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托福 TPO 词汇
必会、实用词
讲义及练习
分别针对阅读、听力、口语、写作部分
傅辰 Foo Sen
Fuchen4@xdf.cn
目录
1
目录
Table of Contents
阅读中的词汇 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains ...................................................................................................... 3
TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theater ............................................................................................................................. 2
TPO 2.1 Desert Formation ....................................................................................................................................... 4
TPO 2.2 The Origins of Cetaceans ....................................................................................................................... 11
TPO 3.1 Architecture ............................................................................................................................................... 17
TPO 3.2 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer ........................................................................................................... 20
TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound .................................................................................................. 23
TPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europe .................................................................................................................................. 26
TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plants ................................................................................................................................. 28
TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People ................................................................................................ 31
TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolution........................................................................................................ 35
TPO 6.2 William Smith ............................................................................................................................................ 37
TPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean ......................................................................................... 40
TPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greece ..................................................................................................................... 43
TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán ......................................................................................................................... 46
TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs..................................................................................................................... 49
TPO 9.1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast .............................................................................. 52
TPO 9.2 Reflection in Teaching ............................................................................................................................. 54
TPO 10.1 Chinese Pottery ..................................................................................................................................... 56
TPO 10.2 Variations in the Climate ....................................................................................................................... 58
TPO 11.1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture .................................................................................................................. 60
TPO 11.2 Orientation and Navigation ................................................................................................................... 61
TPO 12.1 Which Hand Did They Use? ................................................................................................................. 65
TPO 12.2 Transition to Sound in Film................................................................................................................... 66
TPO 14.1 Children and Advertising....................................................................................................................... 70
TPO 14.2 Maya Water Problems .......................................................................................................................... 72
TPO 14.3 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia .................................................................................................. 73
TPO 15.1 A Warm-Blooded Turtle ......................................................................................................................... 77
TPO 15.2 Mass Extinctions 天文古生物 ............................................................................................................ 78
2
目录
TPO 16.1 Trade and the Ancient Middle East ..................................................................................................... 82
TPO 16.2 Development of the Periodic Table ..................................................................................................... 87
TPO 17.1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia .................................................................................................... 89
TPO 17.2 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest ....................................................................................................... 92
TPO 18.1 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia ...................................................................... 94
TPO 18.2 The Mystery of Yawning ....................................................................................................................... 96
TPO 19.1 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain ................................................................................................. 99
TPO 19.2 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems .............................................................................................. 102
TPO 20.1 Westward Migration............................................................................................................................. 105
TPO 20.2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia ......................................................................................... 108
TPO 21.1 Geothermal Energy ............................................................................................................................. 110
TPO 21.2 The Origins of Agriculture ................................................................................................................... 111
TPO 22.1 Spartina ................................................................................................................................................. 114
TPO 22.2 The Birth of Photography.................................................................................................................... 115
TPO 23.1 Urban Climates .................................................................................................................................... 119
TPO 26.1 Energy and the Industrial Revolution................................................................................................ 123
TPO 26.2 Survival of Plants and Animals in the Desert Conditions ............................................................... 125
TPO 26.3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East ...................................................................... 127
听力中的词汇 .............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
口语、写作中的词汇 ........................................................................................................................................... 131
TED Scripts........................................................................................................................................................ 167
Sir Ken Robinson: School kills creativity ................................................................................................................... 168
David Christian: The History Of Earth In 18 Minutes........................................................................................ 172

附录 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................... 177
学科分类 TPO 目录 ................................................................................................................................................. 178
口语、写作词汇一览 ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Some Useful Links................................................................................................................................................. 180
高频词汇统计 .......................................................................................................................................................... 181
Advanced 高频词汇 ............................................................................................................................................. 181
Intermediate 高频词汇 ....................................................................................................................................... 182
Basic 高频词汇.................................................................................................................................................... 183
3
阅读中的词汇
阅读中的词汇
1
阅读中的词汇
Day One
People rarely succeed at anything unless they have fun doing it
2
阅读中的词汇
TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains
基础词汇、一般词汇关键词汇
timber vegetation 英英中文例句翻译
timberline evergreens
shrubs perennial
herbs deciduous
grasses species
twisted deformed 英英中文例句翻译
vertical tropic
horizontal subtropics
slope tundra
polar latitude 英英中文例句翻译
longitude 英英中文例句翻译
attitude altitude 英英中文例句翻译
valley ridges 英英中文例句翻译
moisture attain 英英中文例句翻译
moist obtain
mist
cessation 英英中文例句翻译
adjacent 英英中文例句翻译词根发音
prone 英英中文例句翻译
dramatic 英英中文例句翻译
semiarid 英英中文例句翻译同义词
3
阅读中的词汇
Section 3 - TPO 1 !"#$%
1. The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Gradual
Complex
Visible
Striking
5. The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to

Require
Resist
Achieve
Endure
7. The word prone in the passage is closest in meaning to

Adapted
Likely
Difficult
Resistant
4
阅读中的词汇
TPO 原文
In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually
because of a lack of moisture. （原文第一段最后一句话）
5
阅读中的词汇
Section 4 – 句子翻译
1. The inn has a garden of semi-tropical vegetation.
2. But the most dramatic escalation &'()*+,of the air war is the creation of two totally
new airlines. Time Magazine (2004)
3. Los Angeles sits on a semiarid coastal (-./) plain, with desert on three sides and the
Pacific Ocean on the fourth.
4. Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere.
5. The tropics are the parts of the world that lie between two lines of latitude.
6. Showing dead and deformed bodies on TV is not acceptable.
7. The chee-tah（猎豹）can attain speeds of up to 97 kph.
8. For us, it's something that we may aspire to but can never attain.
9. The waves（海浪）had pushed the sand into little ridges.
10. The money saved from the cessation of the road project will be invested in public transport.
11. We work in adjacent rooms.
12. Working without a break makes you more prone to error.
6
阅读中的词汇
Music: Timber (feat. Ke$ha)
Pitbull
★Your lovin' DANCE -珂珂 sheery lyrics-
It's going down, I'm yelling timber. You better move, you better dance
You better move, you better dance Let's make a night, you won't remember
Let's make a night, you won't remember I'll be the one, you won't forget
I'll be the one, you won't forget
Look up in the sky, it's a bird, it's a plane
The bigger they are, the harder they fall No, it's just me, ain't a damn thing changed
This biggity boys are diggity out Live in hotels, swing on plane
I have 'em like Miley Cyrus, clothes off Left to say, money ain't a thing
Twerking on a roseton, timber Club jumping like it going down, bowl it
Crazy town, booty on, timber Order me another round, homie
That's the way we like the war, timber We about to climb, wild, 'cause it's about to go down
I'm sticking it in oil spill Swing your partner round and round
She say she won't, but I bet she will, timber End of the night, it's going down
Swing your partner round and round One more shot, another round
End of the night, it's going down End of the night, it's going down
One more shot, another round Swing your partner round and round
Swing your partner round and round One more shot, another round
One more shot, another round It's going down, I'm yelling timber
End of the night, it's going down You better move, you better dance
It's going down, I'm yelling timber Let's make a night, you won't remember
You better move, you better dance I'll be the one, you won't forget
Let's make a night, you won't remember It's going down, I'm yelling timber
I'll be the one, you won't forget You better move, you better dance
Let's make a night, you won't remember
It's going down, I'm yelling timber I'll be the one, you won't forget
7
阅读中的词汇
TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theater
origin speculate 英英中文例句翻译词根难记
brief concrete 英英中文例句翻译
objectify 英英中文例句翻译
championed 英英中文例句翻译
英英中文例句翻译词根
myth envision 英英中文例句翻译词根
mythical emerge 英英中文例句翻译
mythology perceived 英英中文例句翻译词根难记
ritual attribute 英英中文例句翻译词根难记
rite apparent 英英中文例句翻译词根难记
transparent 英英中文例句翻译
表示学科、学家的词汇
archeologist psychologist psycho
anthropologists
2
阅读中的词汇
例句应用
1. The President has gone out of his way to dismiss speculation over the future of the economy minister...
go out of one's way

特意不怕麻烦做某事；不厌其烦
She always goes out of her way to please her guests.
她总是不怕麻烦地使客人称心如意。
2. He had no concrete evidence...

他没有确凿的证据。
词根：spect,spic
=look/see,表示"看"
同根词
adj.
unexpected 想不到的, 意外的, 未预料到
(un 不+expect[v.预期;期望,指望]+ed 表形容词→adj.想不到的, 意外的, 未预料到)
n.
speculation 思索,推测,投机 (speculate 投机;思索,推测+ion 表名词→n.思索,推测,投机)
speculator 投机者 (speculate 投机+or 人→n.投机者)
expectation 预期,期望,指望 (expect[v.预期;期望,指望]+ation 表名词→n.预期,期望,指望)
suspect 嫌疑犯 (sus-在下面的)
3
阅读中的词汇
-ologist 连线
4
阅读中的词汇
前缀：per-
1. 表示"贯穿,自始至终;全部";
2. 表示"假,坏"
同缀词
adj.
perplexed 困惑的 (per 贯穿,自始至终;全部+plex 重叠+ed……的→重叠在一起→困惑的)
perennial 全年的 (per 贯穿,自始至终;全部+enn 年+ial 的→全年的)
v.
persuade 劝说 (per 贯穿,自始至终;全部+suade 劝→一直劝→劝说)
词根：ceive
=take/hold/seize, 表示"拿,抓,握住"
同根词
adj.
conceivable 可想象的 (conceive[v.想象;构想;怀孕]+able 可以……的→adj.可想象的)
recipient 接受的,感受性强的 (receive[[v.接受;收到]]eive 变体为 cip+ent……的;人或物等→recipient 接受的)
n.
recipient 接受者,感受者,容器 (receive[[v.接受;收到]]eive 变体为 cip+ent……的;人或物等→recipient 接受者)
v.
deceive 欺骗 (de 坏+ceive 拿→拿坏的东西→欺骗)
receive 接受;收到 (re 回+ceive 取→收到[回信])
perceive 知觉;发觉 (per 全部+ceive 抓→全部抓住→发觉)
词根：tribut
=give,表示"给予"
同根词
adj.
contributory 贡献的, 捐助的 (contributor[n.捐款人,贡献者,投稿者]+y……的→adj.贡献的, 捐助的)
n.
attribute 属性,品质,特征 (at 加强动作+tribut 给予+e→[把原因]给出→归因于)
contribution 捐献, 贡献, 投稿 (contribute[v.[to]贡献,捐助,捐献;投稿]+ion 表名词→contribution 捐献, 贡献)
retribution 报应,罚;报酬 (re 回+tribut 给予+ion 表名词→给回去→报复,报酬)
v.
distribute 分发;分配;分布;配[电];[over]散布 (dis 分开+tribut 给予+e→分开给→分配)
attribute[to]归因于,归属于 (at 加强动作+tribut 给予+e→[把原因]给出→归因于)
contribute[to]贡献,捐助,捐献;投稿 (con 全部+tribut 给予+e→全部给出→捐钱)
5
阅读中的词汇
Section 4 – 句子翻译 TPO 1.2
1. They are collecting this material at the points of origin.
2. Speculation was rife (流行的、盛传的) as to whom the prince might marry.
3. I must have something to tell him. Something concrete.
4. The plan envisions a settlement （解决） within three years.
5. Operational Research（运筹学）is a newly emerging subject.
6. This festival descends from（起源于） a religious rite.
6
阅读中的词汇
desirable sophisticated 重点讲解中文

undesirable conception 英英中文例句翻译
favorable autonomous 英英中文例句翻译难记
unfavorable elaborated 英英中文例句翻译
illustrate elaborating 英英中文例句翻译
accompany aesthetic 英英中文例句翻译
causal virtuosity 英英中文例句翻译
casual ceased 英英中文例句翻译
divorced imitate 英英中文例句翻译
oral confront 英英中文例句翻译
concern detached 英英中文例句翻译
evolve attached 英英中文例句翻译
penchant 英英中文例句翻译
7
阅读中的词汇
重点单词讲解 – sophisticated
1. adj-graded (机器、装置等)高级的，精密的;(方法)复杂的
A sophisticated machine, device, or method is more advanced or complex than others.
例句：
• Honeybees use one of the most sophisticated communication systems of any insect.
• 蜜蜂之间所用的交流方式是昆虫中最为复杂的方式之一。
• ...a large and sophisticated new British telescope.
• 一架崭新的大型英式精密望远镜
2. adj-graded 善于社交的;高雅时髦的;见过世面的
Someone who is sophisticated is comfortable in social situations and knows about culture, fashion, and other
matters that are considered socially important.
例句：
• Claude was a charming, sophisticated companion...
• 克劳德是一个很有魅力、见多识广的伙伴。
• Recently her tastes have become more sophisticated.
• 最近她的品位越发优雅时髦起来。
3. adj-graded 精明老练的;老于世故的
A sophisticated person is intelligent and knows a lot, so that they are able to understand complicated
situations.
例句：
• These people are very sophisticated observers of the foreign policy scene.
• 这些人是观察外交政策领域动向的行家里手。
Go Back
8
阅读中的词汇
Section 2 - Match
Concrete Brief
Champion Divorced
Archeologist Evolve
Oral
9
阅读中的词汇
Section 3 – TPO 词汇题
1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in

meaning to
Changed
Debated
Created
Supported
2. The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Ascribes
Leaves
Limits
Contrasts
6. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closest in

meaning to
Artistic
Important
Independent
Established
Nameless
10．The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning

to
Compromise
Inclination
Tradition
Respect
But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for

fantasy by itself
leads to an autonomous theater.
2
阅读中的词汇
Section 4 – 句子翻译 TPO 1.2
7. Mr. Smith is a sophisticated world traveler.
8. She has become very sophisticated since she went to live

in London.
9. Some of these points will have to be further elaborated as

we go along.
10. You should imitate her way of doing things.
11. ...a highly decentralised company, with each of its

subsidiaries operating autonomously.
3
阅读中的词汇
TPO 2.1 Desert Formation
Materiality Vocabulary 拓展 Note

occupy
accomplished
拓展词汇 sequent 形容词英英
subsequent
拓展词汇 sequence 名词形式
consequence result
trample 英英
devoid 词根记忆英英例句
void
extensive
农业相关词组
拓展词汇 cultivation 英英
overcultivation
拓展词汇 graze 重要程度一般
overgrazing
overirrigation
拓展词汇 irrigation 重要
crops 庄稼
老词汇复习
vegetation
ridge s
retain
attain
Semiarid
aridity
4
阅读中的词汇
句子翻译 Part I 3. She also cultivated a small garden of her own.
1. The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished.
4. Rivers and lakes provide us with water transport and

irrigation.
2. Subsequent events verified that his judgment was at fault.
5. Then he called his secretary and lined up approximately

$35,000 worth of business for the ensuing month.
5
阅读中的词汇
沙漠主题相关
blown
stony
finer
拓展词汇 fine finicky (gre 词汇) 英英
tiniest
seal
实用词汇 accumulate
erosion 英英
clay an earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when fired
soil upper layer of earth that may be dug or plowed in which plants grow
高频词汇 runoff
penetration 英英例句
拓展词汇 penetrate
progressive
高频词汇 delicate 意思 1 例句 1 意思 2 例句 2
ecological
拓展词汇 ecology
6
阅读中的词汇
Match
7
阅读中的词汇
阅读词汇原题
1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning to

Restricted
Endangered
Prevented
Rejected
3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning to

Fragile
Predictable
Complex
Valuable
5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning to

Openly
Impressively
Objectively
Increasingly
7. The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to

