Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Traditional portable tumblers often vary on insulation alone, which

may not be sufficient for prolonged periods of times in varying
environmental conditions like hot weather. For this reason, developing an
Automated Portable Cooler Tumbler is an effective solution. With the
proper process to be followed when building this project, the outcomes will
be possibly successful. As stated by Ramanathan et al. (2010),
microprocessor cooling using thermoelectric devices and the results
determined an operating envelope for the thermoelectric coolers that lead
to optimum cooling capability. Liquid cooling techniques have been
developed to solve the high-power dissipation problem, as they have high
thermal capacity.

Beverage temperature is not new in the industry and lot of studies

already conducted focusing on its temperature control. The Automated
Portable Cooler Tumbler control system that actively regulates beverage
temperature gives advantages over conventional tumblers including
enhanced temperature control and improved energy efficiency for the user
experience. Compared to a normal tumbler this device has a cooling
system where you can automatically make the water cold by charging and
connecting it to electricity power. With the help of thermoelectric cooling
effect the temperature can be controlled. The exploration of existing
beverage cooling technologies including passive insulation methods and
active cooling systems benefits the evolution of portable container designs
and factors driving the demand for enhanced beverage temperature

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management. This context provides help for the advancement of this
project and lays a foundation for this research.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Traditional tumblers offer basic insulation only which fall short on

providing consistent and precise temperature control over extended
periods. This factor gives reason to establish the following:
1. What type of cooling mechanism will be used to regulate the
temperature of Automated Portable Tumbler Cooler?
2. What are the ideal materials to regulate and maintain beverage
temperature within desired ranges of Automated Portable
Tumbler Cooler?
3. What are the key parameters for evaluating the cooling
performance and energy efficiency of the tumbler?

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1.3 Objectives of the Study

This study aims to develop an automated portable cooler. The prototype

must stand in condition that can regulate the temperature of beverage with
the help cooling mechanism. Specifically, this study proposes to:
 To use thermoelectric effect specifically the Peltier effect cooling
mechanism. Peltier module can create cooling effect by transferring
or moving heat rather than generating cold directly.
 To use a double-walled stainless steel with a vacuum layer between
the outer wall and inner wall as an insulation material. Despite the
relatively high thermal conductivity of Stainless steel, it can be used
effectively in insulated designs.
 To measure the temperature of Peltier module, which also affect the
temperature of beverage inside the tumbler and to calculate the
power needed to power the prototype with the help of
experimentation. Testing of module and battery is highly considered
for this study.

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1.4 Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the following:

Users. This study will help the Users of Tumbler to appreciate the
innovation and uses more the new features of the Automated Portable
Tumbler by reducing their hassle to cool it more by putting it in a
Refrigerator.
Students. This study will help the students since this offer a convenient
solution for maintaining hydration weather in school or during commutes.
Community. This study will help the Community to contribute in
environmental sustainability efforts by reducing reliance on single use
plastic that will help mitigate environmental degradation of waste.
Future Researchers. It would benefit them as this study could gave them
references for their future study related to Automated Portable Tumbler.

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1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will focus on developing an Automated Portable Cooling

Tumbler that can main the temperature of 750ml of beverage. This study
composed of the composition of cooling mechanism, insulation and battery
efficiency. Peltier module is the main component that will be used in this
study. TEC1-12703 module can be cooled as low as -16 degree Celsius in
a span of 10 minutes. For insulation, stainless steel with a double-walled is
an excellent insulation material since it can maintain temperature and
minimize the heat transfer of beverage and surroundings. As for the battery,
a battery with a range of 5v to 12v and 3000mAh capacity is highly
considered to be use since it can make a CPU fan work depends on its
design or type of fan. This study will be conducted inside of Mindanao State
University – General Santos as well as the construction of the prototype.
This study will not cover other mechanism such as heating of module that
may result into a heater type model of the prototype. This study will not also
extend to the factors that may affect the temperature of insulated beverage
such as heat transfer between the surroundings. The calculation of the
temperature of beverage before and after the work of prototype and the
efficiency of battery is within the scope of this study but is not a feature of
the prototype.

