ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

CARL JUNG
CARL JUNG
Born in July 26 1875, died in June 06, 1961 in
Switzerland.
His early experience with parents who were totally
opposite to one another probably influenced his
own theory of personality.
He became acquainted in Freud’s writing and
finally with Freud itself shortly after his medical
degree.
He established his own method to theory and
therapy called Analytical Psychology.
Became one of the 20th century’s most influential
thinkers
 OVERVIEW
Analytical Psychology
Rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do
influence the lives of everyone.
Jung believed that each of us is motivated not only by repressed
experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences
inherited from our ancestors.
Jung's theory of archetypes is based on the notion of self-
realization, which is achieved through a balance between
opposing forces of personality.
People are both introverted and extraverted; rational and
irrational; male and female; conscious and unconscious.
 LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
The human mind; according to Carl Jung is
divided into levels: conscious and unconscious,
with the latter separated further into a Personal
unconscious and a Collective unconscious
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
Conscious
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
CONSCIOUS
Images sensed by the ego are said to be conscious
The ego represents the conscious element of the
personality, and the ego is secondary to the self in a
psychologically matured individual
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
refers to the psychological representation that the ego is
unable to perceive
some unconscious processes are driven by our own
particular experiences, while other are driven by our
ancestor’s encounters with universal theme
The Personal Unconscious, which comprises complexes
emotionally toned collection of thoughts and the collective
unconscious which includes different Archetypes
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
Images are those beyond just our own experiences and
come from our own ancestors’ repeated experiences.
Allude to our innate tendency to behave in a certain way
when our personal experiences trigger a hereditary
tendency to act.
 ARCHETYPES
Contents derived from the collective unconscious
According to Jung, it emerge from our ancestors’
repeated experiences and manifest themselves in a
various dreams, fantasies, delusions, and
hallucinations
Several Archetypes develop their own personalities
 ARCHETYPES
PERSONA SHADOW ANIMA
Persona the dark side of
the side of the personality men should
personality that people must first know their
we show to recognize or feminine side to
embrace their
others achieve maturity
shadow in order to
acquire full
psychological
maturity
 ARCHETYPES
GREAT MOTHER WISE OLD MAN
ANIMUS embodies the through quiet
Persona
idealized qualities of
women should thought foresees the
the mother figure
accept the future and offers
caring, compassionate,
guidance turbulent
masculine side in dependable, and
times
other for them to loving, and like the
in the absence of
achieve maturity wise old man she may
physical capabilities,
offer guidance when
it signifies the power
asked
of tranquil thought.
 ARCHETYPES
HERO SELF
the idea we have the image we
of the conqueror
have of fulfillment,
who defeats evil
completion, and
but suffers from
perfection.
one fatal
imperfection.
 DYNAMICS
OF
PERSONALITY
 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Causality – holds that present events have their origin in

previous experiences.

Teleology - holds that present events are motivated by

goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s
destiny.
 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Causality and Teleology

Jung's insistence on balance is seen is seen in his
conception of dreams. He agreed with Freud that many
dreams spring from the past events; that is, they are
caused by earlier experiences. On the other hand, Jung
claimed that some dreams can help a person make
decisions about the future, just as dreams of making
important discoveries in the natural sciences eventually led
to his own career choice.
 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Progression and Regression

To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to

their outside environmentbut their inner world as well.
Adaptation to the outside world involves the forwardflow
of psychic energy and is called progression, whereas
adaptation to the innerworld relies on a backward flow of
psychic energy and is called regression. Both progression
and regression are essential if people are to achieve
individualgrowth of self-realization.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
TYPES
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

In addition to the levels of the psyche and the dynamics of

personality, Jung identified various psychological types
that emerge from the union of two basic attitudes—
introversion and extraversion—and four distinct functions—
thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

ATTITUDES

Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react

in a predictable manner. He insisted that everyone has
both an introverted and an extraverted personality, though
one may be conscious while the other is not.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

• Introversion

Introversion is the inward turning of psychic energy with a

subjective orientation. Introverts are tuned in to their inner
world, complete with biases, fantasies, dreams, and unique
perceptions. Of course, these people perceive the outside
world, but they do so selectively and subjectively.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

• Extraversion

It is an attitude distinguished by the turning outward of

psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the
objective and away from the subjective.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

FUNCTIONS

Introversion and extraversion can combine to form eight

possible orientations, or types, based on four functions:
sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuition. Sensing tells
people that something exists, thinking helps them
recognize its meaning, feeling tells them its value or worth,
and intuition allows them to know about it without
knowing how they know.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
• Thinking – Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas.

• Feeling – To describe the process of evaluating an idea or event.

Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term less likely to
be confused with either sensing or intuiting.

• Sensing – The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits

them to perceptual consciousness.