Consisting of
Hidden by
Except for
Lacking in
8
阅读中的词汇
句子翻译 TPO 2.1
6. As their roots are strong and penetrating, they prevent erosion
7. China dishes retain heat longer than metal pans.
8. The hermetic（密封的）seal on the packet means that the food lasts longer.
9. The name Sahara conjures up(凭幻想（或用魔法）做出) images of a

desert of aridity.
10. Although the co-ral（珊瑚） looks hard, it is very de-li-ca-te.
11. In addition, interest on Treasury issues isn't subject to state and

local income taxes.
9
阅读中的词汇
TPO 2.1 Desert Formation 原文翻译
Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically
results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.
The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles
into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows
very little water penetration.
Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased,
resulting in accelerated erosion rates.
The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water
results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface
deterioration is established.
10
阅读中的词汇
TPO 2.2 The Origins of Cetaceans
视频中的词汇
pelvis 骨盆
dumb 愚蠢的
fossil 化石
anchoring legs 支撑腿
cetaceans
whales
presence
hind
dwelling
TPO 中的词汇
dolphins
mammals
lungs
gills 鱼的呼吸器官
streamlined Stream+ line
拓展词汇 stream
absence 名词形式
拓展词汇 absent 动词、形容词
disguise 两个意思例句
affinities 英英
limbs 英英
高频词汇 marine 英英例句
embedded 英英例句
jawbones Jaw+ bone
shallow shallow water
sediments 等同 deposits
sahara desert
高频词汇 rear Rearview mirror

propulsion
常用 undoubtedly 写作、口语实用
TPO 原文
Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole
cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
11
阅读中的词汇
Match
Cetaceans
Whales
dolphins
mammals
lungs,
gills,
12
阅读中的词汇
Match 2
streamlined marine
disguise propulsion
dwelling Rearview mirror
limbs
13
阅读中的词汇
阅读原文词汇题 TPO2.2
3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to

Exact
Scarce
Valuable
Initial
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to

Explained
Visible
Identified
Located
14
阅读中的词汇
句子翻译 TPO 2.2

1. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.
2. Fish take in oxygen through their gills.
3. The cars all have a new streamlined design.
4. The horse reared up on its hind legs.
5. She disguised herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield.
6. Some 3,500 new dwellings are planned for the area...
7. They can see themselves going out on a limb, voting for a very controversial energy bill （关于能源的法案）.
8. I think he is shallow, vain（自负）and untrustworthy...
9. Loose sediments may be changed into solid sedimentary rocks.
10. Interest in jet propulsion was now growing at the Air Ministry （航天部）.
11. The two plots share certain obvious affinities.
BBC News:
Early bird Archaeopteryx 'wore feather trousers' for display
15
阅读中的词汇
Day Two
The deepest urge in human nature is
“the desire to be important”
16
阅读中的词汇
TPO 3.1 Architecture
文章整体难度 ★★★
词汇难度 ★★★
symbolical enclose 英英中文例句翻译
aspiration devised 英英中文例句翻译
three-dimensional enormous 英英中文例句翻译
harmony architecture 英英中文例句翻译
instinctively texture 英英中文例句翻译
enhance variety 英英中文例句翻译词根
complement shelter 英英中文例句翻译
compliment delight 英英中文例句翻译
feasible employs 英英中文例句翻译
doable integral parts 英英中文例句翻译
viable components 英英中文例句翻译
bending frame 英英中文例句翻译
practical permanence 英英中文例句翻译
visual art interior 英英中文例句翻译
thick ar-du-ous 发音（du 发“之”
）
skeleton permanent
例句翻译
1. the vocabulary that she employs
2. They devised a plan to rob a bank.
3. I bent over and kissed her cheek.
4. Music is an integral part of the school's curriculum.
5. It was an enormous disappointment.
6. He supplied house builders with modern timber frames
7. The police think the videotape may hold some vital clues to the identity of the killer.
8. The spoken word is immediate but lacks permanence.
17
阅读中的词汇
9. This material is very thick and this needle is not strong enough to go through it.
18
阅读中的词汇
TPO 3.1 Architecture 阅读词汇原题
2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to

In existence
Without question
Achievable
Most likely
4. The word “devised” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Combined
Created
Introduced
Suggested
5. The word “integral” is closet in meaning to

Essential
Variable
Practical
Independent
9. The word “arduous” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Difficult
Necessary
Skilled
Shared
TPO 原文：“In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.”
原文翻译练习：
1. (Materials and methods of construction) are integral parts of the design of

architecture structures.
2. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations
have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a
minimum of material.
19
阅读中的词汇
TPO 3.2 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
文章整体难度 ★★★★
vast semiarid 英英中文例句翻译 note
pumped ranching
wells inhabited
spraying underlies
conserve encountered 联想记忆
tenfold amounting extreme drought
farmers and ranchers ensuing 中文同义词 yield
cattle unprecedented soy bean 大豆
aquifer canal 发音（克-耐奥） wheat 小麦
settled promising reservior
Texas irrigation
Dakota crops
Kansas decade
例句翻译
1. The vast majority of the eggs would be cracked.
2. He decided to lead a more settled life with his partner
3. He went to work on a ranch.
20
阅读中的词汇
4. I think a lack of confidence underlies his manner.
5. Consumer spending on sports-related items amounted to £9.75 billion.
6. The ensuing argument had been bitter.
7. The scheme has been hailed as an unprecedented success.
8. Every day of our lives we encounter stresses of one kind or another
9. the Grand Union Canal.
10. the population increased tenfold
11. A school has honored one of its brightest and most promising former pupils.
12. A great silence ensued.
21
阅读中的词汇
TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 阅读词汇原题
4. The word “ensuing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Continuing
Surprising
Initial
Subsequent
难题
The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward,
transformed the economy of the region.
6. The word “unprecedented” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Difficult to control
Without any restriction
Unlike anything in the past
Rapidly expanding
7. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Clearly
Perhaps
Frequently
Almost
10. The word “inevitable” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Unfortunate
Predictable
Unavoidable
Final
22
阅读中的词汇
TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
文章整体难度 ★★★★★
hybrid prevalent 英英中文例句翻译
built-in urge browses 英英中文例句翻译
high-elevation marshy 英英中文例句翻译
starved harsh 英英中文例句翻译
fluctuate dormancy 英英中文例句翻译
zoologist hibernating 英英中文例句翻译
rebound migrate 英英中文例句翻译
insured circumstance 英英中文例句翻译
decay bode 英英中文例句翻译
landscape indefinite period 英英中文例句翻译
yield predator 英英中文例句翻译
tract profound 英英中文例句翻译
mule prairie 英英中文例句翻译
mouth of the Columbia River game 英英中文例句翻译
markedly 英英中文例句翻译
例句翻译
1. These prejudices（偏见） are particularly prevalent among people living in the North.
2. A mule is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse.
3. When animals browse, they feed on plants.
4. Most birds have to fly long distances to migrate.
5. A number of the prisoners we saw are starving
6. I wish we could have met under happier circumstances.
7. Grace had dried her eyes. That boded well.
23
阅读中的词汇
8. His shot in the 21st minute of the game rebounded from a post. (足球门柱)
9. The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement.
10. Was the vehicle insured?
11. This is a book full of profound, original and challenging insights.
12. Polluted water lessens crop yields.
13. They cleared large tracts of forest for farming, logging and ranching.
24
阅读中的词汇
TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 阅读词汇原题
3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning to

Consists of
Combines
Restricts
Establishes
稍有难度
Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed
deer browses on huckleberry, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.
4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest in

meaning to
Impatiently
Humorously
Continuously
Immediately
8. The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period

Whose end has not been determined
That does not begin when expected
That lasts only briefly
Whose importance remains unknown
10．The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Decline
Recovery
Exchange
Movement
25
阅读中的词汇
TPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europe
traces carving 英英中文例句翻译
crude cliff faces 英英中文例句翻译
shelters bare 英英中文例句翻译
backdrops contemporary 英英中文例句翻译
depict sought 英英中文例句翻译
chief motivation herds 英英中文例句翻译
explicitly portrayed 英英中文例句翻译
ceased confined 英英中文例句翻译
fertile 英英中文例句翻译
例句翻译
1. There's been no trace of my aunt and uncle
2. ...a wood carving of a human hand.
3. a crudely carved wooden form
4. They would have liked bare wooden floors throughout the house.
5. ...a gallery of pictures depicting Nelson's most famous battles.
6. ...large herds of elephant and buffalo.
7. At one o'clock the rain had ceased.
8. ...fertile soil
26
阅读中的词汇
4.2 TPO Cave Art In Europe 阅读词汇原题
1．The word “marked” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Considerable
Surprising
Limited
Adequate
难题★★★★★
but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill.
3．The word “principal” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Major
Likely
Well protected
Distinct
5．The word “trappings” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Conditions
Problems
Influences
Decorations
The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.
27
阅读中的词汇
TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plants
soil notoriously 重音在前面英英中文例句翻译
deficient nutrients 英英中文例句翻译
tolerate depletion 英英中文例句翻译
harvesting discoloration 英英中文例句翻译
stems phosphorus 英英中文例句翻译
facilitates omit 英英中文例句翻译
misted overabundance 英英中文例句翻译
sodium heavy metals 英英中文例句翻译
cadmium mercury 英英中文例句翻译
aluminum; copper 英英中文例句翻译
zinc hyperaccumulators 英英中文例句翻译
hundredfold tenfold 英英中文例句翻译
amassed herbs 英英中文例句翻译
shrubs contaminated 英英中文例句翻译
abandoned mine runoff 英英中文例句翻译
relocated compounds 英英中文例句翻译
excavation reburial 英英中文例句翻译
remediation 例句
28
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. The crops are suffering from deficient rain.
2. They compete with beneficial vegetation for space nutrients and water.
3. Using short easily recognized words facilitates navigation with minimal conscious reading.
4. The windows misted, blurring the stark streetlight...
5. Their money increased a hundredfold.
6. More than 100,000 people could fall ill after drinking contaminated water.
7. Runoff is the overflow of water from the land and into a body of water. The water can overflow into a stream, a river, or even an
ocean. It's caused when the soil can no longer hold any more water.
8. That plant has been relocated.
9. Honey is basically a compound of water, two types of sugar, vitamins and enzymes.
10. A contractor was hired to drain the reservoir and to excavate soil from one area for replacement with clay.
11. Electrokinetic remediation is an environment-friendly and highly efficient in-situ（修复） technique.
12. “Jack”, he said, “since I left this morning I realized I hadn’t given you the entire picture of our new line, and I would appreciate
some of your time to tell you about the points I omitted.
29
阅读中的词汇
TPO 词汇原题
2. The word exhibit in the passage is closest in meaning to

fight off
show
cause
spread
7. The word suspended in the passage is closest in meaning to

grown
protected
spread out
hung
9. The word afford in the passage is closest in meaning to

offer
prevent
increase
remove
TPO 原文翻译
1. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species
2. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a
cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial,
the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils.
30
阅读中的词汇
TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People
Pacific speculation 英英中文例句翻译
encountered absence 英英中文例句翻译
linguistic mutually exclusive 英英中文例句翻译
devised variously 英英中文例句翻译
deprecated implicitly 英英中文例句翻译
colonize inferred 中文英英中文例句翻译
drifted anthropology 英英中文例句翻译
archaeology prevailing winds 英英中文例句翻译
currents domesticated plants 英英中文例句翻译
marginal conditions prerequisites 英英中文例句翻译
cultivated possessed 英英中文例句翻译
voyage marooned 英英中文例句翻译
unknown waters derived 英英中文例句翻译
undisputed 英英中文例句翻译
31
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. Critics of the project speculate about how many hospitals could be built instead...
2. Did you encounter anyone in the building?...
3. He has devised a scheme for making money.
4. Selection is normally a mutually exclusive operation.
5. The prevailing wind here is from the south-west.
6. domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions,
7. The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.
8. Farmers cultivate their farms with cows.
9. They believed she was possessed by devils.
10. She escaped her family and shipped on a voyage to Australia.
11. Anna's strength is derived from her parents and her sisters
12. the undisputed fact that he had broken the law.
13. He deprecated the low quality of entrants to the profession
14. What can be inferred from it?
32
阅读中的词汇
TPO 5.2 阅读词汇原题
2. By stating that the theories are mutually exclusive the author means that
if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be false
the differences between the theories are unimportant
taken together, the theories cover all possibilities
the theories support each other
3. The word overwhelming in the passage is closest in meaning to

powerful
favorable
current
reasonable
6. The word implements in the passage is closest in meaning to

skills
tools
opportunities
practices
10. The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning to

mysterious
unexpected
acknowledged
significant
原文翻译：Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of
solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised.
The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of

the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing,
and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place,
domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions,
and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
33
阅读中的词汇
Day Three
He who can do this has the whole world with him.
He who cannot walks a lonely way.
34
阅读中的词汇
TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolution
dramatic harnessing 英英中文例句翻译
reign of George Ⅲ Drought 英英中文例句翻译
exploited cylinder 英英中文例句翻译
Piston vacuum 英英中文例句翻译
vastly embodied 英英中文例句翻译
could not be employed condenser 英英中文例句翻译
reciprocating cutting its fuel consumption 英英中文例句翻译
a mil-len-nium and a half Coal gas 英英中文例句翻译
rival grew accustomed 英英中文例句翻译
gaslit charcoal 英英中文例句翻译
furnaces raw materials 英英中文例句翻译
retained monopoly 英英中文例句翻译
Merely canals 英英中文例句翻译
Ingredients 英英中文例句翻译
35
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. Turkey plans to harness the waters of the Euphrates River for big hydro-electric power projects.
2. ...Queen Victoria, Britain's longest reigning monarch (君主).
3. So you feel that your skills have never been fully appreciated （认可） or exploited?
4. expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder
5. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles （原文）
6. Cassette recorders cannot rival the sound quality of CDs...
3. The word exploited in the passage is closest in meaning to

utilized
recognized
examined
fully understood
4. The word vastly in the passage is closet in meaning to

quickly
ultimately
greatly
initially
8. The phrase grew accustomed to in the passage is closest in meaning to

began to prefer
wanted to have
became used to
insisted on
9. The word retained in the passage is closest in meaning to

gained
established
profited from
maintained
36
阅读中的词汇
TPO 6.2 William Smith
blacksmith rudimentary 联想记忆
surveying fossils
apprenticed roamed 例句/原文
canal excavating 发音例句/原文
sur-ve-yor 发音重音在前 catalog
steam locomotive endured 例句
best courses for the canals sediments TPO 原文
outcrop temporal sequence 联想记忆/拓展
newly dug canal succession TPO 原文
mail coaches
quartz
strata
pattern
emerging
Jurassic
连线练习：
Excavate series
Succession Register
Catalog dig
Temporal time
37
阅读中的词汇
句子翻译练习：
1. He had only a rudimentary knowledge of French.
2. fossils over two million years old
3. They're roaming around the country shooting at anything that moves...
4. They are excavating a tunnel through the hill.
38
阅读中的词汇
TPO 6.2 阅读原题词汇
1. The word rudimentary in the passage is closest in meaning to

thorough
strict
basic
occasional
5. The word meticulously in the passage is closest in meaning to

carefully
quickly
frequently
obviously
In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and
Wales with a Part of Scotland”, a map so meticulously researched that it
can still be used today.
9. The word endured in the passage is closest in meaning to

vanished
developed
varied
survived
10. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to

possibly
absolutely
surprisingly
nearly
39
阅读中的词汇
TPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
geologic organisms 英英中文例句
geologists wiped out 英英中文例句
mediterranean drilling 英英中文例句
aboard in the course of 中文例句
oceanographic pe-cu-li-a-ri-ties 英英中文例句发音
abruptly straits 英英中文例句
sediment pre-ci-pi-ta-ted 英英中文例句
seafloor sa-li-ni-ty 中文发音
basin spectacularly 英英中文例句
hypothesis
40
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. Joe's other peculiarity was that he was constantly munching（咀嚼） hard candy.
2. The amoeba（变形虫） is a very simple organism.
3. Many of her movies had been spectacularly successful.
4. This last payment will wipe out your debt to me.
5. I drilled five holes at equal distance.
6. The subject cropped up（出现） in the course of conversation.
7. A cool breeze（冷风） caused a precipitate drop in the temperature.
8. I don't think we should make precipitate decisions...
41
阅读中的词汇
1．The word “objective” in the passage is closest in meaning to

achievement
requirement
purpose
feature
8. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning to

members
large numbers
populations
different types
Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination

of scores of invertebrate species.
After that, this buyer ordered scores of other sketches from Wesson, all drawn according to the buyer’s ideas.
11. The word “Turbulent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

fresh
deep
violent
temperate
42
阅读中的词汇
TPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greece
civilization Co-he-sive-ness 发音（he 就读 he）英英中文例句
conquest Pe-cu-li-ar-ly 发音英英中文例句
territorial Ce-ment 发音英英中文例句
legions utterly 英英中文例句
phenomenon obsession 英英中文例句
Rural life assembled 英英中文例句
infinitely undeniable 英英中文例句
imitator Im-pe-ra-tive 英英中文例句
mere disgust 英英中文例句
s-pe-cu-la-tive predisposed 英英中文例句
sensibilities derivative 英英中文例句
英英中文例句
43
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. One of the most important properties of a work team is cohesiveness.
2. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humor...
3. ...a mixture of wet sand and cement.
4. The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless.
5. I don't understand television's current obsession with cookery programmes.
6. The pupils assembled in the school hall.
7. He had undeniable charm.
8. It is absolutely imperative that we finish by next week.
9. He disgusted many with his boorish（粗鲁的） behaviour.
44
阅读中的词汇
3. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to

thinking about
fixation on
interest in
attitude toward
6. The word “fostered” in the passage is closest in meaning to

accepted
combined
introduced
encouraged
难题★★★★★
In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders（产生）,
fostered the Roman virtues（美德、品质）:
a. gravitas, a sense of responsibility,
b. peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and
c. iustitia, a sense of the natural order.
11. The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning to

abilities
areas
combinations
models
The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law,
military organization, administration, and engineering.
45
阅读中的词汇
TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán
tremendous Ingenuity 发音英英中文例句
extensive circumstantially 英英中文例句
irrigation eliminated 英英中文例句
millennium commodity 英英中文例句
foresighted exotic 英英中文例句
eruptions tourism 英英中文例句
lava necessitate 老词汇
obsidian coerce 英英中文例句
arose elite 英英中文例句
Prosperous predominant 英英中文例句
flourish
46
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. If you think you may be allergic to a food or drink, eliminate it from your diet.
2. The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.
3. There are some exotic words in English language.
4. You can't coerce her into obedience.
5. The area is heavily dependent on tourism.
6. Commodity prices remain stable and there are plenty of goods on the market.
7. The predominant feature of his character was pride.
8. Disagreement arose about exactly how to plan the show.
47
阅读中的词汇
阅读 TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán

词汇原题
1. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to

ancient
carefully
very large
carefully protected
3. The word pinpoint in the passage is closest in meaning to

identify precisely
make an argument for
describe
understand
4. The word ingenuity in the passage is closest in meaning to

ambition
sincerity
faith
cleverness
8. The word predominant in the passage is closest in meaning to

most aggressive
most productive
principal
earliest
48
阅读中的词汇
TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs demise 英英中文例句
Jurassic preserved 英英中文例句
Paleontologists milder 英英中文例句
continents retreated 英英中文例句
flourished cope 英英中文例句
frigid conventional 英英中文例句
basin preferentially 英英中文例句
extinct incorporated 英英中文例句
abruptly meteorites 英英中文例句发音
organisms asteroid 英英中文例句
英英中文例句
1. The war brought about the industry's sudden demise.
2. We need to preserve the forest...
3. If you have only mild symptoms, try an over-the-counter treatment.
4. The French, suddenly outnumbered, were forced to retreat...
5. seasonal workers brought in to cope with the Christmas period
6. The chairman made a few conventional remarks.
7. He stopped abruptly and looked my way.
8. We shall try to incorporate some of your ideas in our future plan.
9. The meteorite might have caused a huge dust cloud.
49
阅读中的词汇
阅读 TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs

词汇原题
4. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning to

adapt
move
continue
compete
6. The word fluctuations in the passage is closest in meaning to

extremes
retreats
periods
variations
9. The word bombard in the passage is closest in meaning to

approach
strike
pass
circle
11. The word disruption in the passage is closest in meaning to

exhaustion
disturbance
modification
disappearance
稍有难度★★★
50
阅读中的词汇
Day Four
We are interested in others when they are intrigued by us.
51
阅读中的词汇
TPO 9.1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
migration corridor 英英中文例句
persuasively submerged 英英中文例句
alternative proponent 英英中文例句
route diversity 英英中文例句
glaciers continental shelf 英英中文例句
barrier impetus 英英中文例句发音
watercraft 英英中文例句
英英中文例句
1. There is no fundamental diversity between the two ideologies.
2. The corridor opens into Mr. Brown's office.
3. The car was submerged under 20 feet of water.
4. This decision will give renewed impetus to the economic regeneration of east London...
5. Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes.
6. The only alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting.
7. They are fearful that unemployment will soon break the barrier of three million...
词汇原题
2. The word persuasively in the passage is closest in meaning to
aggressively
inflexibly
convincingly
carefully
52
阅读中的词汇
4. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning to

before
immediately after
during
in spite of
8. The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

Frozen
Various
Isolated
Huge
10. The word inhospitable in the passage is closest in meaning to

not familiar
not suitable
not dangerous
not reachable
12. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to

chance
protection
possibility
incentive
53
阅读中的词汇
TPO 9.2 Reflection in Teaching
Scheme conscious 英英中文例句
concerned discipline 英英中文例句
systematic objectively 英英中文例句
revise utilitarian 英英中文例句
cope contributory 英英中文例句
practitioner collaborative 英英中文例句
perceivable compelling idea 英英中文例句
vaguely instituting 英英中文例句
vulnerability Inhibitions 发音(hi 读 he) 英英中文例句
Apparently 英英中文例句
1. My job is so repetitive, it does not require much conscious thought.
2. This purpose is most utilitarian.
3. Alcohol is a contributory factor in 10% of all road accidents.
4. Large scale studies should be collaborative.
5. You will be assigned to a group of three for collaborative work.
6. She was a medical practitioner before she entered politics.
7. The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it.
8. Hormone replacement therapy is very important and should be instituted early.
9. They behave with a total lack of inhibition.
54
阅读中的词汇
TPO 9.2 词汇原题
1. The word justified in the passage is closest in meaning to

supported
shaped
stimulated
suggested
3. The word flourish in the passage is closest in meaning to

continue
occur
succeed
apply
6. The word objective in the passage is closest in meaning to

unbiased
positive
systematic
thorough
Few people are logical. Most of us are prejudiced and biased.
9. The word compelling in the passage is closest in meaning to

commonly held
persuasive
original
practical
55
阅读中的词汇
TPO 10.1 Chinese Pottery
civilizations pottery 英英中文例句
invasions Porcelain 发音英英中文例句
vast ceramics 英英中文例句
utilitarian vessels 英英中文例句
burial glazed 英英中文
imitation sculpture 英英中文例句
prosperous De-li-ne-ated 英英中文例句发音
pigment embraces 英英中文
ornament 英英中文例句
muted 英英中文例句
secular 英英中文例句
英英中文例句
1. The cargo includes three thousand pieces of porcelain.
2. ...a collection of Chinese ceramics.
3. Sculpture is a tangible art form.
4. When work is challenging, take a few minutes to delineate the tasks

you need to do.
5. The hills embrace the village.
6. She wears a crystal ornament on her chest.
7. Do you believe in perpetual love in this secular world?
56
阅读中的词汇
1.The word status in the passage is closest in meaning to

origin
importance
quality
design
The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty,
so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects,
according to their quality and the era in which they were made.
3. The word evolve in the passage is closest in meaning to

divided
extended
developed
vanished
6. The word instigate in the passage is closest in meaning to

improved
investigated
narrowed
caused
So admired were these pieces that they encouraged

the development of earthenware
made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research
into the method of their manufacture.
8. The word whereas in the passage is closest in meaning to

while
previously
surprisingly
because
Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,
whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time,
their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.
57
阅读中的词汇
TPO 10.2 Variations in the Climate
aspects undergone 英英中文例句
climatic intervention 英英中文例句
millennia 发音 immensely 英英中文例句
fluctuating proxy 英英中文例句
properties ambient 英英中文
inferred in-tri-guing 英英中文例句
drilled out erratic 英英中文例句
reconstructed deliberations 英英中文例句
embedded invoked 英英中文例句
indications
abundantly
chaotic
solar activity
decades
1. He underwent an agonizing 48-hour wait for the results of tests.
2. The incident was used as a pretext for intervention in the area.
3. Those not attending the meeting may vote by proxy.
4. Ambient noise may come from any direction.
5. It all sounds very intriguing.
6. Police stopped him for driving erratically.
7. After careful deliberation, it was agreed to abandon the project.
8. In political matters George Washington went out of his way to avoid invoking the authority of Christ.
58
阅读中的词汇
5. The word striking in the passage is closest in meaning to

noticeable
confusing
true
unlikely
7. The word erratic in the passage is closest in meaning to

dramatic
important
unpredictable
common
10. The word deliberations in the passage is closest in meaning to

records
discussions
results
variations
There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a
measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations.
11. The word invoked in the passage is closest in meaning to

demonstrated
called upon
supported
expected
Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain
quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period
from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century’s,
but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.
59
阅读中的词汇
TPO 11.1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
elite rigid 英英中文例句翻译
context manifest 英英中文例句翻译
content retained 英英中文例句翻译
contest compactness 英英中文例句例句 2
statuary figures 英英中文例句翻译
Re-nais-san-ce 发音 carved 英英中文例句翻译
frontality apart from 英英中文例句翻译
recipients depicts 英英中文例句翻译
divine generic 英英中文例句翻译
deceased grind 英英中文例句翻译
shrines
pillars
tombs 发音
1. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.
2. The examination was so rigid that nearly all aspirants （考生）were ruled out.
3. Fear was manifest on her face.
4. He is a manifest liar.
5. The compactness of the car appeals to me.
6. The generic term for wine, spirits and beer is alcoholic beverages.
7. Would you please grind a pound of coffee for me?
8. He looks like he's got an axe to grind. Better have a talk with him.
60
阅读中的词汇
TPO 11.2 Orientation and Navigation
perplexed apparently 英英中文例句翻译
initiated fluttered 英英中文例句翻译
orient overcast 英英中文例句翻译
launched apparent 英英中文例句翻译
compass preposterous 英英中文例句翻译
planetarium stationary 英英中文例句翻译
domelike revolving 英英中文例句翻译
mag-ne-ti-sm 英英中文例句翻译
landmark 英英中文例句翻译
starlings 英英中文例句翻译
1. The flutter of an eyelash would have brought her a companion.
2. The news caused a flutter among the students.
3. I have no wish to perplex the issue.
4. The new tax laws perplex me.
5. The sky is overcast with dark clouds.
6. Her face was overcast with sadness.
7. ...their preposterous claim that they had unearthed a plot.
8. Stationary cars in traffic jams cause a great deal of pollution...
9. A stationary object is easy to be aimed at.
10. Overhead, the fan revolved slowly...
11. He had an idea revolving in his mind around the new enterprise.
12. The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.
词汇原题
1. The word “vital” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ attractive
61
阅读中的词汇
○ essential
○ usual
○ practical
2. The word “context” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ connection
○ influence
○ environment
○ requirement
3. The word “core” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ material
○ layer
○ center
○ frame
4. The word depicts in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ imagines
○ classifies
○ elevates
○ portrays
5. The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ defeated
○ interested
○ puzzled
○ occupied
6. The word “preposterous” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ unbelievable
○ inadequate
○ limited
○ creative
7. The word “accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ new
○ increasing
○ convincing
○ extensive
8. The phrase “impose on” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ increase for
○ remove from
○ place on
62
阅读中的词汇
○ distribute to
9. The word “artificial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ attractive
○ not real
○ short-term
○ well designed
In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery.
10. The word “prediction” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ surprise
○ discovery
○ explanation
○ expectation
11. The word “pinpoint” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ observe
○ locate exactly
○ copy accurately
○ recognize
12. The word “derive” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ require
○ gain
○ use
○ produce
63
阅读中的词汇
Day Five
Better give your path to a dog than be bitten by him in contesting for
the right.
64
阅读中的词汇
TPO 12.1 Which Hand Did They Use?
engravings depicted 英文中文联想例句翻译
lit dominance 英文中文联想例句翻译
Ne-an-der-thal implies 英文中文联想例句翻译
Fractures Infer 英文中文联想例句翻译
predominant furnish 英文中文联想例句翻译
revealing flake 英文中文联想例句翻译
preserved preferential 英文中文联想例句翻译
fibers hemisphere 英文中文联想例句翻译
asymmetrical 英文中文联想例句翻译
英文中文联想例句翻译
1. What do you imply by that statement?
2. Their failure to reply to our letter seems to imply a lack of interest.
3. Empathy for the criminal's childhood misery does not imply exoneration
of the crimes he committed as an adult.
4. I inferred from what she said that you have not been well...
5. People usually infer an unknown fact from a known fact.
6. He can logically infer that if the battery is dead then the horn will not sound.
7. Many proprietors（经营者） try to furnish their hotels with antiques.
8. They'll be able to furnish you with the rest of the details.
9. His proposal shall furnish the basis for our discussion.
10. A flake of bone had lodged（租住、投宿） itself in his knee.
11. The paint's beginning to flake off.
12. A flake of plaster（灰泥、石膏） from the ceiling fell into his eye, which became septic.
13. Eating cereals and fruit will give you plenty of fiber in your diet.
14. But with fiber-optic cables, television will become truly interactive.
65
阅读中的词汇
TPO 12.2 Transition to Sound in Film
despite conceals 英文中文联想例句翻译
innovation paradoxes 英文中文联想例句翻译
mute modest 英文中文联想例句翻译
fundamental alongside 英文中文联想例句翻译
accompaniment dialogue 英文中文联想例句翻译
spectators narratives 英文中文联想例句翻译
elaborate pre-mi-ere 英文中文联想例句翻译
Berlin triumph 英文中文联想例句翻译
overshadowed startling success 英文中文联想例句翻译
simultaneously retarded 英文中文联想例句翻译
inadequacies perspective 英文中文联想例句翻译
a rough figure avenues 英文中文联想例句翻译
projection 英文中文联想例句翻译
句子翻译练习
1. Drunkenness reveals what soberness conceals.
2. He conceals his feelings behind a rather stolid manner.
3. He was a paradox—a loner who loved to chat to strangers.
4. Although strictly illogical, Martin's interpretation of this paradox seems the best.
5. The paradox of earth is that it cradles life and then entombs life.
6. He charged a relatively modest fee.
7. Be modest when you are on the crest of the wave.
8. He made a name for himself in science, but he remained modest.
9. The naturalness of the dialogue made the book so true to life.
10. Some of the dialogue has been changed to make it more palatable to an American audience.
11. Two actors carried on a dialogue in the middle of the stage.
66
阅读中的词汇
12. This is one of the narratives that children are fond of.
13. Underlying these narratives was an assumption that

