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كتاب إدارة الأرباح
كتاب إدارة الأرباح
كتاب إدارة الأرباح
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ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ
ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ
ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ﲪﻮﺩ ﻓﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﲪﻴﺪ ﳛﻴﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻤﻲ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ
1436–2015
3
4
5
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
6
ﺍﻹﻫﺪﺍء...
ً
ﺇﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ...
ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺎﻥ
7
8
13
17
17 11
20 21
22 31
24 41
30 51
34 61
37 71
41
41 12
42 112
44 212
51312
52 22
56
5713
57 23
85
59
9
60 53
61 6
70
70
74
74 14
7611
77 2
80 24
91
92 15
92 25
92 35
93 45
100 55
110 65
113 75
11616
121 26
121 36
124 46
127 56
10
136 66
137 7 6
139 8 6
142
14217
149 27
150 37
152 47
153 57
153 67
15577
157
11
12
Earnings managements
13
14
15
16
1 1
Adam Smith
Principal Agent
Opportunistic Behavior
Adam Smith
17
1776Wealth of Nations
Perquisites
18
Takeover
Hostile
19
2 1
Schipper 1989
Healy and Wahlen1999
.contractual outcomes
20
Mulford and Comiskey 2002
Belkaoui 2004
2008SEC
Guan and others 2008
. GAAP
Ronen and Yaari 2008
.1
.2
.
tricks .3
Schroeder and others 2009
Scott 2009
Kieso and others 2012
21
3 1
Jensen
Rochester
22
23
4 1
fraud
.
.
24
1970
25
Tucker 2006
26
Mulford and Comiskey 2002
.
.
SCE
W.R. Grace & Co
19921990
19951993 55
.
27
10
1
28
1
اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ) اﻹدارة ( ﻋﻦ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻜﺸﻮﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻦ اﻷرﺑﺎح
اﻟﺤﻮاﻓﺰ أو اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ واﻟﻘﯿﻮد ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺈدارة اﻷرﺑﺎح واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك ﺗﻌﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﯿﮭﺎ
اﻟﻘﯿﻮد اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺰ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ
)اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ،اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳ ﺒﯿﺔ ،اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﻮن،
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﯿﺔ(
)اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ ،اﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ،اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻮﻇﯿﻔﻲ ،اﻟ ﺬات أو
اﻷﻧﺎ ،اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﺔ(
اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺴﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ
)ﺗﻌﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ،أﺳﻌﺎر اﻷﺳﮭﻢ ،إﺧﻔﺎء اﻷداء اﻟﻤﺘﺪھﻮر ،ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎھﻤﯿﻦ(
اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ أو
اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰة )اﻹﺻﺪار
اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ أو
اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰة )اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ
اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﮭﻢ ،اﻟﻌﺮض ،ownershipاﻷداء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ
اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﮭﻢ ( اﻟﻀﺮورة واﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ
extreme
(performance
اﻹﺑﻼغ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮى وإﺷﺎرات إدارة اﻷرﺑﺎح
اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ
أھﺪاف ﯾﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮق
ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ اﻟﻜﺸﻮﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون ،اﻟﺪاﺋﻨﻮن ،اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ واﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى (
29
5 1
The Financial Numbers Game
Dechow and others 1996
Arens and others 2010GAAP
Schroeder and others 2009
.
30
Babalyan 2004
Gunny 2010
Accruals Management
Activities
Manipulation
Earnings Schilit and Perler 2010
Manipulation
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
31
Babalyan 2004
Creative Mulford and Comiskey 2002
accounting
Financial AccountingManagerial Accounting
Costs Accounting
.1
.2
.3
.4
32
AggressiveAccounting .1
Fraudulent Financial Reporting .2
2
33
2
ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ
ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ
ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺎﺡ
ﺒﺎﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ
6 1
Paton
1973FASB
34
Canning
35
Red Flag
Management Style
36
Faulty Design Graham2007
Johnson and
Petrone
Pooling-of-interests
19822
7 1
37
Van der Bursen
Bruges
Anvers1592
Brongniart
Wall
1782Street
.19031883
.
38
Absentee Ownership
19331900
6190
39
40
1 2
Dechow, Sloan and Sweeney
AAERs921996
921990–1978
41
1 1 2
42
Lin 2011
4014255
Opportunistic Earnings
9.67
.1
.2
.3
.4
Morck, R., A. Shleifer & R. W. Vishny. (1988).Management ownership and market
valuation: An empirical analysis. Journal of Financial Economic, 20:293-315
Bhabra, G. S (2007). Insider ownership and firm value in New Zealand. Journal of
Multinational FinancialManagement 17: 142-154.