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1.6 Definitions of Terms
The researchers define the key terms for the readers to perceive
how it is used in the study.
Double- walled - a two wall in which separate the contents of the tumbler
and surrounding outside.
Stainless steel - It is an iron and chromium alloy which is good for
insulating water and temperature due to its properties.
TEC1- 12703 module – a type of Thermoelectric module that has is rated
for 3 max amps.
Thermoelectric effect - It is the direct conversion temperature differences
to electric voltage and can be reversible.
Thermoelectric module - It is a module that has a cooling and heating
effect. This module can change the surface and keep it into desired target
temperature.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Review of Related Literature

Using heat to generate electricity or electricity to generate heat is a
pretty integral part of life. Almost every kind of generator or power plants
converts heat into electricity, and then you can redirect the accumulated
electricity power into a refrigerator to cool your food or use it into oven to
heat your food. One half of the thermoelectric effect is called the Seebeck
effect and the other one is called Peltier effect. Both effects consist of two
semiconductor called P-type and N-type it is then heated or cooled by hot
or cold source. This pair of semiconductor with their metallic bridging
connector is called a thermocouple. Since the voltages produce are tiny so
in most cases, thermocouples are grouped together and connected to
generate more usable power (Tian et al. 2014).

2.1.1 Thermoelectric module

Thermoelectric device are semiconductor modules that utilize the
Peltier effect to create heat flux between the junctions of two materials.
This effect shows that a difference in temperature is created when a Direct
Current is applied across two materials. Thermoelectric module is
constructed by using two thin ceramic wafers with the series of P and N
semiconductor material between them. This ceramic wafers adds rigidity
which provide necessary electrical insulation for the module. The N-type
semiconductors have excess of electrons while the P-type have deficit of
electrons, with one N and one P making a junction couple that creates the
Thermoelectric effect. When a DC current is applied to the circuit, TEC

7
module can function as a cooler or heater depending on the current
direction. Thermoelectric cooler transfers heat from one side of the device
to the opposite side against the temperature gradient and the more junction
couple is present the cooling effect is greater. TEC module maybe provides
a simple and reliable cooling solution however its poor thermal
performance prevents into even greater wide usage. Compared with
traditional refrigeration system, TEC module performance is only about
1/5th of refrigeration cycle system. Currently TEC’s in electronic cooling is
limited to systems need temperature stability or operate in sub-ambient
conditions such systems includes small refrigeration system, CCD
cameras, laser diodes, microprocessors, memory module and more (Qats
2010).

2.1.2 Peltier and Seebeck effect

Peltier effect is built using semiconductors discovered by Jean
Charles Peltier (1834). Peltier absorb the current flowing between two
junctions which causes heating or cooling. A similar effect is discovered by
Thomas Johan Seebeck (1821), it is based on the original research done
by Alessandro Volta in 1794. It also uses two dissimilar conductors like
Peltier effect but produces voltage when exposed to heat. For this reason,
the two effects are both reverse phenomenon of each other but don’t
change the fact that both effect classified as Thermoelectric effects. It is
said that with the help of Peltier and Seebeck effect, thermoelectric coolers
became the solution to improve the performance of cooling devices
(Goldsmid 2017).

2.2 Review of Related Studies

According to Aziz (2017) et al. to minimized the effect of

environmental damaged affected which is the also the effect of vapor

8
compression refrigeration system using CFCs Refrigerant is to develop a
cooler apparatus in which can be carried easily. Dimension of the cooling
box is 6cm x 6.5cm x 15cm while the material used for insulation is made
of Polystyrene and Polyurethane foam which is expanded with a thickness
of 5.3mm and 6mm. To improve its cooling capacity the aluminum plate
was applied as an inner wall. The result of this study proves that using 20W
of electricity to one stage of TEC could cool down room temperature 15
degree Celsius in a span of 30 minutes of operation.

In a study conducted by Lee et al. (2017), there are two options to

reduce time required for heating and cooling of the liquid. First is to
increase the capacity of thermoelectric module, for this reason this also
increase the cost and size of battery. Since the battery size of a portable
gadgets are limited, this gives way to solar power supply generation as a
viable option. The second option of the researchers is to change the
function of the design tumbler. Instead of using the product for heating and
cooling of the liquid, it will operate only by maintaining the temperature.
Therefore, it will just compensate for heat gain or heat loss from the
product. The testing indeed showed positive results which the prototype
tumbler was capable of heating drink can up to 60 degree Celsius and
cooling was achieved up to 20 degree Celsius within a span of 30 minutes.

