ME 324 HW#6

1. Suppose an experiment is conducted as follows: Water at 20ºC enters a smooth tube, 0.01 m in
(inner) diameter and 6 m in length, with the mass flow rate of 0.010 kg/s. A constant heat flux of
500 W is imposed to the tube and the outside tube wall is thermally insulated from the
atmosphere. During the experiment, the tube wall temperature at the exit is measured to be 40ºC.
Determine the Nusselt number at the exit obtained during the experiment. In addition, indicate in
your PDF whether the flow is fully developed at the exit or not.
Assume that water properties are almost constant at the following values: Cp = 4180 J/kg·K, μ =
1.000×10-3 kg/m·s, k = 0.600 W/mºC and Pr = 7.00. The tolerance of your answer is 2%.

q  m C p (Tb 2  Tb1 )
500  (0.01)( 4180)(Tb 2  20)
Tb 2  31.96 ºC
4m (4)(0.01)
Re d    1273 laminar
d  (0.01)(0.001)
q  h (dL )(Tw 2  Tb 2 )
500  h ( )(0.01)(6)(40  31.96)
h  329.9
hd (329.9)(0.01)
Nu    5.50
k 0.6
1 1 L
Gzd   0.0673 which is greater than 0.05. Therefore, it is fully developed.
Re d Pr d
2. Glycerin whose properties are Pr = 7610, ρ = 1260 kg/m3, μ = 0.934 Ps·s and k = 0.292 W/m°C
enters a tube, 5.0 mm in diameter and 0.4 m in length. The glycerin mean temperature at the tube
inlet is 25°C and the tube wall temperature is maintained to be constant at 80°C. The mean flow
velocity is 0.2 m/s. As a first approximation, the properties are assumed to be constant. Calculate
the total heat transfer rate in [W] from the tube to the glycerin. (Note that the thermal entry length
may be assumed because fluid has high Pr.) Use the log-mean temperature difference. The tolerance
of your answer is 5%.

   
m    d 2 V  1260 0.0052 (0.2)  4.948 10  3 kg/s
 4   4 
Pr k
Cp  = 2379 J/kg K.
μ
Vd (1260)(0.2)(0.005)
Re d    1.349 laminar
 0.934
1 1 L 1 0 .4
Gzd    0.007793 which is smaller than 0.05.
Re d Pr d (1.349)(7610) 0.005
Gz d  128.3
Therefore, it is a developing flow.
Use Hausen’s correlation for the thermal entrance length at the constant surface temperature
condition.
0.0668Gzd
N ud  3.66   7.908
1  0.04Gzd2 / 3
k 0.292
h Nud  7.908  461 .8 W/m2 K.
d 0.005
Using the average mean temperature,
 T  Tb 2 
q  m C p (Tb 2  Tb1 )  h A Tw  b1 
 2 
 25  Tb2 
(0.004948)( 2379)(Tb 2  25)  ( 461.8) (0.005)(0.4) 80  
 2 
Tb 2  37.07 °C
q = 142.1 W
Using the log-mean temperature difference,
q  m C p (Tb2  Tb1 )  h AΔTlm
ΔTlm  (Tw  Tb1 )  (Tw  Tb 2 ) / ln(Tw  Tb1 ) /(Tw  Tb 2 )
q  m C p (Tb 2  Tb1 )  h ATb 2  Tb1 / ln(Tw  Tb1 ) /(Tw  Tb 2 )
m C p  h A / ln(Tw  Tb1 ) /(Tw  Tb2 )
ln(Tw  Tb1 ) /(Tw  Tb 2 )   h A /( m C p )
ln(80  25) /(80  Tb 2 )  (461.8) (0.005)(0.4) /(0.004948) /(2379)  0.2465
Tb 2  37.02 °C
q = 141.5 W
3. Air at 15°C and 1 atm enters a 0.12-m diameter and 5-m long pipe at a rate of 0.06 kg/s. The inner
surface of the pipe is smooth and the pipe wall is heated at constant heat flux of 500 W/m2. Find
the wall temperature at the exit in [ºC]. (You may need iterations to find proper air properties.) The
tolerance of your answer is 5%.

