Lesson 2: Integration Rules for Transcendental Functions

OBJECTIVES
2.1 Use integration rules to find
antiderivatives of
INTEGRATION RULES FOR
trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions.
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
LESSON 2

In the previous lessons, we discussed about basic rules of integrals and

integration of algebraic and exponential function by substitutions. What are
the integration rules for trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric
functions?

Integration Rules for Trigonometric Functions

In the first lesson, we discussed integration by substitution. It is about finding the
integral of a composite function where one function is expressed in terms of another
function 𝑢. In this lesson, another integration by substitution will be discussed which
will be the integration rules for trigonometric function and inverse trigonometric
functions.

Below are formulas for the integrals of trigonometric functions. Notice that like all other
formulas discussed on the previous lessons, these formulas can easily be verified by
differentiating its right sides.

Let 𝑢 be a function and 𝐶 be any constant.

I 5: ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
I 6: ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
I 7: ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
I 8: ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
I 9: ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
I10: ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
I11: ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
I12: ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
I13: ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝐶
I14: ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢| + 𝐶

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 Lesson 2: Integration Rules for Transcendental Functions

Example 2.1: Determine the integrals of the following functions.

a. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
c. ∫ 𝑥 sin(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
d. ∫ sec 2 5𝑧 𝑑𝑧
e. ∫ csc 2 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
f. ∫ sec 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
g. ∫ 𝑥 csc 3𝑥 2 cot 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
tan(ln 𝑥)
h. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution:
a. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b. ∫ sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦

c. ∫ 𝑥 sin(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

d. ∫ sec 2 5𝑧 𝑑𝑧

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 Lesson 2: Integration Rules for Transcendental Functions

e. ∫ csc 2 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

f. ∫ sec 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

g. ∫ 𝑥 csc 3𝑥 2 cot 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

tan(ln 𝑥)
h. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

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 Lesson 2: Integration Rules for Transcendental Functions

Integration Rules for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions fall into three pairs. In each pair, the
derivative of one function is the negative of the other. For example,
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
[arcsin 𝑥] = and [arcos 𝑥] = − .
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
When listing the antiderivative that corresponds to each of the inverse trigonometric functions, you
need to use only one member from each pair. It is conventional to use arcsin 𝑥 as the derivative of
1
, rather than − arccos 𝑥. The next set of integration rules gives one antiderivative formula for
√1−𝑥 2
each of the three pairs.

Let 𝑢 be a function, 𝑎 > 0 and 𝐶 be any constant.

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
I15: ∫ 2 2 = arcsin 𝑎 + 𝐶
√𝑎 −𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
I16: ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 arctan 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
I17: ∫ 𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 = 𝑎 arcsec 𝑎 + 𝐶
Example 2.2: Determine the integrals of the following functions.
𝑑𝑥
a. ∫ √4−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 2+9𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
c. ∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 −9
𝑑𝑧
d. ∫ 𝑧 5+9𝑧 4
cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
e. ∫
sin 𝜃√sin2 𝜃−10

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
a. ∫ √4−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 2+9𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥
c. ∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 −9

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 Lesson 2: Integration Rules for Transcendental Functions

𝑑𝑧
d. ∫ 𝑧 5+9𝑧 4

cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
e. ∫
sin 𝜃√sin2 𝜃−10

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 Lesson 2: Integration Rules for Transcendental Functions

Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ csc 2(3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫(tan 4𝑥 − sec 3𝑥 tan 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑦
5. ∫
√16−9𝑦 4
𝑒𝑥
6. ∫
√1−𝑒 2𝑥
sin 𝑥
7. ∫ 25+cos2 𝑥

Dela Cruz, Perla S. et.al., (2018). Basic Calculus: C&E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City,
Philippines.
Lim, Yvette F., (2016). Basic Calculus: Sibs Publishing House, Philippines.

Panopio F. (2012). Simplified Integral Calculus. Batangas City, Philippines: Feliber

Publishing House.

Module Author / Curator : Mr. Eugene E. Mendoza

Template & Layout Designer : Miss Maryrose Lizette A. Reyes
Miss Sherline A. Villanueva
Miss Jessa C. Luansing

13 | MATHEMATICS 12-A