• Intuition – involves perception beyond the workings of

consciousness. Like sensing, it is based on the perception of absolute
elementary facts, ones that provide the raw material for thinking and
feeling.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
PERSONALITY
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Jung classified life stages into four broad categories:

childhood, youth, middle life, and old age. He likened life's
journey to the journey of the sun through the sky, with the
brightness of the sun representing consciousness.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

CHILDHOOD

The early morning sun represents childhood, full of

potential but lacking in brilliance (consciousness). Jung
divided childhood into three sub stages: (1) the anarchic,
(2) the monarchic, and (3) the dualistic.
 CHILDHOOD
• The Anarchic Phase – The chaotic and sporadic consciousness characterizes
the anarchic phase. There may be "islands of consciousness," but there is
little or no connection between them. Anarchic experiences can sometimes
enter consciousness as primitive images that cannot be accurately
verbalized.

• The Monarchic Phase – The monarchic phase of childhood is characterized

by the development of the ego and the beginning of logical and verbal
thinking. During this time, children see themselves objectively and refer to
themselves in the third person.

• The Dualistic Phase – The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase
of childhood, when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

YOUTH

The morning sun represents youth, climbing toward the zenith but
unaware of the impending decline. Youth is the period from puberty
to middle life when young people strive to gain independence, find a
mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world. Jung argued that
youth is a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing
consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood
is gone forever. The major difficulty facing youth is to overcome the
tendency to cling to the narrow consciousness of childhood and avoid
problems pertinent to the present time. This is known as the
conservative principle.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

MIDDLE LIFE

- The early afternoon sun represents middle life, brilliant like the late
morning sun but clearly headed for sunset;
- Jung believed that middle life begins at age 35 or 40, when the sun
has passed its zenith and begins its downward descent.
- People who have lived youth by neither childish nor middle-aged
values are well prepared to advance to middle life and live fully during
that stage. They must look forward to the future with hope and
anticipation, surrender the lifestyle of youth, and discover new
meaning in middle life. This step often involves a mature religious
orientation, especially a belief in some sort of life after death.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

OLD AGE

- The evening sun represents old age, its once bright consciousness
now markedly dimmed.
- Jung's patients were middle aged or older and often suffered from a
backward orientation, clinging to goals and lifestyles of the past and
going through the motions of life aimlessly. He treated them by
helping them establish new goals and find meaning in living by first
finding meaning in death. He used dream interpretation to determine
their unconscious attitudes toward death and to help them discover a
meaningful philosophy of life.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

SELF-REALIZATION

- Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or individuation, is the

process of becoming an individual or whole person .

- Analytical psychology is a psychology of opposites, and self-realization

is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single
homogeneous individual. This process of "coming to selfhood" implies
that a person's psychological components are all working together in
harmony, with no psychic process atrophying.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

SELF-REALIZATION
- It is extremely rare and is achieved only by people who are able to
assimilate their unconscious into their total personality.
- The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to become the
core of personality to achieve a balance between all aspects of
personality. To expand consciousness is to inflate the ego and produce a
one-sided person lacking the soul spark of personality.

- Self-realized people are aware of the regressive process that leads to

self-discovery and welcome unconscious images as potential material
for new psychic life. They allow the unconscious self to become the core
of personality, achieving a balance between all aspects of personality.
JUNG’S METHOD
OF
INVESTIGATION
JUNG’S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
·Jung looked beyond psychology to build his
conception of humanity, exploring sociology, history,
anthropology, biology, physics, philology, religion,
mythology, and philosophy. He believed that the
study of personality was not the prerogative of any
single discipline and that the whole person could be
understood only by pursuing knowledge wherever it
existed.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

WORD ASSOCIATION
- Jung was not the first to use the word association test

- His original purpose in using the word association test was to

demonstrate the validity of Freud’s hypothesis that the unconscious
operates as an autonomous process. However, the basic purpose of the
test in Jungian psychology today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
WORD ASSOCIATION
- The word association test is based on the principle that complexes
create measurable emotional responses

- Jung typically used a list of about 100 stimulus words chosen and
arranged to elicit an emotional reaction. He instructed the person to
respond to each stimulus word with the first word that came to mind.
Jung recorded each verbal response, time taken to make a response,
rate of breathing, and galvanic skin response. Usually, he would repeat
the experiment to determine test-retest consistency
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
DREAM ANALYSIS
- ·Jung agreed with Freud that dreams have meaning and should be
taken seriously. However, he objected to Freud's notion that nearly all
dreams are wish fulfilments and that most dream symbols represent
sexual urges. He believed that people used symbols to represent a
variety of concepts, and that dreams are our unconscious attempt to
understand the unknowable and comprehend a reality that can only be
expressed symbolically.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
DREAM ANALYSIS
- Jungian dream interpretation is used to uncover elements from the
personal and collective unconscious and - integrate them into
consciousness to facilitate the process of self-realization.

