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NEWTON, C. & COOK, C. (S.D.) Caring For Archaeological Collections. Canadian Conservation Institute.
NEWTON, C. & COOK, C. (S.D.) Caring For Archaeological Collections. Canadian Conservation Institute.
ca
Índice
Compreendendo as coleções arqueológicas
Problemas específicos das coleções arqueológicas
Diversidade das coleções
Tamanho e gerenciamento da coleção
Efeitos do uso e sepultamento
Objetos como evidência científica
Causas dos danos às coleções arqueológicas e estratégias de
conservação preventiva
Deterioração durante o enterro
Deterioração durante a escavação
Pós-escavação (no repositório): vulnerabilidades e estratégias de
conservação preventiva
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Forças físicas
Recomendações
Ladrões e vândalos
Recomendações
Dissociação
Recomendações
Temperatura e umidade relativa incorretas
Temperatura incorreta
Recomendações
Umidade relativa incorreta
Recomendações
Exemplos de práticas de conservação preventiva
Armazenamento a seco para objetos de ferro corroídos
Usando uma atmosfera anóxica para salvar Ferryland Cross
Criando o suporte e o caso
Criando o ambiente anóxico seco
Roupas de Red Bay, Labrador
Bibliografia
Lista de abreviações
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Objects are just one part of an archaeological collection. It can also include
environmental samples (soil, pollen, insects); materials related to human
activity but not man-made (faunal remains); molds, casts or reproductions
of site features (soil section transfers, etc.; Figure 1); or reproductions of
objects. In addition, archaeological records in paper or electronic format,
such as field notes, photographs, analysis results and the final report,
must also be preserved as integral parts of the collection. The information
contained in these records is essential in establishing the significance of an
object in terms of its historical context as well as its connection to the rest
of the site.
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sites, arctic permafrost or wet bogs can yield large quantities of well-
preserved objects; however, most other burial environments will have
fostered deterioration. During burial, archaeological objects may be
surrounded by oxygen, microorganisms and moisture as well as salts or
other contaminants in the environment, which slowly degrade the objects.
Soil types like clay, sand, gravel or peat, as well as moisture levels,
including dry, damp and wet, can affect the condition of buried objects. All
types of material will begin to deteriorate, with organic materials normally
deteriorating more severely.
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Organic materials are poorly preserved on sites where there are seasonal
freeze-thaw cycles, changes in water level or where the soil is well-drained
and oxygenated. This often results in very few organic materials being
found, and those that are found are in poor condition (weaker and
fragmented) and, in extreme cases, only traces of the objects remain.
Some materials, for example certain types of stone and ceramic, are
largely impervious to burial conditions and will survive well in most
environments. Most inorganic materials (e.g. metal, stone, ceramic, glass)
will be damaged by the presence of salts in the burial environment, which
will leach into the materials. Iron will corrode rapidly in the presence of
chloride salts, water and oxygen. Stone and ceramic may be damaged by
salts during repeated wet and dry periods, as salts can migrate inside
these materials and then crystallize during dry periods, causing physical
disruptions. Water in the soil or at wet sites can leach away components of
glass, particularly poorly formulated glass, and leave it fragile and
deteriorated.
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Forças físicas
Os objectos arqueológicos são muitas vezes mais frágeis do que parecem
e podem ser facilmente danificados por manuseamento incauto ou
suporte insuficiente. Objetos frágeis, como vidro e cerâmica, apresentam
alto risco de quebra, o que pode afetar grande e irreversivelmente sua
aparência. Objetos de cerâmica, vidro e metal podem ser facilmente
arranhados. Os materiais orgânicos podem ceder, rasgar ou enrugar se
não forem apoiados para combater os efeitos da gravidade. As áreas
reparadas no passado permanecem frequentemente frágeis e podem não
ser imediatamente aparentes. Estas são apenas algumas das razões pelas
quais os objetos devem ser manuseados com cautela, independentemente
da sua aparência.
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Recomendações
Não empilhe objetos, pois o empilhamento pode causar
esmagamento devido ao peso excessivo.
Proteja os objetos contra arranhões em outras superfícies. Mantenha-
os embalados ou contidos individualmente (em caixas, sacos, etc.)
para isolá-los de outras superfícies mais duras.
Apoie os materiais a partir da sua base durante o manuseamento,
armazenamento e exposição porque o enterro pode tê-los
enfraquecido e tornado-os frágeis. Objetos maiores e flexíveis, como
têxteis, podem necessitar de um suporte rígido quando movidos.
Nunca pegue objetos pelas alças, bicos ou outras projeções, pois
podem quebrar.
Sempre use as duas mãos ao levantar um objeto.
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Ladrões e vândalos
Alguns objectos arqueológicos mais pequenos (por exemplo, moedas,
jóias, esculturas em marfim, algumas cerâmicas e alguns vidros) são
atractivos e coleccionáveis. Podem ser alvo de ladrões profissionais, mas
um risco mais comum é que possam ser vistos como itens tentadores para
ladrões oportunistas quando são exibidos ou armazenados de forma
insegura.
Recomendações
Garanta um alto nível de segurança para pequenos itens valiosos, por
exemplo, exiba-os atrás de um vidro ou prenda-os com laços a um
suporte.
