POWER TRANSMISSION

TECHNOLOGIES
ALEJANDRO ALJURE

References: ICAM “EN - MEC - o1.2 - EXP5 - Lectures_Chapters_1 to 6”

https://algebralinealblog.home.blog/
 Course outline
Topics:
1. Transmission chain – basic elements
2. Gears
3. Shafts
4. Bearings and assemblies
5. Belts and chains

Class time: 5h TE
6h TD
2h TP
2h Exam

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Transmission chain
B A S IC E LE ME N TS

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Transmission chain
•Power: 𝑡𝑓
𝑑𝑊
➢Time rate of change of work 𝑃= = 𝑊ሶ 𝑊 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
𝑑𝑊 𝑊
➢If power is constant (or average): 𝑃= ≈
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡

•Mechanical Power: 𝑑𝑊 𝑑
𝑃= = 𝐹Ԧ ∙ 𝑑Ԧ ≈ 𝐹Ԧ ∙ 𝑣Ԧ
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Force is instantaneous (constant)

𝑟Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ
𝑃 = 𝐹Ԧ ∙ 𝑣Ԧ ∙ = 𝐹Ԧ ∙ 𝑟Ԧ ∙ = 𝑇 ∙ 𝜔
𝑟Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ
Torque (N/m)

Angular velocity (rad/s)

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 Transmission chain
•Power:
➢Example of power on everyday objects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(power)

Object Power (order of magnitude)

PIC Microcontroller in “sleep” mode 2-15 nW
Wireless router antenna 7 cW = 70 mW
LED light bulb 7W
Peak bicycle sprint output 900 W (normal) – 2 kW (athlete)
Wind turbine 2 - 8 MW
Boeing 747 airplane 140 MW
Power plants 0,5 - 22,5 GW

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https://www.freeiconspng.com/images/checkmark-png
Transmission chain
•Transmission:
➢Gearbox

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Transmission chain
•Transmission: 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

➢Gearbox 𝜔𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜔𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

▪ Block diagram
Motor 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 Gearbox 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃 =𝑇∙𝜔

Pinput Poutput

▪ Efficiency

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜔𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

η= =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜔𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

≈ 95% for a gearbox

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 Transmission chain
•Drive chain:
➢Several connected transmission devices
➢Elements in a transmission device:
▪ Gears, belts, chains, joints, couplings, bearings, etc.

𝜔𝑚 𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔3

Motor 𝑇𝑚 Transmission 1 𝑇1 Transmission 2 𝑇2 Transmission 3 𝑇3

Pm P1 P2 P3

▪ Total efficiency Eco-design: To reduce losses,

reduce the number of
transmission elements
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Gears
P IN IO NS, T O O T H ING , G E A R R A T IO

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 Gears
•Gear: Wheel

➢Rotating circular element with teeth Pinion

➢First gears: 4th century BC (in China)

➢Pinion (small) – wheel (large)

➢Internal – external gears

Internal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Types of toothing

➢Spur (or straight-cut)

➢Simple, most common
➢No axial forces
➢Noisy

➢Conical
➢Perpendicular shafts

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Types of toothing
➢Helical
➢Less noise and stresses at
high speeds
➢Axial forces
➢Parallel or perpendicular
shafts

➢Double helical
➢“Herringbone”
➢No axial forces
➢Complex manufacturing

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Types of toothing
➢Worm and wheel
➢Perpendicular drive axes
➢High gear ratio, small volume
➢Irreversible if the helix angle
is less than 6° Gear ratio =
(# of teeth in wheel) to 1

Gate control
String instruments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive
 Gears
•Types of toothing

➢Bevel
➢Conical shape
➢Perpendicular shafts

➢Spiral bevel (or helical)

➢Hypoid
(axes don’t intersect)

❖Car differential transmission

https://www.tec-science.com/mechanical-power-transmission/planetary-gear/how-does-a-differential-gear-work/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Types of toothing

➢Rack and pinion

➢Conical shape
➢Perpendicular shafts
❖Car steering

➢Epicyclic
➢Sun and planets
➢Parallel shafts
➢Compact
❖Automatic transmissions

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Theory

• Pitch circle or primitive circle (where they come

in contact)
• Circular pitch must be the same in both gears!

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Theory
➢N: number of teeth
➢C: pitch circumference
➢d: pitch diameter

𝐶
➢Circular pitch: 𝑝=
𝑁

𝑑 𝑝
➢Module: 𝑚= =
𝑁 𝜋

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
v,F
•Theory
At the contact point:
r2
➢Equal velocity
r1
𝑟2 𝜔1
𝑣 = 𝜔1 𝑟1 = 𝜔2 𝑟2 =
𝑟1 𝜔2 𝜔1
𝜔2

➢Equal force
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑟2 𝑇2
𝐹= = =
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑇1

𝑟2 𝜔1 𝑇2
= = 𝑇2 𝜔2 = 𝑇1 𝜔1 𝑃2 = 𝑃1
𝑟1 𝜔2 𝑇1 𝑟2 𝑑1 TRANSMISSION RATIO
= (OR GEAR RATIO)
POWER IS CONSERVED 𝑟1 𝑑2

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Spur
 Gears
•Theory
➢Involute gears
• Force is tangent to the base circle
• Smooth transfer of force and higher efficiency
• Pressure angle θ

Non-involute gear
https://www.tec-science.com/mechanical-power-transmission/involute-gear/meshing-line-action-contact-pitch-circle-law/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involute_gear
 Gears
•Class work: Car transmission
For the car of your choice:
1. Gearbox: Find the gear ratios for the different gears.
2. Differential: Find the gear ratio in the differential.
3. If the car engine is running at 4000 RPM and 250 Nm
of torque, determine the speed and torque of the car
at each gear.
4. Estimate the efficiency of the transmission chain.
https://www.angelfire.com/retro2/kalyz_elysyrus/differentialswhyneedit.html

𝜔𝑚 𝜔1 𝜔2

Motor 𝑇𝑚 Gearbox 𝑇1 Differential 𝑇2

Pm P1 P2

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/hyundai-alloy-car-wheel-20500125988.html 20