Wang (2017) et al. compared single-state thermoelectric cooler and

two-stage thermoelectric cooler. When two-stage TEC operates at steady
state condition it can achieve large temperature drop. When a current is
supplied to the cold and hot stage of a two-stage TEC it seeks further
decrease in temperature. It also yield a much longer holding time of
supercooling system compared to single-state TEC. After matching the
pulse between and width on the cold stage the minimum cold end
temperature can be more improve. When a current flows first into the hot
side of TEC instead to cold side of TEC a lower end cold temperature and
longer holding time are observed. This contains a valuable data that is

9
useful for the use of transient supercooling of TECs and handful
considering the design.

In the thematic analysis of the recent study of Norhazwani et al.

(2018) to overcome the tediousness of using cooler bag/box, it is stated
that a mini portable cooler can maintain high quality expressed breast milk
(EBM) within 24 hours between 4 degree Celsius – 15 degree Celsius with
the help of Peltier effect. The researchers successfully developed
prototypes with different body materials and sizes namely aluminum,
polypropylene and polystyrene. The testing proves that the aluminum
prototype has the lowest temperature of all body materials with 11.2 degree
Celsius at 100 minutes using 5V power supply. Compared to other
prototypes it is fastest to reach 15 degree Celsius at 80 minutes, as a result
the aluminum is the perfect body material for the mini portable cooler.

As stated by Alrubaye et al. (2018), Peltier effect indeed is beneficial

in terms on its small size, noiseless, portable, economical and
environmental compared to other cooling systems. The researchers applied
voltage on a thermoelectric and later on change to simply determine its
effect. The more voltage applied it results to increase of temperature,
contrary of that appear to other side. For this reason the thermal resistance
of the heat sink is inversely proportional to the applied voltage. To improve
the system performance, increasing the fan speed is needed. The initial
water temperature also is a significant factor and affects the performance of
thermoelectric water cooling system. The coefficient performance when
using an initial water of 15 degree Celsius is 0.14, when initial water is
increased by 30 degree Celsius the coefficient performance also rises up
by 0.5. This happened due to the reason of decreased in temperature
gradient between hot side and cold side.

Divekar (2020) et al. stated that both excessive hot and cold
temperature is dangerous to our health that may result to heat stress and
cold stress to our body specifically heat stroke and hypothermia. For this

10
reason, the researcher conduct a study of designed system of an a battery
power heating and cooling. This study is also an experiment on one of the
applications and use of Thermo Electric Generators under the ARMY.
Unfortunately, can’t meet the expectation in terms of Energy production.
Although the system is portable and low power consumption and can be
used during summer or winter with the help of Lithium-Ion battery. The
system also provides electricity generation for mobile charging. This study
helps the soldier to work in terms of power consumption and beverage
consumption.

Rahman (2022) et al. states that Peltier effect is one of the useful
alternatives in terms of refrigeration system since, mostly of the
refrigeration are not eco-friendly and dependent on vapor compression
cycles. In this study the researchers conduct activities such as, using CAD
application to design the product, creating an electric circuit, evaluating the
system with the help of experimental analysis. The data shows that there is
big difference if the cooler box is stored of canned beverage or not. The
temperature drop ultimately when there is no beverage with an average
temperature of 4.86 degree Celsius. The study concludes that adding an
another Peltier module can improve its cooling capabilities by parallel
connections.

As explained by Hernandez-Lerena (2023) et al. building and testing

of Portable Water-Cooling which is very small portable system that ensure
the workers of Ventura get a 1 Liter of sub-59-degree Fahrenheit as it was
crucial to their health. To reduce the heatstroke possibility and other
unwanted effects from working creating such product is a solution since
harsh temperature is expected when it comes to farming. Unfortunately, the
system failed but still function. Although the system may failed but it still
manages to meet some expectations of the researchers.

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 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives an outline and explains the methodology used in

this study. This includes research design and research flow diagram.

3.1 Research Design

Data
Planning Design collection
and Analysis

Experiment Data
Collection

This study will employ the diagnostic experimental research to

determine what information is needed to consider and what drastic
measures to be taken to successfully make a working Automated Portable
Cooler Tumbler. This method will be used to gather specific data such as
thermoelectric modules and use experimental research to support the data
collected. To prepare for future possible errors, diagnostic research is also

considered to assess the performance of future prototypes. The initial step

in the planning of the research will involve providing details about the
materials and modules utilized. The experiment will explain the detailed
procedures for building the Portable Cooler Tumbler, which will include
step-by-step procedures for measuring the temperature of the water inside
of stainless steel for a set time. The design must consist of a schematic

12
diagram depicting the system functions, encompassing the functioning of
the Portable Cooler Tumbler with various modules utilized on the Tumbler.