Assuming the average mean temperature of 300 K, the properties of air are
  1.1614 kg/m 3
k  0.0263 W/m.C
  1.846  10 -5 Ns/m 2
  1.589  10 -5 m 2 /s
c p  1007 J/kg. C
Pr  0.707
4 m (4)(0.06)
Re    34486
d  (0.12)(1.846 10 5 )
Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
Lh  Lt  10d  (10)(0.12 m)  1.2 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow at the exit.
Nu d  0.023 Re 0d.8 Pr 0.4  (0.023)(34486) 0.8 (0.707)0.4  85.43
k 0.0263
h Nu d  (85.43)  18.72 W/m 2 .C
d 0.12 m
q  m C P (Tm,o  Tm,i )
 (0.12)(5)(500)  (0.06)(1007)(Tm,o  15)
Tm,o  30.60
q  h (Ts, o  Tm, o )
500  (18.72)(Ts, o  30.60)
Ts, o  57.31
Average mean temperature = (Tm.i  Tm,o ) / 2  (15  57.31) / 2  36.15 ºC = 309.3 K
This is close to the initial guess of the average mean temperature.
4. A flat plate, 1 m by 1 m, is exposed to stationary water at 298 K. One surface of the plate is
maintained at 302 K and the other surface is insulated. The plate is positioned horizontally with
the heated surface facing upward. Determine the heat transfer rate [in watt] from the plate to water.
The tolerance of your answer is 5%.

The film temperature is (298+302)/2 = 300 K.

At 300 K,
  855  106
k  0.613
Pr  5.83
  1 / v  997
v = μ / ρ = 8.576  107 m2/s
β = 2.761  104

Horizontal plate
Lc  A / P  (1.0)(1.0) /(1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0)  0.25
gTL3c (9.81)(2.761104 )(302  298)(0.25)3
GrLc    2.302 108
2 (8.576 10 7 ) 2
RaLc  GrLc Pr  1.342 109

N u L  0.15 Ra1L/ 3  165.5

k 0.613
h N uL  165.5  405.8 W/m2 K
Lc 0.25
Qtotal  h A(Tw  T )
 ( 405.8)(1.0  1.0)(302  298)
 1623 W
5. A steam pipe, 60 m in length and 0.05 m in outer diameter, is horizontally placed in the surrounding
air at 10ºC. The surface temperature of the pipe is measured to be at 144ºC. In addition, the
emissivity of the outer surface of the pipe is estimated to be 0.7 due to the oxidization of the surface.
Determine the rate of heat loss in [W] from the steam pipe, assuming the temperature of the
surrounding surfaces to be 10ºC. (The tolerance of your answer is 6%.)

d  0 .05 m
Ts  144 ºC = 417 K
T  10 ºC = 283 K
Tsurroundings  10 ºC = 283 K
  0 .7
_________________________________________________________________________________
T f  (Ts  T ) / 2  (144  10) / 2  77 ºC = 350 K
ν = 2.092 × 10-5 m2/s
k = 0.0300 W/mºC
Pr = 0.700
1
(9.81) (144  10)(0.05)3
g (Ts  T ) d 3 350
Rad  Grd Pr  Pr  (0.700)  7.51  10 5
2 (2.092  10 5 ) 2
Nud  0.480Rad0.250  14.1
2
h d  0.387 Ra1d/ 6 
Compare with Nu d   0.60    13.4
k  
1  0.559 / Pr 
9 / 16 8 / 27
 
k 0.0300
h  Nu d  (13.4)  8.04
d 0.05
q  h (d )(Ts  T )   (d )(Ts4  Tsur
4
)
 (8.04) (0.05)(60)(144  10)  (5.67 10 8 )(0.7 ) (0.05)(60)( 417 4  2834 )
 10154  8912  19066 W