“W HO CONTROLS THE PRESENT, CONTROLS THE

PAST
WHO CONTROLS THE PAST, CONTROLS THE FUTURE”
- GEORGE ORWELL
 Readings in the
Philippine history
What is History?

3
 Lesson 1-
Meaning o f history
 HISTORY
Etymologically, H I S T O R Y (from Greek
word Historia, meaning “Knowledge
acquired by investigation)
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 HISTORY
O n the other side, events occurring before written
record are considered prehistoric; an umbrella term
that relates to past events as well as the m e m o r y ,
discovery, collection, organization, presentation and
interpretation o f information about these events.
H e n c e , scholars w h o write about history are called
Historians.
 HISTORY
History is a narration o f the events which have
h a p p e n e d a m o n g m a n k i n d , including an account of
the rise a n d fall o f the nations, as well as o f other great
changes which have affected the political a n d social
condition o f the h u m a n race.
- J o h n Anderson, 1876. A Manual of General History
7
 HISTORY
T H E W O R D H I S T O R Y IS R E F F E R E D U S U A L L Y
FOR A C C O U N T S O F PHENOMENA, ESPECIALLY
H U M A N AFFAIRS IN C H R O N O L O G I C A L ORDER.

8
History has been defined differently by different scholars.
The following definitions indicate the meaning and scope
of History.

Burckhardt: History is the record of what

one age finds worthy of note in another.

Smith V.S: The value and interest of history

depend largely on the degree to which the
present is illuminated by the past.

8
History has been defined differently by different scholars.
The following definitions indicate the meaning and scope
of History.

Rapson: History is a connected account of

the course of events or the progress of
ideas.
Henry Johnson: History, in its broadest
sense, is everything that ever happened.

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History has been defined differently by different scholars.
The following definitions indicate the meaning and scope
of History.

Jacob Anderson: History is a narration of

the events which have happened among
mankind, including an account of the rise
and fall of nations, as well as of other great
changes which have affected the political
and social condition of the human race.

8
History has been defined differently by different scholars.
The following definitions indicate the meaning and scope
of History.

Jacob Anderson: History is a narration of

the events which have happened among
mankind, including an account of the rise
and fall of nations, as well as of other great
changes which have affected the political
and social condition of the human race.

8
WHY HISTORY MATTERS?

8
 WHY HISTORY MATTERS?

All people are living histories –

which is why History matters.

8
 Nature of History
1. History is a study of the present in the
light of the past
The present has evolved out of the past. To
understand how society has come to its
present form, there is a need to know its
past.
Example: Understanding the Birth of
Philippine as a Nation
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 Nature of History
2. History is the study of man
History deals with man’s struggles through
ages. Past events are riddled with man’s
engagement in wars, his struggles to win his
independence. History traces the fascinating
story of how man has developed through the
ages, how man has studied to use and control
his environment and how the present
institutions have grown out of the past.
Example: Growth and development of the Philippine
Government from Pre-colonial to the Present.
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 Nature of History

3. History provides an objective

record of happenings.
-Historians are careful on the data
they include in their books. They base
their data on original source and make
t h e m f r e e f r o m s u b j e c t i v e
interpretation.

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 Nature of History
4. History is multisided.
-History is not limited to one certain
aspect of man’s life; it covers all
other aspects as they are all closely
interrelated. A change in politics
could have an effect in other aspects
of the society.

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 Nature of History
5. History is a dialogue
between the events of the past
and progressively emerging
future ends.
-Past events are interpreted and
become predictor of new
objectives..

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 Nature of History
6. History is not confined with
narrative accounts.
-It dissects and explains the
occurrence of the events and how
it ultimately changes the society
overtime..

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 Nature of History
7. Continuity and coherence
are necessary requisites of
history.
- H i s t o r y m o n i t o r s t h e
development of the society, from
generation to generation, after
series of events, justifying the
essence of continuity.
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 Nature of History
8. History is relevant
-In the study of history, only
significant events which have
influenced the society are
covered and essential to the
understanding of the present life.