3.1.1Research Flow and Working Principle

Figure 3.1.1 Working Principle

The flow working principle of the Cooler Tumbler is shown in the

figure above, when the first principle indicates that the battery is capable of
producing electricity to power the CPU fan, heatsink and Motherboard.
Because to make this system work, the battery is a storage device for the
Tumbler's power supply. Then the heat sink and bottom part of the Peltier
will be cooled with a CPU fan. The amount of air created by the CPU fan
that dissipates hot temperatures, which can control the Peltier's
temperature. The cooling effect is maximized with the help of Peltier
module since it produce a cold temperature make the stainless steel
material inside the tumbler affected by the temperature resulting the water
will become cool. As the pelter continues to work, the temperature drops
will continue.

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3.2 PLANNING

3.2.1 Material Used:

Thermoelectric Peltier device

Is used as a temperature controller that either heats or cools. Peltier

is used to making the water cold when the Stainless Pitcher touched the
Peltier.

CPU fan

A thermal device designed to absorb and disperse heat away from a

high temperature object. The Mini fan give blow the hot temperature on the
other side of Peltier.

Thermal paste

A substance used to promote better heat conduction between two

surfaces and will be used to attach both module together.

Heat sink from motherboard

The passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by the
Peltier to the other side.

Wire

Is used for connecting the parts in order for the energy to flow and
serve for additional connection for the wire used.

Tumbler

A stainless drinking bottle which the cold water will be stored and
maintained the cold temperature if the water.

Battery

Serve as power storage of the tumbler in terms when its not

changing.

Switch push button

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 To activate something clicking switch for turning on and off the
Tumbler.

Control motherboard

To control and bridges a link to all components.

3.3 EXPERIMENT
3.3.1 Procedures:

Materials:

 peltier
 motherboard
Prepare all  CPU fan
the  wire
materials  thermal
paste
 battery
 tumbler
Peltier device  heat sink
Attached
on the CPU fan
the bottom
with the
part
thermal paste

Attached
the heat With thermal
sink in the paste
Peltier
module

CPU fan and

Connect
Peltier in
the wiring
parallel

CPUfan and Peltier

Connect the
Device on the Control
battery in
with the Control motherboard
battery to Motherboar
function d
Test the
componen
Cut the Connect ts if all the
Test the bottom the wire of parts are
motherboa part of the CPUfan working
rd tumbler and Peltier
Device 15
 Close the Test the Make a Slowly
bottom stainless hole on the assemble all
part with steel and bottom part the
paste the water of the components
temperature tumbler on bottom of
tumbler

For the charging port

For 8 minutes
and push botton

3.4 DESIGN
3.4.1 Prototype
The prototype design shown on the figure 3.4.1.1 and figure 3.4.1.2
represents the module used and the design model of the Portable Cooler
Tumbler. The researchers will use this design as guide when constructing
the prototype

Figure 3.4.1.1 Prototype Design

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 Motherboard
Battery

CPU Fan

Peltier
Heat
sink

Figure 3.4.1.2 Protype Design and Parts

3.4.2 Schematic Diagram of the Cooler Tumbler

IN12V

Figure 3.4.2.1 Schematic Diagram

The figure 3.4.2 for the Schematic Diagram shows the system of
operations and process of how the module of the Cooler tumbler works.
The Motherboard which is composed of the IC TP 4056 will play a special
role in the system since this is popular and specifically designed for lithium-
ion battery charger IC that has been used in various electronic applications.
It provides a reliable and efficient charging solution incorporating features
like overcharge protection discharge protection and short circuit protection.
The Peltier device and the CPU fan are both connected on the negative

17
and positive terminals. The push button switch shown on the diagram is
connected to the negative terminal and to the CPU fan that controls the on
and off of the system. Aside from that, the Motherboard has a component
of both LED light which has its function. The first one is the red LED light
that indicates the motherboard is working and it charges the batteries.
Another LED light is color green that shows the battery is fully charged.

3.4.3 Design Specifications

This specification shows the requirements type and capacity in each
module

Model Required Required

Ampere voltage
Peltier Device TEC1 12703 3.8A 12V
Cpu fan Mini Cooling 2.5A 12V
CPU
Battery 3000maH 3A 12V
Lithium Ion
Motherboard TP4056 4.5A 12V
motherboard

The specifications based on the table are based on the result of

testing with the use of measurement devices for electric devices with
different types of modules.

