Lesson 3: Integration Rules for Hyperbolic Functions

OBJECTIVES
3.1 Use integration rules to find
antiderivatives of hyperbolic
INTEGRATION RULES FOR
functions.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
3.2 Use special technique of integration
to determine the antiderivative of
improper rational functions. LESSON 3

In the previous lessons, we discussed about the integration rules for some
transcendental functions such as exponential, trigonometric, and inverse
trigonometric functions but there is one special class of exponential function, that
is hyperbolic functions. What are the integration rules for hyperbolic
functions?

Definition of Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1
sinh 𝑥 = 2
csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1
cosh 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 =
2 cosh 𝑥

sinh 𝑥 1
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 = 𝑥≠0
cosh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

The functions sinh 𝑥 can be read as “the hyperbolic sine of 𝑥”, cosh 𝑥 as “the
hyperbolic cosine of 𝑥. The graphs of the six hyperbolic functions and their domain
and ranges are shown in the following figures below. Note that the graph of sinh 𝑥
can be obtained by adding the corresponding y-coordinates of the exponential
1 1
functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 . Likewise, the graph of cosh 𝑥 can be
obtained by adding the corresponding y-coordinates of the exponential functions
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 .

Hyperbolic Identities
Many of the trigonometric identities have corresponding identities. For instance,
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 2
cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = ( 2
) − ( 2
)
𝑒 2𝑥 +2+𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 −2+𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4
− 4
4
=
4
=1
and

14 | MATHEMATICS 12-A
 Lesson 3: Integration Rules for Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = 2 ( )( )
2 2
𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥
= 2
= sinh 2𝑥
Here are some hyperbolic identities:
cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1 sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
tanh2 𝑥 + sech2 𝑥 = 1 sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
coth2 𝑥 − csch2 𝑥 = 1 cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
−1+cosh 2𝑥 1+cosh 2𝑥
sinh2 𝑥 = 2
cosh2 𝑥 = 2
sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 2𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
2

Integration Rules for Hyperbolic Functions

Let 𝑢 be a function and 𝐶 be any constant.
I18: ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
I19: ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶
I20: ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶
I21: ∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −coth 𝑢 + 𝐶
I22: ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶
I23: ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csch 𝑢 + 𝐶
Example 3.1: Determine the integrals of the following functions.
a. ∫ cosh 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
b. ∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ 𝑥 sinh(3𝑥 2 − 11) 𝑑𝑥
d. ∫ cosh 2𝑥 sinh2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
e. ∫ 𝑥 csch2 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
cosh 𝑥
f. ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a. ∫ cosh 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

b. ∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c. ∫ 𝑥 sinh(3𝑥 2 − 11) 𝑑𝑥

15 | MATHEMATICS 12-A
 Lesson 3: Integration Rules for Hyperbolic Functions

d. ∫ cosh 2𝑥 sinh2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
e. ∫ 𝑥 csch2 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

cosh 𝑥
f. ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A Special Technique of Integration for Improper Rational Functions

𝑃(𝑥)
When the integrand is an improper rational function, it is in the form of 𝑄(𝑥) where 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥)
are polynomial functions and the degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is greater than or equal to 𝑄(𝑥), then we divide
first 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑄(𝑥) first before using any integration rules and properties.

Example 3.2: Determine the integrals of the following functions.

5𝑥
a. ∫ 2𝑥+9 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥 2 −6
b. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4
𝑒 2𝑥 +1
c. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +1
𝑦 2 +2𝑦+1
d. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 +1
Solution:
5𝑥
a. ∫ 2𝑥+9 𝑑𝑥

16 | MATHEMATICS 12-A
 Lesson 3: Integration Rules for Hyperbolic Functions

𝑥 2 +3𝑥 2 −6
b. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4

𝑒 2𝑥 +1
c. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +1

𝑦 2 +2𝑦+1
d. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 +1

17 | MATHEMATICS 12-A
 Lesson 3: Integration Rules for Hyperbolic Functions

Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫ sinh(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cosh √𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
sinh 𝑥
3. ∫ 1+sinh2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 4 +𝑦 3 −2
4. ∫ 𝑦2 +5 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥+1
5. ∫ 𝑥 2 +9 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
6. ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥

Dela Cruz, Perla S. et.al., (2018). Basic Calculus: C&E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City,
Philippines.
Lim, Yvette F., (2016). Basic Calculus: Sibs Publishing House, Philippines.

Panopio F. (2012). Simplified Integral Calculus. Batangas City, Philippines: Feliber

Publishing House.

Module Author / Curator : Mr. Eugene E. Mendoza

Template & Layout Designer : Miss Maryrose Lizette A. Reyes
Miss Sherline A. Villanueva
Miss Jessa C. Luansing

18 | MATHEMATICS 12-A