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 Nature of History
9. History is comprehensive
-History is not limited to one period or
one country alone. It deals with all
aspects of human life- political, social,
economic, religious, literary, aesthetic,
and physical, giving a clear picture of
global linkage
Example: Socio-cultural aspect of the
Filipinos it is a mixture of the culture
of the east and the west.
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There are theories constructed by
historians in investigating
history;
✣ a). Factual History
✣ b). Speculative History

9
FACTUAL HISTORY
It presents readers the plain and basic
information, the events that took place
( w h a t ), the time and date with which the
event happened (when), the place with
w h i c h t h e event t o o k place, and the people
that were involved ( who ).
SPECULATIVE HISTORY

-it goes b e y o n d facts because it is

concerned about the reasons for which
e v e n t s h a p p e n e d (why), a n d t h e w a y t h e y
h a p p e n e d (how).

- it tries t o speculate o n t h e c a u s e a n d
effect o f an event – (Cantal, Cardinal et.al.)
T h e practice o f historical writing is
called historiography, t h e traditional
method of doing historical
research that f o c u s e s o n g a t h e r i n g
d o c u m e n t s f r o m different libraries
and archives to f o r m a pool of
evidence needed to make a
descriptive or analytical narrative.

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 History as the Subjective
Process of Re-creation

-historians strive to restore the total

past of mankind. History becomes only
that part of the human past that can be
meaningfully reconstructed from the
available records and from inferences
regarding their setting.
 History as the Subjective
Process of Re-creation

Therefore, historians aim for

Verisimilitude: Truth, Authenticity, and
Plausibility. Historical records therefore
should contain verisimilitude.
 Historical Method and
Historiography

Historical Method is the process of

Critically examining and analyzing the
records and survivals of the past. While
Historiography is the imaginative
reconstruction of the past from the data
derived.
The most important element of
the Historical Method is called
Historical Analysis.
There are four steps of
Historical analysis:
A. Select the subject to investigate
B. Collect probable sources
C. Examine the Sources genuinely
D. Extract credible particulars.
“Only a part of what was observed in the past
was remembered by those who observed it;
only a part of what was remembered was
recorded; only a part of what was recorded
has survived; only a part of what has survived
has come to the historian’s attention.”

- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

“Only a part of what is credible has been
grasped, and only a part of what has been
grasped can be expounded or narrated by
the historian.”

- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

 Lesson 2-
Sources and Historical
Data
 Historical Sources

 Sources – an object from the past or

testimony concerning the past on
which historians depend in order to
create their own depiction of that
past.

16
 Historical data
 the data collected about past events and
circumstances that pertains to a particular
subject. These are sourced from artifacts
that have been left by the past. These
artifacts can either be relics or remains, or
the testimonies of witnesses of the past.
This are also the materials from which the
historians construct meaning..

16
Written Sources o f History
• Narrative or Literary
• D i p l o m a t i c or Juridical
• Social D o c u m e n t s
 Narrative or Literature

✣ These sources are chronicles

or tracts presented in a
narrative form, it tells a story
or narrates the story of the
events. E.g Diary, newspaper
etc.
 Diplomatic Sources

✣ It is these k i n d o f sources that

professional historians o n c e treated as
purest, “best” source. A legal document
is usually sealed or authenticated to
provide evidence that a legal
transaction has been c o m p l e t e d and
can be used as evidence in judicial
proceedings in case o f dispute.
 Social Documents
✣ T h e s e are i n f o r m a t i o n pertaining to
e c o n o m i c , social, political or judicial
significance. T h e y are records kept b y
bureaucracies. E x a m p l e s such as
government reports, municipal
accounts, property registers and
records o f census.
Non-Written Sources o f
History
• Sources that are not in
written form.
 Material Evidence
✣ This is also known as
archeological evidence. These
artifacts can tell a great deal
about the ways of life people in
the past, and their culture. E.g.
swords, relics, bones, etc..
 Oral Evidence
✣ Sources that are transmitted
orally. Eg. Tales, folk songs,
interviews. Etc.
Types of Sources in History
Written Sources o f History
• Narrative or Literary
• D i p l o m a t i c or Juridical
• Social D o c u m e n t s
 Narrative or Literature