3.4.4 Calculations of the water inside the stainless steel

Weight Temperature
Stainless steel 300 grams -16 degrees celsius
water 750 grams 25 degrees celsius

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3.4.5 Formula:

(gram)(temperature-x)(specific heat) = (gram)(temperature-x)(specific heat)

Specific heat of stainless steel:

Input power from Peltier= (12V)(3.8A)=45.6 J/s

Input energy = 45.6 j/s x 600 s = 27,360 joules

Note: 600 seconds came from the 10 minutes of cooling time

To get the specific heat value for stainless steel the formula is joules/gram

27,360/300= 91.6 j/g

So,

(300)(-16 - x)(91.2) = (750)(x-25)(4.18) *shift solve

X= -11.79 degrees celsius

Note: 4.18 is the specific heat for water

3.5 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Table 1
Characteristic of Portable Cooler Set up A
Tumbler regarding:
Capacity The product can consume 750ml of
water
Compatibility The product is capable to cool
water within much time.
Durability The stainless pitcher and c is not
fragile so it is not easy to destroy.
Size The size of the product is small,
and you can carry it anywhere.
Feasibility It can cool water at -16 degrees
Celsius depends on 10 minutes of
cooling

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 This present the results acquired based on the characteristics of
Portable Cooler Tumbler regarding, capacity, compatibility, durability, size
and feasibility. When it comes to the compatibility, this product is capable to
cool water within much time. When we talk about the durability of the item,
the spotless pitcher is not delicate so it is not easy to destroy and the size
of the item is small so you can carry it anywhere. This item can also
consume 750ml of cold water and it can cool the water at -16 degrees
Celsius based on the minutes of cooling up to 10 minutes.

20
3.6 References:

Tian, Zhiting & Lee, Sangyeop & Chen, Gang. (2014). A Comprehensive
Review of Heat Transfer in Thermoelectric Materials and Devices. Annual
Review of Heat Transfer. 17.
10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2014006932.

Lee, R. R., Kiong, C. C., & Kulkarni, R. R. (2017). Development and testing
of hot cold tumbler operating on Peltier effect. International Journal of
Engineering Technology and Sciences, 4(1), 117–121.
https://doi.org/10.15282/ijets.7.2017.1.13.1075

Aziz, A., Mainil, R. I., Mainil, A. K., Syafri, S., & Syukrillah, M. F. (2017).
Design of portable beverage cooler using one stage thermoelectric cooler
(TEC) module. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 6(1),
29–36. https://doi.org/10.13170/aijst.6.1.5427

Gao, Yan-Wei & Lv, Hao & Wang, Xiao-Dong & Yan, Wei-Mon. (2017).
Enhanced Peltier cooling of two-stage thermoelectric cooler via pulse
currents. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 114. 656-663.
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.06.102.

Malek, N. A. (2018, January 1). Design and Development of Mini Portable

Cooler for Breastmilk Storage. Uniten.
https://www.academia.edu/79688396/Design_and_Development_of_Mini_
Portable_Cooler_for_Breastmilk_Storage\

Malek, N. A. (2018). Design and development of mini portable cooler for

breastmilk storage. Uniten.
https://www.academia.edu/79688396/Design_and_Development_of_Mini_
Portable_Cooler_f or_Breastmilk_Storage

Alrubaye, Ahmed & Al-Farhany, Khaled & Kareem, Kadhim. (2018).

PERFORMANCE OF A PORTABLE THERMOELECTRIC WATER
COOLING SYSTEM. 9. 277–285.
Hernandez-Lerena, G., Torres, E., Parham, C. F., & Leung, T. (n.d.).
Portable drinking water cooler and dispenser. DigitalCommons@CalPoly.
https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/mesp/719/

Divekar, S. N., Patil, V. N., Puri, S. B., Pawar, R. R., Shinde, S. A., &
Ujagare, M. R. (2020). Portable water bottle heating and cooling system.

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 7(3), 389–393. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset2073111
ShieldSquare error. (n.d.). https://iopscience.iop.org/book/mono/978-1-
6817-4641-8/chapter/bk978-1-6817-4641-8ch1

Using Thermoelectric Coolers in Electronics Cooling. (n.d.). Retrieved April

24, 2024, from
https://www.qats.com/
Qpedia_Jun10_Using_TECs_in_Electronics_Cooling9.ashx

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