of Cretan ideas
and craftsmanship on mainland
Greece
● Wealth due to their control of
metal trading between Europe
and Middle East
Hellenic Period
● essentially columnar &
trabeated in Acropolis,
● City-states developed on the
plains between mountains
● A federal unity existed between
city statesdue to common
language,customs, religion
● Outburst of building activity
and construction,
● Corresponds to the period
between the death of Alexander
the Great in 323 BC and the
annexation of the classical
Greek heartlands
● mportance of Greece proper
within the Greek-speaking world
declined sharply
Architectural character
Aegean Architecture
Palace of Knosssos
● Low pitch or flat roof .
● Stairway was developed
● Houses termed as Megaron &
palaces were principal building
types
Megaron Areas
Cyclopean
●
● - Enclosed porch
● - Living apartment or megaron
proper
● - Thalamus or sleeping room Polygonal
● - Inclined blocks – stones
● - Methods of walling surface
finishes:
● Cyclopean, Polygonal,
Rectangular
Aegean Architecture Or Early Period
Methods of walling surface finishes:
Rectangular
Greek Architecture Or Hellenic Period
● Simplicity & Harmony
● Purity of Lines
● Perfection of Proportions
● Refinement of Details
● towards the rising sun
Characteristic Features
● They use rectangular plan
● Temples gateways propylaea
● Collonade surrounds the
temple.
● Ceiling were omitted & treated
with timber panelled coffers
lacunaria
● Marble sculptures
Greek Architecture Or Hellenic Period
Characteristic Features
Mural paintings
● Mural paintings on the walls of
PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE
temples were highly developed.
● Optical Illusions were corrected
Fresco Painting
Fresco - is a technique of mural
painting executed upon freshly laid.
● Agora – Market. Civic Square,
square city or market place
● Stoa - is a term defining, in
ancient Greekarchitecture,
● Temples – were the chief
building.
● Naos – principal chamber
containing the statue of the god
or goddess, with porticoes &
collonades.
● Pronaos – the inner portico in
front of naos, or cella of the
naos
● Epinaos or Opisthodomus –
posticum that serves as the
treasury chamber.

PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Two Ways of Describing Temples:
● According to the number of
columns on the entrance front
● By the arrangement of the
exteriorcolumns of the temple in
relation to naos as below:
ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
Doric Order
● The oldest and simplest of the
orders
● Characterized by a fluted
column
● A frieze of triglyphs and
metopes and a corona of which
has mutules on its soffit.
Ionic Order
● The column stands directly on a
stylobate usually three steps
including the cap.
● Entasis, and outward curvature
profile
● The entablature usually about
one quarter of the height of the
order, is supported by columns
● Acroterion - is an
architecturalornament
● placed on a flat base called the
acroter or
● plinth.
● Characterized by the spiral or
scroll volutes of its capital
● The fluted column typically had
● molded bases and supporte
and entablature
● • Having 24 flutes separated by antae at the front and rear. Two
fillets and not sharp edges is the usual no.
● Prostyle – temples that have a
portico of columns at front.
● Amphi – Prostyle – temples that
have a portico of columns at the
front & rear.

Greek Architecture Or Hellenic Period

FORMS OF GREEK TEMPLES

● •Peripteral – temples that have

● The columns have shafts usually
about 9 times lower diameter in
height including the capital and
the base
● In Antis – temples that have one
to four columns between antae
at the front.
● Amphi- Antis – temples that have
one to four columns between
single line of columns
surrounding the naos.
● Pseudo – Peripteral “ – temples
that have flanked of columns.
Attached to the naos wall.
● Dipteral– temples that have a
double line of columns
surrounding the naos.
 ● Pseudo – Dipteral– temples are ● Architect: Ictinus & Callicrates
like the last, but the inner range ● Master Sculptor: Phedias
of columnsis omitted on the ● Dedicated to the goddess
flanks of the naos. Athena, considered largest
Greek Temple.
INTERCOLUMNIATION
• Intercolumniation - is the spacing
between columns in a colonnade, as
measured at the bottom (diameter) of
their shafts
Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae
- Pycnostyle – 1.5D
● Architect: Ictinus
- Systyle – 2D
● Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
- Eustyle – 2.25D
Peripteral,
- Diastyle- 3D
- Areostyle- 4D ● Doric, Pseudo – Peripteral,
Heptastlye
Second largest Greek temple
● Used Atlantes, carved male
figure
● Architect: Theron