China's political system was stable.
14. the world premiere of his new play
15. She gave a little crow（乌鸦、欢呼） of triumph.
16. The bridge is a triumph of modern engineering.
17. He asked us to be quiet and then made a startling announcement.
18. We should draw a moral from the startling fact.
1. The phrase “assisted in” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ initiated
○ dominated
○ helped with
○ setup
2. The phrase “depicted” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ identified
○ revealed
○ pictured
○ imagined
3. The word “criteria” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ standards
○ findings
○ ideas
○ techniques
4. The word “regarded” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○analyzed
○considered
○altered
○criticized
5. The word “paradoxes” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○difficulties
○accomplishments
○parallels
67
阅读中的词汇
○contradictions
Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity
of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image
that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s.
6. The word “overshadowed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○distracted from
○explained
○conducted
○coordinated with
To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920 s

sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected
to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field
that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
7. The word “neglected” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○failed
○needed
○started
○expected
The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically
reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences
for Syria and Iraq.
8. The word “drastically” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○obviously
○unfortunately
○rapidly
○severely
9. The word “dwellers” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○settlements
○farmers
○tribes
○inhabitants
10. The word “fractures” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○streams
○cracks
○storms
○earthquakes
68
阅读中的词汇
11. The word “immobile” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○enclosed
○permanent
○motionless
○intact
69
阅读中的词汇
TPO 14.1 Children and Advertising
词汇难度 ★★
misleadingness verify 英英中文例句翻译
impress offset 英英中文例句翻译 note
intentionally counterbalance 英英中文例句翻译
exaggeration disclaimer 文中解释英英中文例句翻译
interpret claim 英英中文例句翻译
celebrities adept 英英中文例句翻译
endorses perceived 英英中文例句翻译
blending promotes 英英中文例句翻译
regarding 英英中文例句翻译
Advertising! regard 英英中文例句翻译
validated 英英中文例句翻译
例句翻译
1. I verified the source from which I had that information...
2. The increase in pay costs was more than offset by higher productivity...
3. His patriarchal generosity is counterbalanced by his ruthlessness.
4. The disclaimer asserts that the company won't be held responsible for any inaccuracies.
5. He rejected claims that he had affairs with six women.
6. 'I had never received one single complaint against me,' claimed the humiliated doctor...
7. The government has disclaimed responsibility for the deaths of six people.
8. He is an adept guitar player.
9. 'Precisely what other problems do you perceive?' she asked.
10. Stress is widely perceived as contributing to coronary heart disease...
11. In many ways, our society actively promotes alcoholism.
70
阅读中的词汇
12. Paul Weller has announced a full British tour to promote his second solo album.
13. I was promoted to editor and then editorial director...
14. I have a very high regard for him and what he has achieved...
71
阅读中的词汇
TPO 14.2 Maya Water Problems
Mayan equatorial 英英中文例句翻译
jungle habitat 英英中文例句翻译
tropical rainforest presumably 英英中文例句翻译
unpredictably paradoxically 英英中文例句翻译
variable elevation 英英中文例句翻译
crop failures porous 英英中文例句翻译
hurricanes sponge 英英中文例句翻译
underlies depression 英英中文例句翻译
sufficiently plugged up 英英中文例句翻译
reservoirs
drought
例句翻译
1. Too much rain is the problem of the equatorial lands in the Amazon and Congo basins.
2. Few countries have as rich a diversity of habitat as South Africa.
3. The spear is presumably the murder weapon...
4. We were a team of individuals — as paradoxical as that sounds.
5. The shell has to be slightly porous to enable oxygen to pass in.
6. You should try to sponge out the memory of the accident.
7. They used electricity from a plug in the garage.
72
阅读中的词汇
TPO 14.3 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
词汇难度 ★★★★
archaeological Pastoralism 英英中文例句翻译
emerged steppes 英英中文例句翻译
distinctive prestige 英英中文例句翻译
sheep, goats, cattle Eurasian 英英中文例句翻译
domesticated plants terrain 英英中文例句翻译
pastoralists nomad 英英中文例句翻译
carnivore nomadism 英英中文例句翻译
territories surplus 英英中文例句翻译
linguistic division 英英中文例句翻译
portability hereditary 英英中文例句翻译
inhibit hierarchies 英英中文例句翻译
conquest 英英中文例句翻译
英英中文例句翻译
例句翻译
1. How do people make a living in the steppe?
2. It was his responsibility for foreign affairs that gained him international prestige.
3. ...the whole of the Eurasian continent.
4. ...a tortuous eight-hour coach ride around 1,200 bends of rough terrain.
5. The manufacturers in some countries dumped their surplus commodities abroad.
6. After this win, the team will be promoted to the First Division.
7. Is this disease hereditary?
8. Even in the desert there was a kind of social hierarchy.
73
阅读中的词汇
TPO 14 词汇原题
1. The word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○establish the truth of
○approve of
○understand
○criticize
2. The word “adept” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○responsible
○skillful
○patient
○curious
3. The word "attributes" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○evaluations
○attitudes
○actions
○characteristics
4. The word "credible” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○helpful
○believable
○valuable
○familiar
Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more
severe in the wet south.
5. The word “paradoxically” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○usually
○surprisingly
○understandably
○predictably
74
阅读中的词汇
6. The word "prolonged" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○unusual
○unexpected
○extended
○disastrous
7. The word "exhausted" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○used up
○reduced
○wasted
○relied upon
8. The word “prestige” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○interest
○status
○demand
○profit
9. The word “profound” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○strange
○positive
○direct
○far-reaching
10. The word "striking” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○reliable
○noticeable
○convincing
○violent
75
阅读中的词汇
11. The word "exploit” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○use to advantage
○depart from
○pay attention to
○travel across
76
阅读中的词汇
TPO 15.1 A Warm-Blooded Turtle
nonetheless physiology 英英中文例句翻译
apparently reptiles 英英中文例句翻译
basking by-product 英英中文例句翻译
proportionately metabolism 英英中文例句翻译
muscular insulating 英英中文例句翻译
gigantothermy aerodynamic 英英中文例句翻译
supplement compromising 英英中文例句翻译
equivalent vessels 英英中文例句翻译
tissue 英英中文例句翻译
flipper 英英中文例句翻译
chilled
hatchlings
例句翻译
1. A by-product of their meeting was the release of these fourteen men.
2. After years of dieting, Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.
3. It will take almost 25 years to insulate the homes of the six million households that require this assistance...
4. the rupture of a blood vessel
5. As soon as the two chicks hatch, they leave the nest burrow...
6. Apparently the girls are not at all amused by the whole business...
7. The extra field cultivated meant a proportionate increase in work.
8. They had to get a job to supplement the family income.
9. Some films chill you to the marrow of your bones.
77
阅读中的词汇
TPO 15.2 Mass Extinctions
interval of time proposed 英英中文例句翻译
marine organisms mechanisms 英英中文例句翻译
seasonal fluctuations Account for 英英中文例句翻译
ocean currents habitat destruction 英英中文例句翻译
positions of the continents paleontologists 英英中文例句翻译
ecological changes episodes 英英中文例句翻译
very brief period long-period orbit 英英中文例句翻译
Take place meteors 英英中文例句翻译
extended period meteorite 英英中文例句翻译
Car-ni-vores asteroid 英英中文例句翻译
collision Impact 英英中文例句翻译
immense Debris 英英中文例句翻译
quartz drastic 英英中文例句翻译
disintegrated 英英中文例句翻译
78
阅读中的词汇
句子翻译
1. ...the clumsy and ineffective mechanism of price controls.
2. And where do you propose building such a huge thing?
3. How do you account for losing five games in a row?
4. I couldn't account for the lump in my throat as I told him the news.
79
阅读中的词汇
5. Few countries have as rich a diversity of habitat as South Africa.
6. Unfortunately it was a rather sordid (肮脏的；污秽的) episode of my life.
7. I stood at the foot of the collapsed tower and watched the rescue workers sifting through the debris...
8. Elderly people are not in a position to make drastic changes at this stage of their life...
9. The plane disintegrated as it fell into the sea.
TPO 15 词汇原题
The phrase “unique among” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○natural to
○different from all other
○quite common among
○familiar to
The word “feat” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○remarkable achievement
○common transformation
○daily activity
○complex solution
A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms.

Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between
25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F).
Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle’s body
and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters.
The word “bulk” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○strength
○effort
○activity
○mass
The phrase “courses through” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○rises through
○heats up in
○runs through
○collects in
This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator,

in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them.
80
阅读中的词汇
The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning to

○specific
○unlimited
○reasonable
○long
The phrase account for in the passage is closest in meaning to
○describe
○challenge
○explain
○test
The word intense in the passage is closest in meaning to
○sudden
○unusual
○immediate
○extreme
The word “interlocked” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○intermediate
○linked
○frozen
○fully developed
With additional time, pressure, and refrozen meltwater from above,

the small firn granules become larger, interlocked crystals of blue glacial ice.
The word “match” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○measure
○enlarge
○approximate
○equal
The word “transform” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○break
○push
○change
○extend
The word “deceiving” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○approximate
○exaggerated
○unusual
○misleading
The word “static” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○unchanging
○usable
○thick
○harmless
81
阅读中的词汇
TPO 16.1 Trade and the Ancient Middle East
词汇难度 ★★★★★
trading posts mainstay 英英中文例句翻译
grain caravans 英英中文例句翻译
raw materials negotiated 英英中文例句翻译
timber expeditions 英英中文例句翻译
gems artisans 英英中文例句翻译
blurred repudiate 英英中文例句翻译
kinship craft 英英中文例句翻译
mutual aid ideologically 英英中文例句翻译
maintenance ideal 英英中文例句翻译
surplus favored 英英中文例句翻译
worship associations 英英中文例句翻译
flourished quasi-egalitarian 英英中文例句翻译
peculiar fellowship 英英中文例句翻译
moral stance consensus 英英中文例句翻译
bond mercantile 英英中文例句翻译
cement together literally 英英中文例句翻译
superiority figuratively 英英中文例句翻译
entrepreneurial intrinsically 英英中文例句翻译
fragile undermine 英英中文例句翻译
trade routes circumvented 英英中文例句翻译
erode peripheral 英英中文例句翻译
seafarers
voyage
82
阅读中的词汇
83
阅读中的词汇
84
阅读中的词汇
TPO 原文翻译
Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East,
as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert,
restricted only by access to water and by mountain ranges.
This mode of craft production favored the growth of

self-governing and ideologically egalitarian（平等主义的）craft guilds
everywhere in the Middle Eastern city.
The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that

surplus was not a result of domestic craft production
but resulted primarily from international trading;
句子翻译
1. This principle of collective bargaining has been a mainstay in labor relations in this country.
2. I negotiated my way out of the airport and joined the flow of cars.
3. The experienced artisan would pass on the tricks of the trade to the apprentice.
4. All kinds of traditional craft industries are preserved here.
5. I really love the area and see it as an ideal place to start my managerial career...
6. Some elevated people favor the new policy.
7. Research associations are often linked to a particular industry.
8. There was a strong feeling of fellowship amongst the members of the team.
9. The question of when the troops should leave would be decided by consensus.
10. Employees will be, figuratively speaking, in the driver's seat.
11. I know I'll spend time in Tennessee and mend some fences, literally and figuratively.
12. The rate is determined by intrinsic qualities such as the land's slope.
13. Western intelligence agencies are accused of trying to undermine the government.
14. Roosevelt occasionally attempted to circumvent him.
85
阅读中的词汇
15. ...urban development in the outer peripheral areas of large towns.
86
阅读中的词汇
TPO 16.2 Development of the Periodic Table
periodic table interplay 英英中文例句翻译
chart put forth 英英中文例句翻译
recurrence successive elements 英英中文例句翻译
atomic forerunner 英英中文例句翻译
properties bolder 英英中文例句翻译
proposals anomalies 英英中文例句翻译
isolated isotopes 英英中文例句翻译
farsighted protons 英英中文例句翻译
leave gaps neutrons 英英中文例句翻译
subsequent analogous 英英中文例句翻译
assembled residual 英英中文例句翻译
postulated 英英中文例句翻译
correspondence 英英中文例句翻译
句子翻译
1. ...the interplay of political, economic, social and cultural factors.
2. The cherry-trees began to put forth their blossoms.
3. The scientist put forth the new theory of evolution.
4. Britain was suffering from the failure of successive governments to co-ordinate a national transport policy.
5. In 1960 this was a bold move...
6. Associated anomalies and prematurity significantly influence the mortality rate.
7. Turn the hotplate off and allow the residual heat to keep the mixture simmering.
8. Freud postulated that we all have a death instinct as well as a life instinct.
9. ...correspondences between Eastern religions and Christianity.
87
阅读中的词汇
Day Six
“For most of us the problem isn’t that we aim too high and fail – it’s just
the opposite – we aim too low and succeed.”
Sir Ken Robinson, The Element
88
阅读中的词汇
TPO 17.1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
1
overland trade routes impetus 英英中文例句翻译
long-held desire maritime 英英中文例句翻译
2
promising bottom of…(sth) falls out 英英中文例句翻译
chief problem context 英英中文例句翻译
technological scheme 英英中文例句翻译
willingness plan 英英中文例句翻译
irresistible scenario 英英中文例句翻译
maintain immensity 英英中文例句翻译
continent spices 英英中文例句翻译
commodities diet 英英中文例句翻译
rough water large bulk 英英中文例句翻译
3
voyage justify 英英中文例句翻译
4
caravel approve 英英中文例句翻译
galley sail 英英中文例句翻译
mast 英英中文例句翻译
thrust 英英中文例句翻译
maneuver 英英中文例句翻译
norm 英英中文例句翻译变换形式
句子翻译
1. This is the context in which President Chirac must decide his policy.
2. In a worst-case scenario, the disease will reach epidemic proportions.
3. I've been dieting ever since the birth of my fourth child...
4. ...a social norm that says drunkenness is inappropriate behaviour.
5. She was restless and needed a new impetus for her talent.
1 Route 高频词。一般指路线、或公路。
2 Bottom of sth fall out 英文固定词组搭配用法。
3 Voyage 高频词。航行、即可做名词也可作动词。
4 caravel 不需要背，文中给出解释。
n. (16 世纪西班牙和葡萄牙人用的)小吨位轻快帆船
89
阅读中的词汇
6. I have passed the deserts and have already seen the maritime empire.
阅读题中的难词
3. According to paragragh 3, what did the lateen sail contribute to the caravel as a sailing ship?
a. It provided stability to the front part of the ship.
b. It made it possible for the hull to be wider and deeper.
c. It added considerably to the speed of the wind-driven ship.
d. It improved the capacity of the ship to be guided.
In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided
the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward,
while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail,
which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.
原文翻译
1. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy,
provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East
by establishing a sea trade.
2. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted,

accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo,
of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth
to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible
3. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving
a crossing of the Indian Ocean Shortly after 1400.
90
阅读中的词汇
词汇原题
The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Return
○Opportunity
○Stimulus
○Obstacle
The word dramatically in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Artificially
○Greatly
○Immediately
○Regularly
The word refined in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Completed
○Improved
○Drawn
○Checked
The word norms in the passage is closest in meaning to

○purposes
○skills
○activities
○rules
91
阅读中的词汇
TPO 17.2 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest
varies conspicuous 英英中文例句翻译
pattern camouflage 英英中文例句翻译
species dull 英英中文例句翻译
predators riot 英英中文例句翻译
reptiles carnival 英英中文例句翻译
striking take into account 英英中文例句翻译
p-lu-mage favorable 英英中文例句翻译
spots inflating 英英中文例句翻译
penetrated repel 英英中文例句翻译
predominate illuminating 英英中文例句翻译
Australian brush turkey impediment 英英中文例句翻译
inhabit 英英中文例句翻译
vegetation 英英中文例句翻译
courtship 英英中文例句翻译
句子翻译
1. They were more interested in courtship and cars than in school...
2. The most striking feature of those statistics is the high proportion of suicides...
3. The policy is designed to prevent the predominance of one group over another.
4. The air was perfumed with the scent of subtropical vegetation.
5. There was a conspicuous landmark ahead.
6. They are both nice people but can be rather dull...
7. The body's natural rhythms mean we all feel dull and sleepy between 1 and 3pm.
8. A conservatory offers the perfect excuse to let your imagination run riot.
9. Each nation suppressed news that was not favorable to it.
10. ...a violent excitement that frightened and repelled her.
11. The black sky was illuminated by forked lightning.
92
阅读中的词汇
12. He was satisfied there was no legal impediment to the marriage.
词汇原题
The phrase conspicuous in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Common
○Noticeable
○Different
○Colorful
The word signal in the passage is closest in meaning to

○change
○imitate
○communicate
○hide
The word inflating in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Coloring
○Enlarging
○Loosening
○Heating
The word impediment in the passage is closest in meaning to

○obstruction
○effort
○delay
○resistance
In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance
because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation.
The word exploits in the passage is closest in meaning to