✣ These sources are chronicles

or tracts presented in a
narrative form, it tells a story
or narrates the story of the
events. E.g Diary, newspaper
etc.
 Diplomatic Sources

✣ It is these k i n d o f sources that

professional historians o n c e treated as
purest, “best” source. A legal document
is usually sealed or authenticated to
provide evidence that a legal
transaction has been c o m p l e t e d and
can be used as evidence in judicial
proceedings in case o f dispute.
 Social Documents
✣ T h e s e are i n f o r m a t i o n pertaining to
e c o n o m i c , social, political or judicial
significance. T h e y are records kept b y
bureaucracies. E x a m p l e s such as
government reports, municipal
accounts, property registers and
records o f census.
Non-Written Sources o f
History
• Sources that are not in
written form.
 Material Evidence
✣ This is also known as
archeological evidence. These
artifacts can tell a great deal
about the ways of life people in
the past, and their culture. E.g.
swords, relics, bones, etc..
 Oral Evidence
✣ Sources that are transmitted
orally. Eg. Tales, folk songs,
interviews. Etc.
Kinds of Historical Sources
 Primary and secondary
sources
✣ W h a t are they?
✣ Advantages an d disadvantages o f using
P r i m a r y or S e c o n d a r y sources
✣ Categories

17
 Primary sources
✣ Primary sources enable the
researcher t o get as close as
possible to what actually
h a p p e n e d during an historical
event or t i m e period.
 Primary Source
✣ Diaries and journals
⨳ E x a m p l e : A n n e Frank was a teenager during
W o r l d W a r II. S h e kept a diary or journal the
years before she died in a concentration c a m p .
H e r diary was later published as the “D i a r y of
A n n e Frank”. T h i s is a p r i m a r y source.
⨳ E x a m p l e : Sarah M o r g a n was y o u n g w o m a n
during the C i vi l W a r . S h e wrote in her diary or
journal what h a p p e n e d to her a n d her f a m i l y
during the war. T h i s is a p r i m a r y d o c u m e n t
b e c a u s e it was first h a n d . S h e w r o t e it at t h e
t i m e it happened.
⨳ Sarah M o r g a n Dawson: A C o n f e d e r a t e Girl's
Diary
 Primary Source
✣ Autobiographies
⨳ A n autobiography is w h e n y o u write a
story or b o o k about yourself.
■ E x a m p l e : N e l s o n M a n d e l a wrote his
autobiography about events in his life
called “ L o n g W a l k to F r e e d o m : T h e
Autobiography o f N e l so n Ma nd e l a .
T h i s is a p r i m a r y d o c u m e n t because
h e wrote his first h a n d experiences.
 Primary Source
✣ S o u n d Recordings a n d interviews are
considered p r i m a r y resources.
⨳ E x a m p l e 1: D u r i n g the Great
Depression a n d W o r l d W a r II,
television h a d not been invented yet.
T h e people would often sit around the
radio to listen to President Roosevelt’s
war messages. T h o s e radio addresses
are considered “primary sources.”
⨳ E x a m p l e 2: D u r i n g the 2 0 0 8 election
Barack O b a m a , h a d m a n y interviews
that were televised. T h o s e interviews
are considered p r i m a r y sources.
What is a secondary source?

A secondary source
is s o m e t h i n g written
about a p r i m a r y
source.