- Jung felt that certain dreams offered proof for the existence of the
collective unconscious. These dreams included big dreams, which have
special meaning for all people; typical dreams, which are common to
most people; and earliest dreams remembered.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
DREAM ANALYSIS
- Active imagination was a technique Jung used during his own self-
analysis as well as with many of his patients.

- This method requires a person to begin with an impression and follow

it to wherever it leads. They must then face and communicate with
these autonomous images.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
DREAM ANALYSIS
- Active imagination is a technique used to reveal archetypal images
from the unconscious. It has an advantage over dream analysis in that its
images are produced during a conscious state of mind, making them
clearer and more reproducible. The feeling tone is also specific, making
it easy to reproduce and remember.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
PSYCHOTHERAPHY
- Jung identified four basic approaches to therapy, representing four
developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy.

- Jung identified four basic approaches to therapy, representing four

developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy. The first is
confession of a pathogenic secret, followed by interpretation,
explanation, and elucidation. Freud's approach gives patients insight
into the causes of their neuroses, but may still leave them incapable of
solving social problems. Adler's approach includes education of patients
as social beings, but often leaves them socially well adjusted.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
PSYCHOTHERAPHY
- Jung proposed a fourth stage of therapy, transformation, to help
patients move toward individuation, wholeness, or self-realization. This is
especially applicable to those in the second half of life, who are
concerned with realization of the inner self, moral and religious
problems, and finding a unifying philosophy of life.

- ·Jungian therapy purpose is to seeks to help neurotic patients become

healthy by using dream analysis and active imagination to discover
unconscious material and balance it with their conscious attitude. Jung
also recognized the process of countertransference, a term used to
describe a therapist’s feelings toward the patient.
 JUNG'S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
PSYCHOTHERAPHY
- Jungian psychotherapy has many goals and techniques, and the self-
realized person is able to assimilate much of the unconscious self into
consciousness while still being aware of potential dangers.
RELATED RESEARCH
 RELATED RESEARCH

PERSONALITY TYPE AND LEADERSHIP

- The MBTI is widely used in organizational behavior research,
particularly in leadership and managerial behaviors. Effective managers
tend to prefer thinking over feeling and judging over perceiving, which
are considered "leadership material."

- A study of Finnish business students and managers found that feeling

types were overrepresented among business students compared to
managers. This suggests a new type of profile emerging in the business
world, characterized by qualities like encouraging participation,
consensus building, and compassionate placement during decision-
making processes.
 RELATED RESEARCH

PERSONALITY TYPE AND LEADERSHIP

- This may lead to new workplaces demanding leaders who motivate
teams like coaches, a style suited to the feeling function.
 RELATED RESEARCH

PERSONALITY TYPE AMONG CLERGY AND

CHURCHGOERS

- Research on Jungian personality types in the psychology of religion has

shown that there are differences in attitudes and values among different
groups, including clergy, churchgoers, and the general population.

- Studies have compared the personality profiles of clergymen,

clergywomen, churchgoers, and the general population, using
instruments like the MBTI and the Francis Psychological Type Scale.
 RELATED RESEARCH

PERSONALITY TYPE AMONG CLERGY AND

CHURCHGOERS
- One study found that there were preferences for sensing and judging
functions among clergy in Australia, England, and New Zealand. Another
study found that lay church leaders and congregations have similar
psychological type profiles, with a preference for sensing over intuition,
feeling over thinking, and judging over perceiving.

- However, male lay leaders showed clear preferences for introversion

and thinking over feeling. This research provides insight into the
psychology of religion and may impact how clergy, lay clergy, and their
congregations relate to one another and their wider non-churchgoing
communities.
 RELATED RESEARCH

A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE

INDICATOR (MBTI)

- MBTI stands for Myers Briggs Type Indicator. This is a tool which is
frequently used to help individuals understand their own
communication preference and how they interact with others. Having an
awareness of what MBTI is can help you adapt your interpersonal
approach to different situations and audiences.
CRITRIQUE OF JUNG
 CRITIQUE OF JUNG

WEAKNESS
His approach was disorganized and placed an excessive amount of
focus on mysticism, spiritualism, occultism, and religion.

Jung's theory has come under criticism for being inconsistent,

unclear, unscientific, and contradicting.

His theory of self-actualization was criticized for being elitist, since it

was thought that only extremely brilliant, well-educated people with
lots of free time could achieve the level of individualism required for
self-actualization.
 CRITIQUE OF JUNG

STRENGTHS
Being the first theory to address the process of self-actualization was
his.

His research was the first to highlight how crucial the future is in
shaping people's actions.

He emphasized the significance of life's meaning and purpose.

He emphasized that the pursuit of self-hood is the primary driving

force behind human activity.
THANK YOU!