○repeats
○makes use of
○increases the intensity of
○recognizes
93
阅读中的词汇
TPO 18.1 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia
Netherlands industrializers 英英中文例句翻译
Denmark exhibit 英英中文例句翻译
Norway human capital 英英中文例句翻译
Sweden literacy rates 英英中文例句翻译
Amsterdam niches 英英中文例句翻译
Copenhagen implications 英英中文例句翻译
lagged merchant marines 英英中文例句翻译
undoubtedly exceptional 英英中文例句翻译
inhabitant progressive 英英中文例句翻译
enormous democratic 英英中文例句翻译
immediate market orientation 英英中文例句翻译
strait stake 英英中文例句翻译
kronor notorious 英英中文例句翻译
peasant 英英中文例句翻译
1. His translation is exceptional in its poetic quality.
2. The ship passed through the strait between two islands.
3. This is a yardstick for measuring whether a person is really progressive.
4. It was a progressive disease and he would suffer more and more.
5. She told us the story of one of Britain's most notorious country house murders.
6. Britain still lags behind most of Europe in its provisions for women who want time off to have babies...
7. Small companies can do extremely well if they can fill a specific market niche.
8. The literacy rate there is the highest in Central America.
94
阅读中的词汇
The word derives in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Digests
○Obtains
○Controls
○Discovers
The word devastated in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Influenced
○Infected
○strengthened
○destroyed
The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Indefensibly
○Substantially
○Unintentionally
○Partially
The word highlights in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Defines
○Emphasizes
○Reflects
○Suggests
The word “progressive” in the passage is closest in meaning to
rapid
partial
increasing
individual
95
阅读中的词汇
TPO 18.2 The Mystery of Yawning
yawn flaw 英英中文例句翻译
carbon dioxide physiological 英英中文例句翻译
hiccupping biological 英英中文例句翻译
shallow psychology 英英中文例句翻译
investigations philosophy 英英中文例句翻译
kindergarten physical exercise 英英中文例句翻译
college triggered 记忆短语英英中文例句翻译
university vigorous 英英中文例句翻译写作
suppressed fetuses 英英中文例句翻译
conventional mother's amniotic fluid 英英中文例句翻译
skin conductance congenital 英英中文例句翻译
deformed sound reasons 英英中文例句翻译
wrist-mounted devices empirical 英英中文例句翻译
accords with precede 英英中文例句翻译
precedent cede 英英中文例句翻译
unprecedented predecessor 英英中文例句翻译
96
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. The only flaw in his character seems to be a short temper.
2. The doctor had a test on the physiological reaction of human being.
3. The thieves must have deliberately triggered the alarm and hidden inside the house...
4. ...the incident which triggered the outbreak of the First World War...
5. African dance is vigorous, but full of subtlety.
6. Pregnant women who are heavy drinkers risk damaging the unborn foetus.
7. a congenital inability to tell the truth
8. Only a short campaign took place in Puerto Rico, but after the war Spain ceded the island to America...
9. Industrial orders had already fallen in the preceding months.
97
阅读中的词汇
TPO 原文翻译
It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways.
The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother's amniotic fluid.
Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs
are sometimes born with deformed lungs.
The word ”flaw” in the passage is closest in meaning to

fault
aspect
confusion
mystery
The word “triggered” in the passage is closest in meaning to
removed
followed
increased
caused
The word “periodically” in the passage is closest in the meaning to
continuously
quickly
regularly
carefully
The word “empirical” in the passage is closest in meaning to
reliable
based on common sense
relevant
based on observation
98
阅读中的词汇
TPO 19.1 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain
conquest fortifications 英英中文例句翻译
Roman Empire's civilian 英英中文例句翻译词根
troops rapidly 英英中文例句翻译
province imposition 英英中文例句翻译
presence requisition 英英中文例句翻译
robbed suppress 英英中文例句翻译
substantial rebellion 英英中文例句翻译
infrastructure campaigning 英英中文例句翻译词根
remote areas friction 英英中文例句翻译
A.D thriving economy 英英中文例句翻译
B.C auxiliary 英英中文例句翻译
C.E recruited 英英中文例句翻译
B.C.E regiment 英英中文例句翻译
reign of the emperor Hadrian cosmopolitan 英英中文例句翻译
apparent presumably 英英中文例句翻译
99
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. The fort fell into the enemy's hands without a shot being fired.
2. This signals a rapid change of mind by the government.
3. Expecting outrage and imposition, she was relieved to find she felt nothing.
4. The authorities often requisition land for highways.
5. Mr Burns has actively campaigned against a hostel being set up here...
6. During the war, there was a thriving black market in food.
7. Most of the workers will be recruited locally.
8. No reply from him yet; presumably he hasn't received my letter.
9. That presumably was not his original intention.
TPO 原文翻译
The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and
exercise the soldiers' animals.
The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this
added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population.
100
阅读中的词汇
TPO 19 词汇原题
1. The word “suppress” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O respond to
O warn against
O avoid the impact of
O stop by force
2. The word “friction” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O rebellion
O conflict
O neglect
O crime
3. The phrase “entitled to” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O given the right to
O able to afford to
O encouraged to
O required to
101
阅读中的词汇
TPO 19.2 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
succession climax 英英中文例句翻译发音读“ai”
ecosystems disturbance 英英中文例句翻译词根 TPO 原文
geography substantiated 英英中文例句翻译词根同义词
geology precipitation 英英中文例句翻译词根
composition turnover 英英中文例句翻译
invaded equilibrium 英英中文例句翻译
tissue organism 英英中文例句翻译
tolerant organic 英英中文例句翻译
lawlike association 英英中文例句翻译词根
trend paradigm 英英中文例句翻译前缀
colonizations 英英中文例句翻译
random 英英中文例句翻译
metaphor 英英中文例句翻译
looseness 英英中文例句翻译
circulation 英英中文例句翻译
102
阅读中的词汇
例句翻译
1. Any disturbance to the body's state of equilibrium can produce stress.
2. The quantity of precipitation varies greatly from year to year in these regions.
3. The king was too precipitate in declaring war.
4. This store has a daily turnover of several thousand yuan.
5. ...organic fruit and vegetables.
6. Blyth's association with the sea began in 1966...
7. Research associations are often linked to a particular industry.
1. The word “substantiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O confirmed O defined
O noticed O publicized
2. The word “trend” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O probability O lawlike regularity
O picture O tendency
The word “likewise” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O sometimes O apparently
O similarly O consequently
3. The word “legitimately” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O commonly O properly
O broadly O officially
4. The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O approved O started
O identified O foreseen
103
阅读中的词汇
TPO 19.2 原文
For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected
Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately
called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and
appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax
plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the
interaction.
Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a
combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is
misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an
organism. The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast
areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert
Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by
the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of
individual plant species.
104
阅读中的词汇
TPO 20.1 Westward Migration
expansion westward 英文中文联想例句翻译
livestock migration 英文中文联想例句翻译
cultivation emigration 英文中文联想例句翻译
wheat immigration 英文中文联想例句翻译
corn a seventh of 英文中文联想例句翻译
tobacco a third 英文中文联想例句翻译
cotton remarkable 英文中文联想例句翻译
self-sufficient inherited 英文中文联想例句翻译
commodity rigid 英文中文联想例句翻译
spectacularly traits 英文中文联想例句翻译
occupations settlers 英文中文联想例句翻译
depletion freight 英文中文联想例句翻译
erosion canal 英文中文联想例句翻译
soil diverted 英文中文联想例句翻译
surpluses
routes
句子翻译练习
1. The migration consisted of three waves of settlers.
2. The character of this country has been formed by immigration.
3. The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.
4. These high yields have been achieved largely through better methods of cultivation.
5. Cultivating a positive mental attitude towards yourself can reap tremendous benefits.
6. He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.
7. These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.
8. After getting a large inheritance, Bob and Alice lived it up for years.
9. My father is very rigid in his thinking.
10. Andrew went rigid when he saw a dog, any dog, anywhere.
11. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.
105
阅读中的词汇
12. The examination was so rigid that nearly all aspirants were ruled out.
13. Traffic will be diverted while the road is under repair.
14. They want to divert the attention of the people from the real issues.
15. He instructed switchboard staff to divert all Laura's calls to him.
16. His generosity is one of his good traits.
17. We do not know which behavioural traits are inherited and which acquired.
词汇原题
1. The word "fringes" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O borders
O groups
O types
O directions
Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic
and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the
fringes of settlement.
2. The word "proliferation" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O growth
O cooperation
O importance
O success
In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for $100.
The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without
cash to negotiate loans in paper money.
3. The word "superseded" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O replaced
O reformed
O equaled
O increased
First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats
continued to be important until the 1850’s steamboats eventually
superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight.
106
阅读中的词汇
4. The word "diverted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O collected
O shifted
O transported
O sold
107
阅读中的词汇
TPO 20.2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia
temperate subtle 英文中文联想例句翻译
retreated subtle 英文中文联想例句翻译
vegetation pollen 英文中文联想例句翻译
pattern occupation 英文中文联想例句翻译
momentous intensively 英文中文联想例句翻译
Mediterranean nut 英文中文联想例句翻译
flourished nut 英文中文联想例句翻译
exploited grain 英文中文联想例句翻译
remarkable cramped 英文中文联想例句翻译
exotic close-knit 英文中文联想例句翻译
inhabitants flotation
reed
1. There's a subtle hint of garlic in the sauce.
2. Her whole attitude had undergone a subtle change.
3. It is a strange smile. It lacks the subtle nuances(细微差别) of an ordinary smile.
4. It is quite remarkable that doctors have been so wrong about this.
5. He developed an allergy to pollen.
6. Many people are allergic to airborne（空气传播、空气所带的） pollutants such as pollen.
7. He wanted to look for occupation suited to his abilities.
8. He is a teacher by occupation but a philosopher by inclination.（倾向、爱好）
9. The calves are grazed intensively during their first season.
10. The land here has been intensively cultivated for generations.
11. to introduce a strict import quota on grain
12. The house was terribly small and cramped, but the agent
described it as a bijou residence.
13. The river banks were overgrown with reed.

1. The word "momentous" in the passage is closest in meaning to
108
阅读中的词汇
O numerous
O regular
O very important
O very positive
2. The word "exploited" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O explored
O utilized
O inhabited
O improved
3. The word "cramped" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O primitive
O secure
O extended
O confined
4. The word "shifts" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O effects
O similarities
O changes
O exceptions
5. The word "abruptly" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O informally
O briefly
O suddenly
O surprisingly
109
阅读中的词汇
TPO 21.1 Geothermal Energy
Geothermal reservoirs 英文中文联想例句翻译
centigrade reservoirs 英文中文联想例句翻译
faults sense 英文中文联想例句翻译
fractures sense 英文中文联想例句翻译
withdrawn plate 英文中文联想例句翻译
disposal harnessed 英文中文联想例句翻译
subsurface exploiting 英文中文联想例句翻译
Fahrenheit exploiting 英文中文联想例句翻译
1. The town is supplied with water from a reservoir.
2. Prost had sensed what might happen.
3. The Aswan Dam harnessed (the waters of) the Nile.
4. In the betatron (电子感应加速器), a single magnetic field is harnessed for both purposes.
5. Man has rapidly been exhausting (some of the most easily harnessed forms of cultural) energy.
6. Some scientists are working hard at how tide can be harnessed to produce electricity.
7. The capitalists amass great wealth by exploiting workers.
8. In addition, many farmers paid attention only to exploiting the land.
9. We do heavily tax the exploiting classes.
110
阅读中的词汇
TPO 21.2 The Origins of Agriculture
irrigation come about 英文中文联想例句翻译
gatherers sedentary 英文中文联想例句翻译
exhausted contemporary 英文中文联想例句翻译
ar-chaeo-logical proposed 英文中文联想例句翻译
agriculturalists proposed 英文中文联想例句翻译
crisis originated 英文中文联想例句翻译
scarce cognitive 英文中文联想例句翻译
emergence fluidity 英文中文联想例句翻译
integration geared 英文中文联想例句翻译
anthropologically dilemma 英文中文联想例句翻译
account for 英文中文联想例句翻译
account for 英文中文联想例句翻译
prestige 发音（ti）英文中文联想例句翻译
contention 英文中文联想例句翻译
1. Thus it came about that, after many years as an interior designer

and antiques dealer, he combined both businesses.
2. Bookkeeping is a sedentary occupation.
3. Pigeons are sedentary birds.
4. ...a glossary of musical terms found in Shakespeare

and his contemporaries.
5. It was George who first proposed that we dry clothes in that locker.
6. It's still far from clear what action the government proposes to
take over the affair...
7. I suppose no one has any idea who originated the story?
8. The forehand stroke should be fluid and well balanced.
9. The issue raises a moral dilemma.
10. How do you account for losing five games in a row?
11. The minority nationalities account for six percent of the population.
111
阅读中的词汇
12. Two things account for its occurrence.
13. There is a lot of prestige attached to owning a car like this.
14. Their products enjoy ever higher prestige in the world market.
15. Sufficient research evidence exists to support this contention.
TPO 21 词汇原题
1. The word "practical" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O usable
O plentiful
O economical
O familiar
2. The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O economical
O familiar
O plentiful
O useful
3. The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O locating
O increasing
O making use of
O estimating the size of
4. The word "option" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O choice
O benefit
O idea
O experience
5. The word "therefore" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O in theory
O obviously
O frequently
O as a result
6. The word "imaginative" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O complex
O creative
112
阅读中的词汇
O immediate
O reliable
7. The word "contention" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O investigation
O improvement
O debate
O interpretation
113
阅读中的词汇
TPO 22.1 Spartina
deciduous cord 英文中文联想例句翻译
perennial inhospitable 英文中文联想例句翻译
exceedingly marshes 英文中文联想例句翻译
spreads tide 英文中文联想例句翻译
stems crabs 英文中文联想例句翻译
float snails 英文中文联想例句翻译
salinities decaying 英文中文联想例句翻译
sediments digest 英文中文联想例句翻译
carbon dioxide feeding 英文中文联想例句翻译
elevation tissue 英文中文联想例句翻译
oysters colonize 英文中文联想例句翻译
offshore eradication 英文中文联想例句翻译
trap 英文中文联想例句翻译
英文中文联想例句翻译
1. She read everything, digesting every fragment of news.
2. Do not undertake strenuous (费力的，用力的；热烈的) exercise for a few hours after a meal to allow food to digest...
3. The ground was scattered with decaying leaves.
4. Congress has tried dozens of approaches to revitalize decaying urban and rural areas.
5. Slugs（蛞蝓） feed on decaying plant and animal material.
6. Liberia was never colonised by the European powers...
7. Toads（蟾蜍） are colonising the whole place.
8. If tedious tasks could be eradicated, the world would be a much better place.
9. This was an exceedingly difficult decision to take...
114
阅读中的词汇
TPO 22.2 The Birth of Photography
perceptions engraving
altered authenticity
realistic interference
naturalistic obsolete
awaited privileged
pinhole compromised
pinpoint unposed pictures
city of Venice cropping
patented trimming
treated paper
1. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Mo Yan"who with hallucinatory (幻觉的)
realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".
2. Clever lighting and sound effects brought greater realism to the play.
3. She differed from early realists, as much as cubism from impressionism.
4. Vincent Van Gogh was a painting master of later impressionism.
5. He is interested in how our perceptions of death affect the way we live.
6. It did not require a great deal of perception to realize the interview was over.
7. Common sense, or intuition, or selfevident truths derives from man's perceptions

of the world about him.
8. He collected an old engraving of London Bridge.
9. The engraving was rolling up in a sheet of tissue paper.
10. The jeweller will engrave the inside of the ring with her name.
11. He has heard the words and they engrave a memory.
12. She has authentic charm whereas most people simply have nice manners...
115
阅读中的词汇
13. There has been some debate over the authenticity of his will.
14. The museum is seeking an expert opinion on the authenticity of the painting.
15. The authenticity of the manuscript is beyond doubt.
16. With technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete.
17. These goods are obsolete and will not fetch (吸引；售得)much on the market.
18. Our service is obsolete, requiring root and branch reform.
19. Discussions between a lawyer and client are privileged communications.
20. We are very privileged to have Senator Dobbs with us this evening.
21. He has irretrievably (不能挽回地) compromised himself by accepting money from them.
22. We shall have to trim our spending down to fit our income.
23. The architect specified oak for the wood trim.
24. I decided to crop the picture just above the water line...
116
阅读中的词汇
TPO 22 词汇原题
1. The word "exceedingly" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O unusually
O dangerously
O surprisingly
O highly
2. The word "modifies" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O creates
O changes
O grows on
O breaks down
3. The word "Efforts" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O Laws
O Suggestions
O Attempts
O Failures
4. The word "duplicated" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O copied
O replaced
O handled
O clarified
5. The word "authenticity" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O improvement
O practicality
O genuineness
O repetition
6. The word "reluctant" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O unable
O embarrassed
O unlikely
O unwilling
7. The word "unanticipated" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O indirect
O not expected
O unquestionable
O beneficial
8. The word "accidental" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O surprising
O unintentional
O realistic
O unusual
9. The word "location' in the passage is closest in meaning to
O sight
117
阅读中的词汇
O sake
O success
O place
10. The word "allusion" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O addition
O modification
O resemblance
O reference
The Allende meteorite is classified as a chondrite. Chondrites

