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present in all works of literature used by the author to embellish the story and
“decorate” the elements%

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LITERARY ELEMENTS – Necessary in all Literary Texts
Characterization All the methods used by an author to develop a character.

Direct Characterization A description of the character’s personality, appearance or physical traits.

Indirect Shows character traits through actions, dialogue or thoughts without saying it directly
Characterization
Subject The topic of a text that can be summed up in 1-2 words
Conflict The struggle between the opposing forces on which the action depends.
Point of View The mode of narration of the story.
Mood The emotion the audience experiences because of the text.
Tone The speaker’s attitude towards his/her subject.
Setting The time, place, physical details and circumstances in which a story takes place.
Exposition The introduction of characters and setting.
Rising Action The introduction and development of conflict.
Plot Climax The point of the story where the major conflict is tackled head-on.
Falling Action The events that result from the climax.
Denouement
Resolution The resolution/final conflict of the story where the outcome is final.
LITERARY DEVICES - Used to decorate or add “color” to the ele m ents, NOT necessary to text
Diction The words an author chooses to use to convey their ideas.
The cultural or emotional meaning attached to a word / the good or bad feeling
Connotation
associated with a word.
An observation about “the way things are” that they author is conveying to the reader
Theme
through the content of the story
a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature. A motif may also be two
Motif
contrasting elements in a work, such as good and evil.
Simile A comparison between 2 dissimilar objects or ideas using "like" or "as."
Metaphor A comparison between two things without using “like” or “as.”
Hyperbole Exaggerations used for emphasis or effect.
Imagery Figurative language which appeals to any of the five senses.
Symbolism The use of an object to represent another object or a larger idea.
Foreshadowing A hint about plot developments that will come later in the story.
Personification The attribution of human characteristics to animals or non-living things.
Repetition The repeating of a word within a sentence or passage for emphasis.
a device in which characters or events in a story, poem, or picture represent or
Allegory
symbolize ideas and concepts
A poetic device used to address absent or imaginary people/objects as if they were
Apostrophe
present or alive and able to respond.
a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or a representation of, people, places,
Allusion
events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication.
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