Mantenha o controle dos objetos durante o estudo, exposição e
empréstimo, limitando o acesso a eles e registrando cuidadosamente
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Dissociação
Objetos pequenos são fáceis de mover, perder e perder. Em grandes
colecções com muitos objectos fragmentados, existe o risco de perda não
intencional de objectos através do manuseamento e movimento
quotidiano se os protocolos de inventário não forem seguidos. Houve
casos em que porções subutilizadas de uma coleção de um local foram
acidentalmente descartadas (conforme ilustrado no segundo exemplo na
Vinheta 1. Descartes acidentais em Agente de deterioração: dissociação ).
Com a utilização crescente de repositórios centrais identificados e de
armazenamento dentro dos museus, as coleções arqueológicas são mais
acessíveis e melhor protegidas, em vez de serem mal armazenadas e
esquecidas em armazéns, caves e garagens.
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Recomendações
Use boas práticas de documentação, mantendo um banco de dados
atualizado.
Proteja os objetos durante o estudo, exposição e empréstimo,
garantindo que todos os objetos sejam rotulados e mantendo todas
as partes de um objeto sempre juntas.
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Temperatura incorreta
A principal preocupação com a temperatura é o seu grande impacto na
UR: ambientes excessivamente secos ou húmidos podem ser criados à
medida que a temperatura aumenta ou diminui rapidamente. Alguns
objetos arqueológicos são sensíveis a ambientes secos, nomeadamente
materiais orgânicos que se tornaram fisicamente enfraquecidos devido ao
seu ambiente de sepultamento anterior. Eles podem secar, tornar-se
quebradiços, rachar e rachar. Com a pele ou o couro deteriorados, os
danos devidos à secura podem ocorrer a temperaturas apenas
ligeiramente superiores às encontradas num museu.
Recomendações
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Recommendations
Keeping moisture away from small objects can be done quite simply. Start
with a relatively clear polyethylene food storage container with a tight-
fitting, gasketted lid that locks in place. The seal on the container should fit
tightly because this is where most of the moisture enters the container. To
keep the inside dry, sachets of silica gel dried in the oven until conditioned
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Make sure to insert a humidity indicating card that can be seen inside the
clear food storage container. This will provide a simple means of checking,
later, if the RH conditions inside are still dry. Many versions of these cards
can measure and indicate an RH as low as 10%, which is suitable for most
metal storage. With time, water vapour will slowly penetrate the container
and the card will indicate a gradual increase in RH. When the RH goes
beyond the threshold of 10%, it is time to recondition the silica gel by
drying it in an oven or to replace it with a new batch of pre-desiccated gel.
Check the container periodically to figure out how long it will take before
the silica gel needs reconditioning; if you find you have to recondition the
silica gel too often, increase the amount of desiccated silica gel inside. The
use of desiccated silica gel to protect archaeological metals must always
be accompanied by a plan to monitor the desiccated environment as well
as maintain it by regularly redrying or replacing the gel.
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Besides iron, analysis identified gold, visible as thin flakes in the corrosion,
and brass, present in one of the damaged orbs. The cross is an example of
an object with multiple problems: different metals in contact, physical
damage resulting from stress corrosion cracking, and the presence of salts
due to the archaeological environment where it was found. The treatment
of the cross involved mechanical cleaning, salt extraction and stabilization
(Figure 17).
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that enhanced storage and display conditions were required to save the
Ferryland Cross. What was sought was an aesthetically acceptable, dry,
anoxic and easy-to-maintain protective enclosure with a fully rounded
support for display and storage at the Ferryland site.
A custom-made support was then cast in silicone rubber using the 3-D
print replica as a model. The silicone rubber was poured into a form made
of toy building blocks (LEGO; Figure 20). The molded support was covered
with a Plexiglas case (Figures 21 and 22).
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Making an accurate reproduction (Figure 25) provided not only a copy that
could be displayed in the open for closer examination but also a
documented standard against which it will be possible to compare the
original in years to come.
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More information on the treatment of the Ferryland Cross can be found in:
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Because there are few examples of clothing from the working class from
this period, it was particularly important to be able to study and analyze
the objects. They were cleaned, dried and reshaped so that they could be
studied by researchers (Figures 27c and 28). Using information about the
fibres and construction of the clothing, accurate reproductions were made,
and these are now displayed with the original objects. Textile and leather
items were mounted on rigid padded supports that can be used for both
display and storage and that will allow access to the objects for further
study (Figure 29).
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Bibliography
Andrews, G. Management of Archaeological Projects. 2nd ed. London, UK:
English Heritage, 1991.
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Logan, J.A., R.L. Barclay, C. Newton and L. Selwyn. "The Ferryland Cross
Revisited." CCI Newsletter 36 (Fall 2005), pp. 8–9.
Logan, J.A., R.L. Barclay, P. Bloskie, C. Newton and L. Selwyn. "Saving the
Ferryland Cross." In E. Williams and C. Peachey, eds., The Conservation of
Archaeological Materials: Current Trends and Future Directions. British
Archaeological Reports, International series 2116, Oxford, UK:
Archaeopress, 2010, pp. 127–134.
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Publicado por:
Instituto Canadense de Conservação
Departamento de Patrimônio Canadense
1030 Innes Road
Ottawa, ON K1B 4S7
Canadá
Data modificada:
14/12/2018
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