take their name from the Greek word chondros—meaning "seed"—an
allusion to their appearance as rocks containing tiny seeds.
11. the word "enigmatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O dangerous
O mysterious
O interesting
O surprising
12. The word "pristine" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O pure
O solid
O ordinary
O trapped
118
阅读中的词汇
TPO 23.1 Urban Climates
sewage Metabolism 发音英英中文例句翻译
enormous insulated 英英中文例句翻译
surpass urban area 英英中文例句翻译
Asphalt 发音沥青 countryside 英英中文例句翻译
conducted Rural area 英英中文例句翻译
vegetative blanket constitute 英英中文例句翻译
radiant heat intensity 英英中文例句翻译
dust dome metropolitan 英英中文例句翻译
peculiarities Cosmopolitan 英英中文例句翻译
built-up impenetrable 英英中文例句翻译
dispersing pollutants episodes 英英中文例句翻译
air turbulence 英英中文例句翻译
句子翻译练习
1. After years of dieting, Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.
2. Their rate of metabolism may slow down.
3. This room is insulated against noise.
4. The wires must be insulated from touching each other, with a rubber covering.
5. Their wealth had insulated them from reality.
6. Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?
7. These small nations constitute an important grouping within the EU.
8. A whole consists of parts, the parts constitute the whole.
9. There is now intense competition between schools to attract students.
10. He looked at me with intense hatred.
11. The President is under intense pressure to resign.
119
阅读中的词汇
12. Canadian French is different from the language of metropolitan France.
13. Metropolitan buildings become taller than ever.
14. Metropolitan residents are used to fast rhythm.
15. London has always been a cosmopolitan city.
16. She’s a real cosmopolitan.
17. Alexandria's population was cosmopolitan, but mainly Greek.
18. The new code of conduct lays down the ground rules for management-union relations.
19. She was found guilty of unprofessional conduct.
词汇原题
The word “enormous” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ growing
○ frightening
○ very large
○ strictly controlled
120
阅读中的词汇
The word “surpass” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ remain below
○ be higher than
○ add to
○ come close to
The word “configuration” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ location
○ history
○ temperature
○ shape
The word “modified” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ changed
○ blocked
○ increased
○ weakened
The phrase “Apart from” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Besides
○ Despite
○ As a result of
○ Instead of
The word “consumption” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ sale
○ storage
○ exportation
○ utilization
The word “legendary” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ continuous
○ well documented
○ famous
○ expensive
The word “astonishing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ incredible
○ unfortunate
○ predicted
○ evident
The word “infrequent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ puzzling
121
阅读中的词汇
○ uncommon
○ questionable
○ undocumented
The word “relatively” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ completely
○ comparatively
○ apparently
○ particularly
The word “discern” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ indicate
○ apply
○ identify
○ repeat
The word “revised” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ discussed
○ raised
○ challenged
○ changed
122
阅读中的词汇
TPO 26.1 Energy and the Industrial Revolution
crucial impurities
derived implication Vs application
milling freight
viable canal
rotary initiated
spin entrepreneurs
apparent capacity
sixtyfold rural laborers
transformation accustomed to
transfer Temporary
transition expanding
transport
transportation
boom
句子翻译
1. The air in the factory is filtered to remove impurities.
2. A filter will remove most impurities found in water.
3. The implication was obvious: vote for us or it will be very embarrassing for you...
4. The implication that marital infidelity enhances a leader's credibility is preposterous.
5. The Attorney General was aware of the political implications of his decision to prosecute...
6. The low level of current investment has serious implications for future economic growth.
7. France derives 16% of revenue from air freight.
8. 90% of managers wanted to see more freight carried by rail.
9. From these ports the grain is freighted down to Addis Ababa.
10. Our capacity for giving care, love and attention is limited...
123
阅读中的词汇
11. Her mental capacity and temperament are as remarkable as his.
12. ...people's creative capacities.
13. ...the amount of spare capacity in the economy...
14. Bread factories are working at full capacity...
15. The region is valued for its coal and vast electricity-generating capacity...
16. Each stadium had a seating capacity of about 50,000...
17. I was a bit depressed by our apparent lack of progress...
18. There is at last an apparent end to the destructive price war.
19. It has been apparent that in other areas standards have held up well...
20. The presence of a star is already apparent in the early film.
124
阅读中的词汇
TPO 26.2 Survival of Plants and Animals in the Desert Conditions
harsh prevail
tissues perennials 英文英文 2
content / contain dwarfed
photosynthesis ephemeral
regulate dormant
bloom
vital pores
intolerable mechanism 机制；机理；机构；机械装置
means penetrate
rolling up springs
retreat
rhythm
morphological Morph=改变、变形英英
convection 对流词源
句子翻译
1. We hope that common sense would prevail...
2. Rick still believes that justice will prevail...
3. Political and personal ambitions are starting to prevail over economic interests.
4. A similar situation prevails in America...
5. ...the confusion which had prevailed at the time of the revolution...
6. He appears to have the votes he needs to prevail...
7. I do hope he will prevail over the rebels.
8. ...the perennial urban problems of drugs and homelessness...
9. There's a perennial shortage of teachers with science qualifications.
10. His figure is dwarfed by the huge red McDonald's sign...
11. The US air travel market dwarfs that of Britain.
125
阅读中的词汇
12. ...dwarf shrubs.
13. Such novels came forward to enjoy ephemeral popularity only.
14. ...when the long dormant volcano of Mount St Helens erupted in 1980...
15. The virus remains dormant in nerve tissue until activated...
16. ...clouds which lift warm, moist air by convection high into the atmosphere.
17. ...convection currents.
18. The jacket was too big for him so he rolled up the cuffs...
19. Walking in the surf, she had to roll her pants up to her knees.
20. Roll up, roll up, come and join The Greatest Show on Earth...
21. The first reporters rolled up to the laboratory within minutes.
22. ...the cold, harsh cruelty of her husband...
23. The weather grew harsh, chilly and unpredictable.
24. ...the harsh desert environment.
25. ...after the harsh experience of the war.
126
阅读中的词汇
TPO 26.3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East
appear mud 泥
emerge complex 名词=复合体
the fifth millennium sovereign
timber patron 英英 1 英英 2 英英 3
canal mercy
preserve secular
surplus sophisticated system
urban script
tab 英英 1 英英 2 英英 3 中文
tablets 英英 1 英英 2 英英 3
B.C.E
句子翻译
1. Mud is a sticky mixture of earth and water.
2. His uniform was crumpled, untidy, splashed with mud...
3. Their lorry got stuck in the mud.
4. ...the complex of clans which occupied the land.
5. ...plans for constructing a new stadium and leisure complex.
6. ...a complex of offices and flats.
7. Lithuania and Armenia signed a treaty in Vilnius recognizing each other as independent sovereign states...
8. The Russian Federation declared itself to be a sovereign republic.
9. In March 1889, she became the first British sovereign to set foot on Spanish soil.
10. Catherine the Great was a patron of the arts and sciences.
11. Fiona and Alastair have become patrons of the National Missing Person's Helpline.
12. He spent the night at the Savoy: like so many of its patrons, he could not resist the exclusively English cooking.
127
阅读中的词汇
13. Neither side took prisoners or showed any mercy...
14. They cried for mercy but their pleas were met with abuse and laughter...
15. She vanished nine months ago while on a mercy mission to West Africa...
16. It really was a mercy that he'd died so rapidly at the end...
17. The two cars finished up in a run-off area, clear of the circuit, and that was a mercy.
18. Buildings are left to decay at the mercy of vandals and the weather...
19. The Emperor must realize that he has us at his mercy.
20. He spoke about preserving the country as a secular state.
21. ...secular and religious education.
TPO 26 词汇原题
The phrase “apparent in” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ clearly seen in
○ aided by
○ associated with
○. followed by
The word “consequent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ resulting
○ encouraging
○ well documented
○ immediate
The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○anticipated
○accelerated
○spread
○ started
The phrase “accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ in need of
○ used to
○ tired of
○ encouraged by
128
阅读中的词汇
Music: We Will Rock You 摇滚万岁 -
Buddy, you're a boy make a big noise

Playing in the streets gonna be a big man someday
You got mud on your face
You big disgrace
Kicking your can all over the place
Singing
We will, we will rock you

Buddy you're a young man, hard man

Shouting in the street gonna take on the world someday
You got blood on your face
You big disgrace
Waving your banner all over the place

Singing
Buddy you're an old man, poor man

Pleading with your eyes gonna make you some peace someday
You got mud on your face
You big disgrace
Somebody better put you back into your place

Singing
Everybody
Alright
129
阅读中的词汇
The word “sustain" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ defend
○ promote
○ maintain
○ transform
The word “sovereign" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ counselor
○ master
○ defender
○ creator
The word “engraved” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ carved
○ produced
○ dated
○ discovered
The word “widespread” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ obvious
○ significant
○ necessary
○ common
The word “countering” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ eliminating
○ making use of
○ acting against
○ experiencing
The word “assured” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ pure
○ diminished
○ guaranteed
○ deep
130
口语、写作中的词汇
131
对我产生很大影响 influences me a lot

触动我的心灵 touches my heart
放弃 abandon
高收入的工作 well-paying jobs
追求他的理想 pursue his dream
相似的经历 similar experience
书店小店员 bookstore assistant
低收入 low salary
破旧的公寓 shabby apartment
狭小的公寓 cramped apartment
触动我 touches me
gives me
给予我鼓励
encouragement
132
口语词汇 TPO 1.2
对社会具有正面影响 has a positive influence on society

优秀的了解新闻的渠道 good source of news
轻松的 easily
与时俱进的 keep themselves informed j
最新实事 lastest events
娱乐休闲 entertainment
脱口秀、相声 funny talk show
夜间节目 late show
肥皂剧、连续剧 soap opera
连续剧 TV series
消磨时间 killing time
因此 therefore
133
我从小就… ever since I was a boy

初中 junior high
投篮 shooting
运球 dribbling
深夜 late at night
回忆起 reminds of
组成一队 Formed team
134
大量不同学科的课 a wide variety of courses

首先 first of all
本科生 undergraduate
研究生 graduate student
思想狭义、目光短浅 narrow minded
钻研 go deep into
软件 software
工程学 engineering
主修方向（专业） major field
文学 literature
尝试 taste
浪费时间 waste of time
集中精力 concentrate
比尔.盖茨 Bill Gates
哈佛 Harvard
135
136
独立写作词汇 TPO 1
预算 budget
优先的 prioritize
优先权 priority
教育机构 educational institution
义务 obligation
学术的 academically
越来越多的公司 more and more businesses

律师事务所 law firm
会计师事务所 accounting firm
企业 enterprise
高速发展的 rapidly changing
活儿（工作） task
合作 collaboration
成功人士 successful person
归属感 sense of belonging
团队精神 team spirit
137
138
独立写作词汇 TPO 1 - Continued
除了培养社交能力外 Aside from fostering social skills

减压办法 stress reducer
不爽的、挫败的 frustrated
绝不 by no means
务必 by all means
139
考虑到、重视 take into account

因素 factors
或多或少的 more or less
品质、美德 virtue
主观的、个人的 subjective
换句话说 in other words

不是…就是 either or
无可争论的 Inarguably
继续下去并无意义 there's no point to continue
140
141
耐心 patient
疑惑的 confused
地球为什么是圆的？ Why the earth is a globe?
思想开放的 open minded
成长 growing up
尊重我的决定 respect my decisions
允许我追求自己的兴趣 allow me to pursue my own interest
尊重别人 respect other people
142
正方意见：
作业 Assignments
独立完成 Work individually
小组学习 Study in a group
安静的地方 Quiet place
小组成员 Group members
无关紧要的事 Irrelevant things
参加了 Attended
小组讨论 Group discussion
独立思考 Think independently
给我足够的时间 Gives me enough time
构建自己的思路 Develop my own ideas
被干扰 Distracted
143
口语词汇 TPO 3.2 - Continued
反方意见：
个人感觉 Personally
有两个原因可说 Two reasons to name
多样化 Diversity
不用的观点 Different perspective
组员可以互相帮助 Some members can help other members
解不出来（数学题） Couldn’t work out
沟通技巧 Communication skills
传达我的想法 Convey my ideas
好的倾听者 Good listener
144
背井离乡 Away from home

我爸煮的面条 Noodles cooked by my father
晚自习 Evening self-study classes
我到家后第一件事 The first thing I did when I got home
特制（炸）酱 Specially-made sauce
可惜的是 sadly
145
网络课程 Online courses

传统课程 Traditional classroom
面对面 Face to face
失去一次机会 Miss a chance
举手问问题 Raise hand to ask
学术知识 Academic knowledge
基本的沟通互动 Basic interpersonal interactions
住在校区附近 Live near campus
方便的 Convenient
除此之外 Besides
来回来去的开车 Drive back and forth
省钱、省时间 Saves money and time
146
网上调查 Internet survey / online survey

老朋友 Old friends
完全不认同这个观点 Totally disagree with this idea
在我看来 In my view / opinion
减压 Reducing stress
夸大的 exaggerate
更了解我们 know us better
遇到困难 encounter obstacle
度过难关 help us get through our problems
合理的建议 adequate advice
进退两难的困境 dilemma
有前景的工作 promising job
147
搭把手（帮忙） Lend a hand

提供帮助 Offer help
起到重要作用 / 重要角色 Play a crucial role
克服困难 Overcome difficulties
车祸 Car accident
148
强调 Emphasize
满足于 Satisfied with
最后 ultimately
为了保证 In order to assure
149
接下来的 20 年 In the following twenty years

的确 Indeed
疯狂的增长 Grow drastically
在未来几十年 In the Next decades
同样的速度 Same pace
发展中国家 Developing country
会伴随着 Will accompany with
习惯于坐车 Accustomed to using cars

限制增长 Curb the growth
原来越远 Further and further
更经常 More often
飞速的经济增长 Rapid economic growth
我怀疑 I doubt
150
习惯于坐车 Accustomed to using cars

限制增长 Curb the growth
原来越远 Further and further
更经常 More often
飞速的经济增长 Rapid economic growth
我怀疑 I doubt
尽管如此 Nevertheless
增长可能会放缓 Growth can be slowed
已开始试实行 Have been conducted
切实可行的、能养活的 viable
经过、通过 via
至于、关于 As for
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152
口语词汇 TPO 5.1 & 5.2
网吧 Internet bar
位于街边 Sits beside the street
走路只需 5 分钟 Only a 5 minute walk
暑假 Summer vacation
占用 Occupy
挨着坐 Sit side by side
毫无意义的 Meaningless
崇拜 Admire
做贡献 Make contributions
不同的领域 Different fields
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154
挂在我公寓墙上的 Hung on the wall of my apartment

全家福（合照） Big family photo
全家团圆 Family union / unite all the family members
挨着我 Standing beside me
前排 Front row
大笑脸 Huge smile
难忘的时刻 Unforgettable moment
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在人生的不同阶段 at different points in live

程序员 programmer
刚刚从大学毕业 just graduated from the college
他开始觉得没劲 he got bored
突然 suddenly
擅长于 good at
自由投稿人 freelancer
人生是一个漫长的路途 life is a long, long journey
自始至终 Throughout
有成就 Make accomplishent
换工作 Change jobs / careers
积累知识 Accumulate one’s knowledge
156
157
5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment
doing things they like to do-rather than doing things they should do.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
倾向于 Tend to
分配更多时间在 Dedicating more time on..
追求某物 To pursue something
民主的 Democracy
受尊敬的 Are respected
在一定程度上 To some extent
选择他们所喜欢的 Choose what they favor the most
总而言之 Briefly
Sample:
The above statement poses a hot topic on contradiction of people's personal enjoyments and responsibilities. And the speaker
tends to think people now are dedicating more on personal likeness than on what they should do. I strongly disagree with this
opinion because I think that to pursue one's individual enjoyment does not contradict to assume the responsibility.
Admittedly, people nowadays increasingly enjoy freedom to pursue personal enjoyment than before. As the development of
democracy, the ideas and behaviors of individual are respected and encouraged to some extent. For instance, students can choose
any major which they favor mostly; graduates can participate in whatever professions they are interested in; citizens possess
absolute freedom on free press and behaviors they like. Briefly, people have much time and freedom to do their favorite things.
花费过多的时间 Spending too much time