43
Johnson2009
Insider Trading
45
3
25
SEC
MergersHiggins 2012
2 1 2
44
Big Bath
.1
45
.2
Debt To
Equity Ratio
50
2004240
46
.3
Defond and Jiambalvo 1994
Sweeney 1994
47
Badertscher and others 2009
48
Political cost
Abnormal
49
Han and Wong 1998
.1
50
.2
3 1 2
Johnson2009
Watts and
Zimmerman 1978
Ego
51
CEO and CFO
Fudenberg and Tirole 1995
Highly Volatile
Smoothing EarningsIndustries
2 2
: 1 2 2
Increasing of Earning Strategy
2 2 2
Decreasing of Earning
Strategy
52
3 2 2
Income SmoothingMathews and Perera 1991
Balkaoui1999
Mulford and Comiskey 2002
53
.1
54
.2
.3
55
Arthur Levitt 199828
Nods and Winks
Arthur Levitt
56
1 3
Restructuring Charges
Taking a Bath
2 3
57
9
AICPA1999
www.sec.gov
3 3
Cookie Jar reserve
58
Unrealistic Assumptions
Sales Returns
CookieJars
4 3
Net
Bad DebtsRealizable Value
Allowance Method
59
Direct Write-off Method
5 3
60
LIFO
6 3
FIFO
2
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61
124
62
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FIFO
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FIFO
LIFO
3
63
3
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FV
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2002Sarbanes-Oxley
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64
PCAOB
Principles and Regulations
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Income approach .ب
Option-Present Value Techniques
65
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.ب
.ت
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66
36
67
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68
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70
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71
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72
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73
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74
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Total Accruals
75
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t
TAt
CA
Casht
CLt
DCLt
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76
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∆CA
∆CL
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: ∆STD
Dep
A
2 1 4
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De Angelo
At-1t
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77
Healy 1989
NDAtHealy
At-2
NDAt =1/n ∑ (TAy/ Ay-2)
tNDAt
t-n, t-yn
n+1 ……t-1
NDAtAt-1
Jones 1991
Jones
NDAt = ⍺1 (1/At-1) + ⍺2( REVt/ At-1) + ⍺3(PPEt/ At-1)
tNDAt
REVt
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t-1At-1
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Et⍺3⍺2⍺1OLS ⍺3⍺2⍺1
78
Jones
Jones
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Jones
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79
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t
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.1
ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ
.2
80
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81
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82
4
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1 B
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O
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4 .09691 .10031 .10018 .10002
5 .07918 .09668 .09979 .09998
6 .06695 .09337 .09940 .09994
7 .05799 .09035 .09902 .09990
8 .05115 .08757 .09864 .09986
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اﻧﻔﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ الإدارة
ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ
ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ
اﻹدارة ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻮن
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻧﺨﻔﺎض
ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﻋﺪم
ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ
اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت
ﺑﺠﻮدة
اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ
ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت
اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ وﻓﻘﺎً لﺟﻮدة اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ
ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ
اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ إﺑﺪاء اﻟﺮأي اﻟﻔﻨﻲ
واﻟﻤﺤﺎﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ
98
Tonh and Wong 1993
6
6
99
5 5
100
SAS No. 9
1991SAS No.651975
Competence
Quality of Work PerformanceObjectivity
1000Behn and others 1997
12
Tan
and Lim 2010
101
GirouxandJones 2011
Demographics
DeAngelo
102
Big Six
Francis Palmrose 1986Danos and Eichenseher 1986
and Simon 1987
Andersen
Enron
Effect of fee dependence
Objectivity
Dye 1993
103
Allen and Woodland 2010
20042000150
150
4.8150
150
150
104
Watts and Zimmerman 1986
SAS 1
AICPA
105
Behn and others 1997
Carey and Simnett 2006
Deteriorates
Brown and Raghunandan 1995
106
107
IAS 220
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
108
7
7
ﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺠﻭﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ
ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺒﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
ﻤﻘﺎﻀﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻗﻘِﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼ
اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ
ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ
ﺗﺪﻗﯿﻖ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت
ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﺮض
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ
109
6 5
CAATS
CasewareACL
ACL
ACL Service Ltd
ACL IDEA SAS
Excel
110
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.1
.2
.3
.4
.1
.2
.3
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.5
111
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ACLLanguage
suspect accounts
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112
7 5
Habbash 2010
113
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Misreporting
8
114
8
ﺗــﻘـﻞ
ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ) إدارة اﻷرﺑﺎح(
اﻻﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ،اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ
ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ ووﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ
ﯾــﺰﯾﺪ
ﯾــﺰﯾﺪ
115
1 6
Corporate Governance
Agency Theory
Berle & Means
1932
116
Water Gate
1977
The California Public Employees Retirement system
CALPERS
COSO1987
AICPA
Treadway Commission Report
1985
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.1
.2
.3
Opportunistic Theory
126
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Caroll 1989Freeman 1984
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Friedman 1970
5 6
127
1998–1997
:
.1
.2
128
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
UTS
129
130
.1
15
50
40
.2
55
56
.3
131
.4
132
.5
.1
1992Cadbury
133
1999OECD
.2
.3
.4
134
.5
.
: .6
.7
135
6 6
136
7 6
137
Tunneling
138
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
8 6
139
.1
.2
.3
.4
140
.1
CEO
CFO
.2
.3
141
1 7
.
Historical cost
142
Fair value
FASB
Present Value
DiscountedExpected Net Cash Flows
Current purchasing power
CPI
143
Current cost
Belkaoui1999
Adam Smith
Irvin Fisher
Fisher
144
FisherHicks
consumption
.1
.2
.3
.4
145
.5
Hicks
.1
.2
.3
.4
146
.5
.6
Stewardship
.1
.2
judgment .3
20
15
.4
.5
147
.6
.7
Kim2004
.
148
.
2 7
.
149
3 7
150
.
151
4 7
152
5 7
6 7
153
.
PersistenceSustainable
154
.
7 7
–
Dechow, Sloan, & Sweeney
1995
TAt = (∆CAt -∆CLt - ∆Cash +∆STDt-Dept)/(At-1)
155
= TAt
= ∆CA
=∆CL
= ∆Cash
= ∆STD
=Dep
=A
156
2009 .1
2009 .2
1990 .3
2008 .4
–
2010 .5
2012 .6
2013 .7
,
2623
157
2008 .8
2012 .9
2012.10
2013 .11
2014 .12
2010 .13
2010 .14
158
2011 .15
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