The Temple of Zeus Olympus,

Agrigentum

ARCH’L STRUCTURES: TEMPLES Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

EXAMPLES
● • Dedicated to the “ wingless
victory “.
● • Architect: Callicrates
● Ionic, Amphi–Prostyle,

The Parthenon, Athens Atlas Telamones

 Egg and Dart Ornament

The Olympion, Athens

• Corithian, Dipteral, Octastyle
The Erechtheion, Athens
• Architect: Cossutius
• Ionic, Apteral, Irregular Plan,
• Builder: Antiochus Epiphanes
• No side colonnades
• Forms the imposing entrance to the
Theater – an open-air structure, which
Acropolis. Uses caryatid porch
consisted of orchestra, auditorium or
out of the
slope of hillside, in or near city.
The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates,
Athens
• a type of monument erected to
support a
Tripoid, as a prize for athletic
exercises or
musical competitions in Greek festival
The Erechtheion, Athens plan The Theater of Dionysus, Athens
• Where famous Choragic
competitions took place during the
Panathenaic festivals, prototype of all
Greek temples
• Considered to be the prototype of all
Tower of the Winds, Athens
Greektheaters and accommodating
• Octagonal structure, known as the
almost 18,000 spectators
Horologium of Andronikos Cyrhestes,
Clepsydra or water clock internally,
sundial externally
Caryatids Canephorae

Propylaea of Athens
• Forms the imposing entrance to
Acropolis.
• Architect: Mnesicles
• Other examples:
- Propylaea, Epidauros
- Propylaea, Priene
- Propylaea, Eleusis
Stoa – a long colonnaded building
which
serves to connect public monuments
and for
shelter.
Prytaneion – a senate house for the
chief
dignitaries of the city
Agora or Town Square – an open air, Stadium /Stadion – foot race course
meeting and also used for other athletic
place for the transaction of business & performances.
also
market place
Hippodrome – plan similar to stadium
Bouleuterion – or council house,
covered
meeting place of the democratically
elected
councils.
Assembly Halls – used by citizens in
general assembly Palaestra – (usually a court) wrestling
school
Odeion – a theater building used
mainly by
musicians in the presentation of their
Gymnasium –a
works for
place for physical exercise,both
competition & for public approval.
Palaestra & Gymnasium were
prototype of Roman “ Thermae ”
Parts of Gymnasium:
Courts for athletes
- Tanks for bathers
- Dressing rooms & toilets
- Exedrae & other seats for
expectators
- Stores, places for rest & conversation
- Ephebium or club – for lectures
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE radiating arch.
● Temperate in the north Roman– adopted the columnar &
● Sunny in central Italy trabeated
● Almost tropical in south style of the Greeks
RELIGOUS INFLUENCE
● They venerated more their
emperors than their gods

Roman Architecture SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE

2nd Century - 4th Century
A.D.
● ROMULUS AND REMUS
● Rome has a commanding
position in the Mediterranean
Sea,
● Italian peninsula ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Vastness & Magnificence
• • Ostentation & Ornateness
Important Emperors who • Complex, of several stories
patronizes architecture in Rome; • Utilitarian, practical, economic use
- Nero of
- Vespasian materials
- Trojan
- Hadrian DIFFERENT TYPES OF VAULTS
- Septimus Severus DEVELOPMENT BY THE ROMANS:
- Caracalla
- Diocletian