并不表示（说明） Does not indicate
忽视他们的责任 Ignore their accountability
第二学位（双学位中的） the second degree
优秀的学生 Worthy student
However, spending much time on personal enjoyment does not indicate that people ignore their accountability which should be
taken. Let's take a college student in art for example. Generally, students in art major should spend much time on reading and
appreciating art history, biography of artists and art works. Yet, the student favors more on economics. He probably continues to
earn his degree on art with great interest in economic as well. Or he may pursue a second degree on economics. No matter what
his decision is, he takes his responsibility to become a worthy student of his major.
充满了 Teemed with
激烈的竞争 Tense competition
巨大的压力 Huge pressure
消遣、娱乐 Recreation
起引导作用的 conductive
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In addition, to pursue one's personal enjoyment help to assume the responsibility. People should not be blamed for their time spent
on things they like. Obviously, people lived in a time teemed with tense competition and they are often under a huge pressure. After
a whole day job or a period of work, you probably make yourself drunk, or go for shopping crazily, or bury yourself in a series of
insane music, or whatsoever you prefer. Of course you are most likely to become relaxed and inspired through these favorite
experience. Eventually, the great physical and mental recreation is conducive to a better performance in your profession the next
day.
159
6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children. Use specific reasons
and examples to support your answer.
人生总是很艰难 Life is always difficult

不同情况（背景） Different backgrounds
不同方面 Different aspects
微薄的收入 Thin income
我们必须跟上 We must keep track with
时代（高速）的步伐 High pace of the society
Life is always difficult and the hardship appears in different aspects under different backgrounds. For our grandparents,
people had to strive for raising several children with thin income. Nowadays, we have to keep track with the high pace of
the society.
在以前 In the past (year)

为了（能够）养大（培养）几个孩子 In order to cultivate several children
需要寻找额外的工作 have to find additional work
来补偿 To make up
驱使他们 Drive them
生活（吃、穿）朴素 Eat and wear simply
为他们的家庭减轻负担 To reduce the burden of their families
未成年的 Immature
In the past year, the food was inadequate and the salary was low. In order to cultivate several children, adults had to find additional
work to make up thin payment. The huge pressure from living drove them to eat and wear simply. I was often told that my
grandparents merely had rice for dinner without any vegetables, let alone meat. To reduce the burden of their families, our
grandparents went to work earlier, some of them were even immature.
在以前 In the past (year)

为了（能够）养大（培养）几个孩子 In order to cultivate several children
需要寻找额外的工作 have to find additional work
来补偿 To make up
驱使他们 Drive them
生活（吃、穿）朴素 Eat and wear simply
为他们的家庭减轻负担 To reduce the burden of their families
未成年的 Immature
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日用品 Daily necessities

电费 Electric bill
电话费 Phone bill
孩子的学费 Tuition of kids
需要考虑进来 Take into account
很少为自己买衣服 Seldom bought themselves new clothes
When they received money, they did nothing but to make an informed arrangement on how to spend it. For example, the daily
necessities, the electronic bill, phone bill and the tuition of younger kids were all needed to be taken into account. That’s why they
seldom bought themselves new clothes and had some entertainment. Furthermore, in most families, the younger children had to
wear the clothes from their brothers and sisters only because they could not afford the new ones. At that time, grandparents had no
choices but to squeeze the expense every day for the preparation for the New Year. It was their effort that resulted in our relative
happier life today.
无数的压力 Infinite stress

众所周知的 Admittedly
于他们相比从未减少 Never fade next to their
残酷的竞争 fierce competition
虽然 In spite of
（正面）面对 Confront
孩子们需要承受 Children have to bear
来自于家长的期望（压力） Expectation from their parents
释放他们的（负面）情绪 Release their emotions
要不然 Otherwise
However, nowadays we also have to face infinite stress from the highly developed society. Admittedly, we are not that poor as our
grandparents, yet the difficulties of our age never fade next to theirs. Actually, the fierce competition provides us with narrow
chance to escape but to work hard, even harder than our grandparents. In spite of the pressure physically, we are confronted with
the mental problems. Children have to bear the constant expectation from their parents and school and they need to find an
efficient way to release their emotions. Otherwise, they will crash in the end. Parents’ life is also not easy. To earn a better living,
they have to keep energetic both in workplace and at home. Besides, it is essential for them to grasp more skills and take in more
information for the sake of good relationship and opportunities of promotion. Sometimes, they will find it hard to keep a balance
between family and work and it usually results in incongruous and annoying quarrels. Consequently, their exhausted mind and body
break them down, making them look elder than the real age.
物质层面（对应精神层面） Material aspect

更具挑战的 More challenging
（尽快去）适应它 get used to it
若我们坚持 If we persist
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Form the material aspect, people today enjoys a more colorful world. There is no point in worrying the food and clothes, but more
challenging problems emerge and they can easily destroy us, even stronger than the starvation because they are both mentally
and physically. In sum, life is not fair, get used to it. If we persist, we can still light our day.
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If friends from another country were going to spend time in your country, what city or place would you suggest they visit?
Using details and examples, explain why?
我会建议他们 I would suggest them to

独特的风景 Unique scenery
山地（多山）的城市 Mountainous city
特殊的地形（地势） Special terrain
（购物）步行街 Pedestrian mall
（楼房中的）第四层 The fourth floor
好吃的 Delicious food
火锅 Hot pot
起源于 Originate
宫保鸡丁 Kung Pao Chicken
盛宴 Feast
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2. State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement. Then explain your reasons, using specific details in
your explanation. Learning through online courses is more effective than learning in traditional classroom setting.
在线课程 Online course

传统课程 Traditional classroom setting
面对面 Face to face
极有可能 Highly probable
失去一次机会 Miss a chance
概念、想法 Concept, idea
举手 Raise hands
立即 Immediately
交际能力 Interpersonal interactions
住在校园附近 Live near campus

我需要的只是 All I need is
方便的 Convenient
住房（问题） Housing
来回来去的开车 Drive back and forth
节约时间和金钱 Saves money and time
期末考试 Final examination
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1. Talk about a time when a friend or family member helped you in the past. Describe how the person helped you. Then
explain why this was important to you.
大一 Freshmen
大二 Sophomore
大三 Junior
大四 Senior
住在校区里 Live on campus
住在校区外 Live off campus
位于市区附近 Located near downtown
他的宿舍 His dorm
他的室友 His roommates
生活必需品（日用品） Necessities
节约时间 Save time
缩短了路上的时间 Shortened travel time
TPO 8.2
2. Some people enjoy taking risks and trying new things. Others are not adventurous: they are cautious and prefer to
avoid danger. Which behavior do you think is better? Explain why.
尝试新鲜事物 Try new things
拓宽自身水平（能力） Broaden one’s horizon
新大陆（哥伦布） New world
大三的 Junior year
逐渐的 Gradually
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后来 Later on
7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than it
is for them to learn facts. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
想法 Ideas
概念 Concepts
事实 Facts
显著地影响 Significant influence
适应 Adapt
Sample:
Ideas or concepts or facts, which help students more; which have a significant influence to students to adapt the amazing
developed society? Facts are results of observation, are something cannot changed but can utilize follow the direction of ideas and
concepts. However, on the other hand, ideas and concepts, which cannot see directly, are the creation of mind. In my opinion, with
the development of the technology and society, ideas and concepts are more important for students due to most of the problems
can be solved by using ideas and concepts. The following details can account for my point of view.
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TED Scripts
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Ted Scripts
Sir Ken Robinson: School kills creativity
Good morning. How are you? It's been great, hasn't it? I've been blown away by the whole thing. In fact, I'm leaving. (Laughter)
There have been three themes, haven't there, running through the conference, which are relevant to what I want to talk about. One
is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity in all of the presentations that we've had and in all of the people here. Just the
variety of it and the range of it. The second is that it's put us in a place where we have no idea what's going to happen, in terms of
the future. No idea how this may play out.
I have an interest in education -- actually, what I find is everybody has an interest in education. Don't you? I find this very
interesting. If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education -- actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly, if you
work in education. (Laughter) You're not asked. And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me. But if you are, and
you say to somebody, you know, they say, "What do you do?" and you say you work in education, you can see the blood run from
their face. They're like, "Oh my God," you know, "Why me? My one night out all week." (Laughter) But if you ask about their
education, they pin you to the wall. Because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right? Like religion, and
money and other things. I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do. We have a huge vested interest in it, partly
because it's education that's meant to take us into this future that we can't grasp. If you think of it, children starting school this year
will be retiring in 2065. Nobody has a clue -- despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days -- what the world
will look like in five years' time. And yet we're meant to be educating them for it. So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.
And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless, on the really extraordinary capacities that children have -- their
capacities for innovation. I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she? Just seeing what she could do. And she's
exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak, exceptional in the whole of childhood. What you have there is a person of
extraordinary dedication who found a talent. And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents. And we squander them, pretty
ruthlessly. So I want to talk about education and I want to talk about creativity. My contention is that creativity now is as important in
education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status. (Applause) Thank you. That was it, by the way. Thank you very
much. (Laughter) So, 15 minutes left. Well, I was born ... no. (Laughter)
I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it -- of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson. She was six and she was at the back,
drawing, and the teacher said this little girl hardly ever paid attention, and in this drawing lesson she did. The teacher was
fascinated and she went over to her and she said, "What are you drawing?" And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God." And
the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like." And the girl said, "They will in a minute." (Laughter)
When my son was four in England -- actually he was four everywhere, to be honest. (Laughter) If we're being strict about it,
wherever he went, he was four that year. He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story? No, it was big. It was a big story.
Mel Gibson did the sequel. You may have seen it: "Nativity II." But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about. We
considered this to be one of the lead parts. We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts: "James Robinson IS Joseph!"
(Laughter) He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in. They come in bearing gifts, and they bring
gold, frankincense（一一种树脂） and myrhh（药材）. This really happened. We were sitting there and I think they just went out
of sequence, because we talked to the little boy afterward and we said, "You OK with that?" And he said, "Yeah, why? Was that
wrong?" They just switched, that was it. Anyway, the three boys came in -- four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads -- and they
put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold." And the second boy said, "I bring you myrhh." And the third boy
said, "Frank sent this." (Laughter)
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What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance. If they don't know, they'll have a go. Am I right? They're not
frightened of being wrong. Now, I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative. What we do know is, if
you're not prepared to be wrong, you'll never come up with anything original -- if you're not prepared to be wrong. And by the time
they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity. They have become frightened of being wrong. And we run our companies
like this, by the way. We stigmatize mistakes. And we're now running national education systems where mistakes are the worst
thing you can make. And the result is that we are educating people out of their creative capacities. Picasso once said this -- he said
that all children are born artists. The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up. I believe this passionately, that we don't grow
into creativity, we grow out of it. Or rather, we get educated out if it. So why is this?
Day 1 break
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago. In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles. So you can imagine what a
seamless transition that was. (Laughter) Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield, just outside Stratford, which is where
Shakespeare's father was born. Are you struck by a new thought? I was. You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?
Do you? Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you? Shakespeare being seven? I never thought of it. I mean,
he was seven at some point. He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he? How annoying would that be? (Laughter) "Must try
harder." Being sent to bed by his dad, you know, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now," to William Shakespeare, "and put the pencil
down. And stop speaking like that. It's confusing everybody." (Laughter)
Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles, and I just want to say a word about the transition, actually. My son didn't want to
come. I've got two kids. He's 21 now; my daughter's 16. He didn't want to come to Los Angeles. He loved it, but he had a girlfriend
in England. This was the love of his life, Sarah. He'd known her for a month. Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary, because
it's a long time when you're 16. Anyway, he was really upset on the plane, and he said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah." And
we were rather pleased about that, frankly, because she was the main reason we were leaving the country. (Laughter)
But something strikes you when you move to America and when you travel around the world: Every education system on earth has
the same hierarchy of subjects. Every one. Doesn't matter where you go. You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't. At the top
are mathematics and languages, then the humanities, and the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on Earth. And in pretty much every
system too, there's a hierarchy within the arts. Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools than drama and dance.
There isn't an education system on the planet that teaches dance everyday to children the way we teach them mathematics. Why?
Why not? I think this is rather important. I think math is very important, but so is dance. Children dance all the time if they're allowed
to, we all do. We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting? (Laughter) Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up, we
start to educate them progressively from the waist up. And then we focus on their heads. And slightly to one side.
If you were to visit education, as an alien, and say "What's it for, public education?" I think you'd have to conclude -- if you look at
the output, who really succeeds by this, who does everything that they should, who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners
-- I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education throughout the world is to produce university professors.
Isn't it? They're the people who come out the top. And I used to be one, so there. (Laughter) And I like university professors, but
you know, we shouldn't hold them up as the high-water mark of all human achievement. They're just a form of life, another form of
life. But they're rather curious, and I say this out of affection for them. There's something curious about professors in my experience
-- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads. They live up there, and slightly to one side. They're disembodied, you
know, in a kind of literal way. They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads, don't they? (Laughter) It's a way of
getting their head to meetings. If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way, get yourself along to a residential
conference of senior academics, and pop into the discotheque on the final night. (Laughter) And there you will see it -- grown men
and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat, waiting until it ends so they can go home and write a paper about it.
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Now our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability. And there's a reason. The whole system was invented --
around the world, there were no public systems of education, really, before the 19th century. They all came into being to meet the
needs of industrialism. So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas. Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.
So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school when you were a kid, things you liked, on the grounds that you
would never get a job doing that. Is that right? Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician; don't do art, you won't be an artist.
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken. The whole world is engulfed in a revolution. And the second is academic ability, which
has really come to dominate our view of intelligence, because the universities designed the system in their image. If you think of it,
the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process of university entrance. And the consequence is that
many highly talented, brilliant, creative people think they're not, because the thing they were good at at school wasn't valued, or
was actually stigmatized. And I think we can't afford to go on that way.
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO, more people worldwide will be graduating through education than since the beginning
of history. More people, and it's the combination of all the things we've talked about -- technology and its transformation effect on
work, and demography and the huge explosion in population. Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything. Isn't that true? When I was
a student, if you had a degree, you had a job. If you didn't have a job it's because you didn't want one. And I didn't want one,
frankly. (Laughter) But now kids with degrees are often heading home to carry on playing video games, because you need an MA
where the previous job required a BA, and now you need a PhD for the other. It's a process of academic inflation. And it indicates
the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet. We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.
We know three things about intelligence. One, it's diverse. We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it. We think
visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically. We think in abstract terms, we think in movement. Secondly, intelligence is
dynamic. If you look at the interactions of a human brain, as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations, intelligence is
wonderfully interactive. The brain isn't divided into compartments. In fact, creativity -- which I define as the process of having
original ideas that have value -- more often than not comes about through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing
things.
The brain is intentionally -- by the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain called the corpus callosum. It's
thicker in women. Following off from Helen yesterday, I think this is probably why women are better at multi-tasking. Because you
are, aren't you? There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life. If my wife is cooking a meal at home -- which is not
often, thankfully. (Laughter) But you know, she's doing -- no, she's good at some things -- but if she's cooking, you know, she's
dealing with people on the phone, she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling, she's doing open-heart surgery over here. If
I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out, the phone's on the hook, if she comes in I get annoyed. I say, "Terry, please, I'm
trying to fry an egg in here. Give me a break." (Laughter) Actually, you know that old philosophical thing, if a tree falls in a forest and
nobody hears it, did it happen? Remember that old chestnut? I saw a great t-shirt really recently which said, "If a man speaks his
mind in a forest, and no woman hears him, is he still wrong?" (Laughter)
And the third thing about intelligence is, it's distinct. I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany," which is based on a
series of interviews with people about how they discovered their talent. I'm fascinated by how people got to be there. It's really
prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman who maybe most people have never heard of; she's called Gillian Lynne
-- have you heard of her? Some have. She's a choreographer and everybody knows her work. She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the
Opera." She's wonderful. I used to be on the board of the Royal Ballet in England, as you can see. Anyway, Gillian and I had lunch
one day and I said, "Gillian, how'd you get to be a dancer?" And she said it was interesting; when she was at school, she was really
hopeless. And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said, "We think Gillian has a learning disorder." She couldn't
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concentrate; she was fidgeting. I think now they'd say she had ADHD. Wouldn't you? But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't
been invented at this point. It wasn't an available condition. (Laughter) People weren't aware they could have that.
Anyway, she went to see this specialist. So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother, and she was led and sat on
this chair at the end, and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes while this man talked to her mother about all the problems Gillian
was having at school. And at the end of it -- because she was disturbing people; her homework was always late; and so on, little kid
of eight -- in the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said, "Gillian, I've listened to all these things that your mother's told
me, and I need to speak to her privately." He said, "Wait here. We'll be back; we won't be very long," and they went and left her. But
as they went out the room, he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk. And when they got out the room, he said to her
mother, "Just stand and watch her." And the minute they left the room, she said, she was on her feet, moving to the music. And they
watched for a few minutes and he turned to her mother and said, "Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick; she's a dancer. Take her to a dance
school."
I said, "What happened?" She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was. We walked in this room and it was full of people
like me. People who couldn't sit still. People who had to move to think." Who had to move to think. They did ballet; they did tap;
they did jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary. She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School; she became a
soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet. She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School and founded her
own company -- the Gillian Lynne Dance Company -- met Andrew Lloyd Weber. She's been responsible for some of the most
successful musical theater productions in history; she's given pleasure to millions; and she's a multi-millionaire. Somebody else
might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.
Now, I think ... (Applause) What I think it comes to is this: Al Gore spoke the other night about ecology and the revolution that was
triggered by Rachel Carson. I believe our only hope for the future is to adopt a new conception of human ecology, one in which we
start to reconstitute our conception of the richness of human capacity. Our education system has mined our minds in the way that
we strip-mine the earth: for a particular commodity. And for the future, it won't serve us. We have to rethink the fundamental
principles on which we're educating our children. There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said, "If all the insects were to
disappear from the earth, within 50 years all life on Earth would end. If all human beings disappeared from the earth, within 50
years all forms of life would flourish." And he's right.
What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination. We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely and that we avert
some of the scenarios that we've talked about. And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities for the richness they
are and seeing our children for the hope that they are. And our task is to educate their whole being, so they can face this future. By
the way -- we may not see this future, but they will. And our job is to help them make something of it. Thank you very much.
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David Christian: The History Of Earth In 18 Minutes
First, a video. (Video) Yes, it is a scrambled egg. But as you look at it, I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy. Because you
may notice that what's actually happening is that the egg is unscrambling itself. And you'll now see the yolk and the white have
separated. And now they're going to be poured back into the egg. And we all know in our heart of hearts that this is not the way the
universe works. A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush. An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing that can create
even more sophisticated things, such as chickens. And we know in our heart of hearts that the universe does not travel from mush
to complexity. In fact, this gut instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of
thermodynamics, or the law of entropy. What that says basically is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order
and structure to lack of order, lack of structure -- in fact, to mush. And that's why that video feels a bit strange.
1:31
And yet, look around us. What we see around us is staggering complexity. Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone,
there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded. That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on
Earth. And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals, who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet into
a global system of stupendous complexity.
2:03
So here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of
complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center? Well, the answer seems to
be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls
"Goldilocks conditions" -- not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity. And slightly more complex things appear.
And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things. And in this way, complexity builds
stage by stage. Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere
in the universe. We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments. And at each threshold, the going gets tougher. The
complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable; the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create
complexity.
3:20
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the
second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility. And that's the story that we tell in big history. But to do it, you
have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible. You have to survey the whole history of the universe. So
let's do it. (Laughter) Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.
172
Ted Scripts
4:08
Around us, there's nothing. There's not even time or space. Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can and cube it a gazillion
times and that's where we are. And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first
threshold. The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot. It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you
can imagine, it's busting. And it's expanding at incredible speed. And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to
appear in that blur. Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity. And
energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter -- quarks that will create protons and leptons that include
electrons. And all of that happens in the first second.
5:05
Now we move forward 380,000 years. That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet. And now simple atoms appear of
hydrogen and helium. Now I want to pause for a moment, 380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually
know quite a lot about the universe at this stage. We know above all that it was extremely simple. It consisted of huge clouds of
hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure. They're really a sort of cosmic mush. But that's not completely true.
Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background.
What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas. These are tiny differences, but it
was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity.
6:04
And this is how it works. Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts
compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms. So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds. And
each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases, the temperature begins to rise at the center of each
cloud, and then, at the center of each cloud, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees, protons start
to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and, bam! We have our first stars. From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars
begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them. And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.
6:59
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. When very large stars die, they create temperatures so
high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table. If, like me, you're
wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion. So now the universe is chemically more complex. And in a chemically
more complex universe, it's possible to make more things. And what starts happening is that, around young suns, young stars, all
these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around, they form particles, they form snowflakes, they
173
Ted Scripts
form little dust motes, they form rocks, they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons. And that is how our solar
system was formed, four and a half billion years ago. Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars
because they contain a much greater diversity of materials. So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
8:08
Now, the going gets tougher. The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable, but
they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity. I'm talking, of course, about living
organisms. Living organisms are created by chemistry. We are huge packages of chemicals. So, chemistry is dominated by the
electromagnetic force. That operates over smaller scales than gravity, which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or
planets. Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry? What are the Goldilocks conditions? Well, first, you need energy, but not
too much. In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again. But not too
little. In intergalactic space, there's so little energy that atoms can't combine. What you want is just the right amount, and planets, it
turns out, are just right, because they're close to stars, but not too close.
9:11
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquid such as water. Why? Well, in gasses, atoms move past
each other so fast that they can't hitch up. In solids, atoms are stuck together, they can't move. In liquids, they can cruise and
cuddle and link up to form molecules. Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions? Well, planets are great, and our early
Earth was almost perfect. It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of open water. And deep beneath those
oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust, you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of
elements. So at those deep oceanic vents, fantastic chemistry began to happen, and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic
combinations.
10:08
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry. How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable? Well, it's
here that life introduces an entirely new trick. You don't stabilize the individual; you stabilize the template, the thing that carries
information, and you allow the template to copy itself. And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule that contains that information.
You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA. Each rung contains information. So, DNA contains information about how to make
living organisms. And DNA also copies itself. So, it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean. So the information
spreads. Notice that information has become part of our story. The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections. As it copies
itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning. It's
accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work. So DNA's learning and it's building greater
diversity and greater complexity. And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
174
Ted Scripts
11:26
For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple -- single cells. But they had great diversity, and,
inside, great complexity. Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear. You get fungi, you get fish,
you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs. And occasionally, there are disasters.
Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to those of a
nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out. Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who
flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs. And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began
65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
12:29
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago. And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story. Let me explain why. We've
seen that DNA learns in a sense, it accumulates information. But it is so slow. DNA accumulates information through random errors,
some of which just happen to work. But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning: it had produced organisms with
brains, and those organisms can learn in real time. They accumulate information, they learn. The sad thing is, when they die, the
information dies with them. Now what makes humans different is human language. We are blessed with a language, a system of
communication, so powerful and so precise that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the
collective memory. And that means it can outlast the individuals who learned that information, and it can accumulate from
generation to generation. And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful, and that's why we have a history. We
seem to be the only species in four billion years to have this gift.
13:43
I call this ability collective learning. It's what makes us different. We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history. We
evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa, but then you see humans migrating into new environments, into desert lands,
into jungles, into the ice age tundra of Siberia -- tough, tough environment -- into the Americas, into Australasia. Each migration
involved learning -- learning new ways of exploiting the environment, new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
14:15
Then 10,000 years ago, exploiting a sudden change in global climate with the end of the last ice age, humans learned to farm.
Farming was an energy bonanza. And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied. Human societies got larger, denser,
more interconnected. And then from about 500 years ago, humans began to link up globally through shipping, through trains,
through telegraph, through the Internet, until now we seem to form a single global brain of almost seven billion individuals. And that
brain is learning at warp speed. And in the last 200 years, something else has happened. We've stumbled on another energy
bonanza in fossil fuels. So fossil fuels and collective learning together explain the staggering complexity we see around us.
175
Ted Scripts
15:12
So, here we are, back at the convention center. We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years. I hope you agree
that this is a powerful story. And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role. But it also contains warnings.
Collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it. I remember very vividly as a
child growing up in England, living through the Cuban Missile Crisis. For a few days, the entire biosphere seemed to be on the
verge of destruction. And the same weapons are still here, and they are still armed. If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us.
We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions that made it possible for human
civilizations to flourish over the last 10,000 years. So what big history can do is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility
and the dangers that face us, but it can also show us our power with collective learning.
16:28
And now, finally, this is what I want. I want my grandson, Daniel, and his friends and his generation, throughout the world, to know
the story of big history, and to know it so well that they understand both the challenges that face us and the opportunities that face
us. And that's why a group of us are building a free, online syllabus in big history for high school students throughout the world. We
believe that big history will be a vital intellectual tool for them, as Daniel and his generation face the huge challenges and also the
huge opportunities ahead of them at this threshold moment in the history of our beautiful planet.
17:22
I thank you for your attention.
17:24
(Applause)
176
附录
附录 Appendix
177
附录
学科分类 TPO 目录
Animals & Plants

TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains 1
TPO 2.2 The Origins of Cetaceans 20
TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 29
TPO 11.2 Orientation and Navigation 62
TPO 15.1 A Warm-Blooded Turtle 77
TPO 17.2 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest 91
TPO 22.1 Spartina 113
TPO 26.2 Survival of Plants and Animals in the Desert Conditions 124
Art
TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theater 5
TPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europe 32
TPO 10.1 Chinese Pottery 57
TPO 11.1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 61
TPO 12.2 Transition to Sound in Film 66
TPO 22.2 The Birth of Photography 114
Astronomy
TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs 50
TPO 15.2 Mass Extinctions 78
Ecology
TPO 10.2 Variations in the Climate 59
TPO 19.2 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems 101
TPO 23.1 Urban Climates 118
Geology
TPO 2.1 Desert Formation 11
TPO 3.2 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 27
TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plants 34
TPO 6.2 William Smith 42
TPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean 44
TPO 14.2 Maya Water Problems 72
TPO 21.1 Geothermal Energy 109
178
附录
Humanity-Academic
TPO 3.1 Architecture 25
TPO 9.2 Reflection in Teaching 55
TPO 16.2 Development of the Periodic Table 87
TPO 18.2 The Mystery of Yawning 95
TPO 14.1 Children and Advertising 70
TPO 26.3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East 126
Humanity-History
TPO 16.1 Trade and the Ancient Middle East 82
TPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greece 46
TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán 48
TPO 19.1 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain 98
Humanity-Industrialization
TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolution 40
TPO 18.1 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia 93
TPO 26.1 Energy and the Industrial Revolution 122
Humanity-Migration
TPO 9.1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast 53
TPO 14.3 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia 73
TPO 20.1 Westward Migration 104
TPO 20.2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia 107
Humanity-Voyage
TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People 36
TPO 17.1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia 88
Humanity-Others
TPO 12.1 Which Hand Did They Use? 65
TPO 21.2 The Origins of Agriculture 110
179
附录
Some Useful Links
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1qWwNKEK
本班公共云盘（重要！！！）
• 相关词汇资料会定期、持续更新
• 不需要用户名密码、点击链接直接下载
http://www.ted.com/
视频公开课
演讲网站
www.koolearn.com
新东方在线网校网址
海量免费试听课程
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
BBC 新闻
www.uiowa.edu
我的母校 – University of Iowa
http://bbs.tpooo.com/
托福相关资料论坛
180
附录
高频词汇统计
Advanced 高频词汇
apparent excavation organisms

archaeology exploited paleontologists
canal exploiting portray
cattle geologic prevail
cease geologists progressive
cessation habitat remarkable
compromise harnessed reservoir
contemporary harnessing retain
cultivate harsh rigid
cultivation imitate route
depict imitation runoff
depletion imitative rural area
derived imitator rural laborers
devise infer rural life
disguise inhabitant sophisticated
dramatic inhibit undergo
ecological inhibition underlie
ecology linguistic undermine
emerge marginal urban area
emergence conditions utterly
emerging Mediterranean vegetation
encountered meteorite vessel
excavating meteors voyage
181
附录
Intermediate 高频词汇
asteroid immense perceptions

carnivore immensely perspective
chaos impenetrable persuasively
civilization implicitly pinpoint
colonize integral part pores
conquest integration porous
cope intensity predominant
current intensively preserve
domesticate irrigation prestige
dwell Jurassic prevalent
dweller mechanism privileged
dwelling metabolism proposed
elaborate millennia prosperous
elaborating millennium sediment
elevation nomad semiarid
elite nomadism spectacularly
embedded notorious speculation
engraving notoriously stems
enormous paradoxes strait
episodes paradoxically undoubtedly
erosion peculiar utilitarian
exotic peculiarities variable
explicitly peculiarly variety
flourish penetrate variously
fractures penetration vast
fragile perceivable
freight perceived
182
附录
Basic 高频词汇
assembled expanding occupy

basin expansion origin
brief extend presence
briefly implication raw materials
circumstance initiated shallow
claim mere soil
clay merely subsequent
commodity migrate surplus
complex migration tissue
drill nut
drought occupation
183

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TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains ...................................................................................................... 3

TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theater ............................................................................................................................. 2

TPO 2.1 Desert Formation ....................................................................................................................................... 4

TPO 2.2 The Origins of Cetaceans ....................................................................................................................... 11

TPO 3.1 Architecture ............................................................................................................................................... 17

TPO 3.2 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer ........................................................................................................... 20

TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound .................................................................................................. 23

TPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europe .................................................................................................................................. 26

TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plants ................................................................................................................................. 28

TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People ................................................................................................ 31

TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolution........................................................................................................ 35

TPO 6.2 William Smith ............................................................................................................................................ 37

TPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean ......................................................................................... 40

TPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greece ..................................................................................................................... 43

TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán ......................................................................................................................... 46

TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs..................................................................................................................... 49

TPO 9.2 Reflection in Teaching ............................................................................................................................. 54

TPO 10.1 Chinese Pottery ..................................................................................................................................... 56

TPO 10.2 Variations in the Climate ....................................................................................................................... 58

TPO 11.1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture .................................................................................................................. 60

TPO 11.2 Orientation and Navigation ................................................................................................................... 61

TPO 12.1 Which Hand Did They Use? ................................................................................................................. 65

TPO 12.2 Transition to Sound in Film................................................................................................................... 66

TPO 14.1 Children and Advertising....................................................................................................................... 70

TPO 14.2 Maya Water Problems .......................................................................................................................... 72

TPO 14.3 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia .................................................................................................. 73

TPO 15.1 A Warm-Blooded Turtle ......................................................................................................................... 77

TPO 15.2 Mass Extinctions 天文 古生物 ............................................................................................................ 78

TPO 16.2 Development of the Periodic Table ..................................................................................................... 87

TPO 17.1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia .................................................................................................... 89

TPO 17.2 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest ....................................................................................................... 92

TPO 18.1 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia ...................................................................... 94

TPO 18.2 The Mystery of Yawning ....................................................................................................................... 96

TPO 19.1 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain ................................................................................................. 99

TPO 19.2 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems .............................................................................................. 102

TPO 20.1 Westward Migration............................................................................................................................. 105

TPO 20.2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia ......................................................................................... 108

TPO 21.1 Geothermal Energy ............................................................................................................................. 110

TPO 21.2 The Origins of Agriculture ................................................................................................................... 111

TPO 22.1 Spartina ................................................................................................................................................. 114

TPO 22.2 The Birth of Photography.................................................................................................................... 115

TPO 23.1 Urban Climates .................................................................................................................................... 119

TPO 26.1 Energy and the Industrial Revolution................................................................................................ 123

David Christian: The History Of Earth In 18 Minutes........................................................................................ 172

口语、写作词汇一览 ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Some Useful Links................................................................................................................................................. 180

高频词汇统计 .......................................................................................................................................................... 181

Advanced 高频词汇 ............................................................................................................................................. 181

Intermediate 高频词汇 ....................................................................................................................................... 182

Basic 高频词汇.................................................................................................................................................... 183

People rarely succeed at anything unless they have fun doing it

TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains

Section 3 - TPO 1 !"#$%

1. The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to

5. The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to

7. The word prone in the passage is closest in meaning to

4. Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere.

6. Showing dead and deformed bodies on TV is not acceptable.

7. The chee-tah（猎豹）can attain speeds of up to 97 kph.

9. The waves（海浪）had pushed the sand into little ridges.

11. We work in adjacent rooms.

12. Working without a break makes you more prone to error.

Music: Timber (feat. Ke$ha)

TPO 15.2 Mass Extinctions 天文古生物 ............................................................................................................ 78

desirable sophisticated 重点讲解中文