22
• S e c o n d a r y sources are written "after
the fact" - that is, at a later date.
• Usually the author o f a secondary
source will have studied the p rimary
sources o f an historical period or
event a n d will then interpret the
"evidence" f o u n d in these sources.
• Y o u can think o f secondary sources
as s e c o n d - h a n d information.
 Secondary Source
• T h i n k about it like this….
• If I tell y o u something, I a m
the p r i m a r y source. If y o u tell
s o m e o n e else what I told y ou,
y o u are the secondary source.
• S e c o n d a r y source materials
can be articles in newspapers,
magazines, books or articles
f o u n d that evaluate or criticize
s o m e o n e else's original
research
 Why Use Primary Sources?
Advantages
✣ P r i m a r y sources provide a window into the
past—unfiltered access to the record o f
artistic, social, scientific an d political thought
an d achievement during the specific period
u n d e r study, p r o d u c e d b y people w h o lived
during that period
✣ these unique, often p r o f o u n d l y personal,
d o c u m e n t s an d objects can give a very real
sense o f what it was like to be alive during a
l o n g - past era.
 Primary Source
DisadVantages
✣ P r i m a r y sources are often i n c o mp le te and
have little context. Students m u s t use prior
knowledge an d work with multiple p r i mar y
sources to f i n d patterns
✣ I n analyzing p r i m a r y sources, students
m o v e f r o m concrete observations an d facts
to questioning an d m a k i n g inferences about
the materials.
 Why Use Secondary Sources?
AdVantages
✣ Se c o n d a r y sources can provide analysis, synthesis,
interpretation, or evaluation o f the original information.
✣ S e c o n d a r y sources are best f o r u n c o v e r i n g b a c k g r o u n d
o r historical i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a t o p i c a n d b r o a d e n i n g
y o u r understanding o f a topic b y exposing y o u to others’
perspectives, interpretations, a n d conclusions
✣ Allows the reader to get expert views o f events a n d often
b r i n g together m u l t i p l e p r i m a r y sources relevant to the
subject matter
 Secondary Source
DisadVantages
✣ T h e i r reliability an d validity are o p e n to
question, an d often they d o not provide exact
information
✣ T h e y d o not represent first h a n d knowledge
o f a subject or event
✣ T h e r e are countless books, journals,
m a g a z i n e articles an d web pages that attempt
to interpret the past an d f i n d i n g g o o d
secondary sources can be an issue
Historical Criticism

33
What is Historical Criticism?

 I n order for a source to be used as evidence in

history, basic matters about its f o r m and
content must be settled

 1. External Criticism
 2. Internal Criticism
What is External Criticism?

 T h e p r o b l e m o f authenticity

 T o spot fabricated, forged, faked documents

 T o distinguish a h o a x or misrepresentation
Tests of Authenticity

1. D e t e r m i n e the date o f the d o c u m e n t to see whether

they are anachronistic (a chronological misplacing of
persons, events, or customs in regard to each other)
e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th C e n t u r y
2. D e t e r m i n e the author
e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
3. Anachronistic style
e.g. i d i o m , ortography, punctuation

 Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Tests of Authenticity
4. Anachronistic reference to events
e.g. too early, too late, too remote

5. Prov enance or custody

e.g. determines its genuineness
6. Semantics – determining the m e a n i n g o f a text or
word
7. Hermeneutics –(principles o f interpretation of
ambiguous words)

 Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

What is Internal Criticism?

 T h e P r o b l e m o f Credibility

 Relevant particulars in the d o c u m e n t – is it credible?

 Verisimilar – as close as what really h a p p e n e d f r o m a critical

examination o f best available sources

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Tests of Credibility

1. Identification o f the author

e.g. to determine his reliability; mental processes,
personal attitudes
2. Determination o f the approximate date
e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
3. Ability to tell the truth
e.g. nearness to the event, c o m p e t e n c e of witness, degree
o f attention

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

 Thank you!

A n y questions?

40
 Tell us what you think
1. Write a question y o u want to ask y o u
things y o u want to k n o w as we g o o n
with our history subject.
2. Inside the bubble quotes, y o u write
the reason w h y y o u want to know
about it.
 Write your
questions here

42
Ac c o r d i n g to Re nato Constantino,
Filipino people have h a d misfortune of
being “liberated” f our t i m e during the
entire history.

First, c a m e the Spaniards f r o m the

enslavement o f the Devil, c a m e the
Americans w h o liberated t h e m f r o m
Spanish O c c u p a t i o n , then the Japanese
w h o liberated t h e m

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