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
Periods of development:
Etruscan - notable for the use of the
true &
• Barrel Vault -circular or
wagon-headed, borne on two parallel
walls throughout its length
• Groin Vault- Formed by the
intersection of two semicircular vaults
of equal span
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VAULTS
DEVELOPMENT BY THE ROMANS:
• Hemispherical Dome
- Used over circular structures
ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
Mosaics Opus Quadratum
Opus Incertum Opus Recticulatum
Forum Romanum, Rome
located at the center of the ancient
city of Rome
Roman Forum first took place around
500 B.C., when the Roman Republic
Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum started.
It was a multi-purpose site that
TWO COLUMN CAPITALS DEVELOPED accommodated various functions.
Rectangular Temples – used a Pseudo–
Peripteral (half columns attached to
the naos wall, raised in a “podium”,
oriented towards the south.
Composite Tuscan
The Temple of Portunus, Rome
ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES ts dedication to the God Portunus—a
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: FORUM divinity associated with livestock, keys,
Forum – open space used as a meeting and harbors
place, market or rendezvous The temple has a rectangular
footprint, measuring roughly 10.5 x 19
meters
Circular & Polygonal temples-derived
from the temples of the Greeks & the
Etruscans
- Frigidarium – cooling room ARCH’L STRUCTURES: BALNEUM
- Sudarium – dry sweating room -private bath in Roman palaces and
- Apodyteria – dressing room houses containing the following:
- Palaestra - for physical exercise Tepidarium, Calidarium, Frigidarium
- Unctuaria or untoria – place for oils &
perfumes
-Spaeresterium– game room
-Nitatio- Swimming pool

The Pantheon, Rome

● completed around 126-128 A.D.
during the reign of Emperor
Hadrian
● built around 25 B.C. by
statesman Marcus Agrippa, and
is thought to have been
designed as a temple for Roman
gods.
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: THERMAE-A
-luxurious public bath
Thermae Caracalla, Rome
Examples: -
● Thermae of Diocletian Rome –
largest with capacity of 3,000
bathers -
● Thermae of Titus, Rome -
● Thermae of Grippa, Rome
Hadrian’s Villa Summer Bath
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: THEATERS OR
ODEION
-Roman theaters were built up by
means of concrete vaulting,
supporting tiers of seats

ARCH’L STRUCTURES: XYSTUS OR

PUBLIC PARK W/ AVENUE OF TREES
-a large open space with trees, statues
& fountains,

- Theater of Marcellus, Rome

- Tepidarium – warm room

- Calidarium – hot room, or with hot
water bath
ARCH’L STRUCTURES:
AMPHITHEATERS OT COLOSSEUM
-used for gladiatorial combats,
elliptical in plan.
The Colosseum, Rome –
known as Flavian Amphitheater”,
commenced by Vespasian &
completed by Domitian
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: TRIUMPHAL
ARCHES
-erected to commemorate victories
campaign of
emperors and generals.
Arch of Titus, Rome
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: PALACES
-use to house the Emperors
Arch of Constantine, Rome
Golden House of Nero, Rome
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLES
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: PILLARS OF
VICTORY OR MONUMENTAL
COLUMNS
were erected to record triumphs of
victorious Generals (conquered by
land).
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato
ARCH’L STRUCTURES: ROMAN
HOUSES
Domus or private house –center of
family apartments
Typical Parts of a Domus
Trajan Column
- is a Roman Doric Column, entirely of
marble, w/ a total height of 115 ft. 7
inches & a shaft 12inches in diameter
w/ a spiral staircase
- Prothyrum - entrance passage ARCH’L STRUCTURES: ROMAN
- Atrium - Entrance court, open to the HOUSES
sky & at the center is an impluvium
- Impluvium - a water cistern collector
- Tablinum or open living room
- Peristyle – an inner colonnaded court
w/ garden
- Cubicula – bedroom
- Oecus - reception room Fountains
- Alae - recesses for conversation
- Kitchen & Pantry Insula or Apartment Block

Lacus or Locus
Aqueducts- used for water supply,
House of Livia, Rome Example
Aqua Claudia, Rome - built with
Emperors Caligula & Claudia

“Salientes”

Villa or Country House

Bridges or “Pons”