MINI PROJECT – GROUP WORK

FACULTY:
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (ENVIRONMENT)

COURSE:
CEV 421: INTRODUCTION TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

PREPARED BY:
WAN AHMAD IRFAN BIN WAN ISMAIL (2022457732)
MUHAMMAD NAZMI ZUHAILI BIN IBRAHIM (2022875952)
AMIR HAZIM BIN MD YUSOF (2022838782)
MUHAMMAD AFIQ AIMAN BIN JAMALUDDIN (2022699976)

CLASS GROUP:
PEH2253C1

PREPARED FOR:
DR. WAN ZURAIDA BINTI WAN KAMIS

DATE SUBMITTED:
20 JANUARY 2023
Task 1:

By referring to previous 5-10 years data, which is collected from the local authority in your area, analyse
the trend of population versus wastes generation.

Solid waste is defined as waste in a solid condition, which may be solid, liquid as sludge or as a free
chemical phase, or non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that
contain complex and often dangerous compounds. Humans, plants, and animals all contribute to the production
of solid waste through their daily activities. The fundamental design and operation of the functional aspects
involved with the management of solid wastes requires an understanding of the many types and sources of solid
wastes, as well as the data pertaining to composition and the rate of development. The rate at which solid waste
is generated is the most significant characteristic that must be established before the design of management and
subsystems can begin. Generally speaking, the amount of solid waste is measured in terms of its generation rate,
such as the amount of waste produced by each individual on a daily basis.

Year Population Waste Generation

2011 940,120 401319.55

2012 926340 383196.06

2013 948560 427706.21

2014 970780 434706.21

2015 993000 440460.4

2016 1016000 434008.51

2017 1039000 453033.17

2018 1062000 476991.69

Table 1: Waste generation against population each year

 600000

500000

Waste Generation
400000

300000

200000

100000

0
940,120 926340 948560 970780 993000 1016000 1039000 1062000
Seberang Perai Populations

Figure 1: Graph of Waste generation against population each year (2011-2018)

The value of the human population in an area is a factor that influences the amount of waste that is
generated in that place. Based on Figure 1, the quantity of waste produced in Seberang Perai rises in proportion
to the expanding human population there. The quantity of waste produced is still growing at a rate that is
proportional to the level of income, and the economic and environmental expenses connected with landfilling are
also rising. As a result, there is an urgent requirement to hasten the process of eventually delinking by
implementing rules at each and every stage of waste production and disposal (Massimiliano Mazzanti, 2008 ).

There is no indication that the rate at which waste is produced has slowed down significantly over the past
few decades anywhere in the world. This is due to a wide range of elements, one of which is culture, which, in
turn, is influenced by geographical location, and both the amount generated and the collection operation. When it
comes to the efficient operation of the solid waste management system (SWMS), one of the most critical criteria
is the accurate recognition of the amount of garbage that is pr oduced (Jalali, 2008). When calculating the amount
of study that needs to be done in the field of machinery, onsite storage containers, transition stations, disposal
capacity, and suitable organisation, having knowledge of the quantity of generation can be extremely helpful.
Therefore, a company with good knowledge bout solid waste management is essential to solve this problem.
Task 2:

Analyse the recyclable wastes (ton/day) as discarded from the collection area which covered by the local
authorities in your area.

Note: Refer Table 1 for the weight composition and the discarded data can be attained from the local authorities
in your area.

Recyclable waste Weight (ton/day)

Paper 175.11

Tetra pack 7.45

Plastic film 245.81

Plastic rigid 52.01

Textiles 46.13

Rubber 21.82

Leather 2.22

Glass 44.95

Metal 19.60

Non-recyclable waste Weight (ton/day)

Food / Organic 523.12

Diapers 74.10

Wood 12.94

Garden waste 63.64

Household hazardous waste 6.40

Others 11.63
Task3:

Figure 2 : Block Flow Diagram for Resource Recovery Centre

Waste Separator

From truck deliver waste that consist of recyclable and non-recyclable need to be separate by waste
separator. Utilizing a variety of sorting techniques, automatic waste segregation equipmen t separates organic
material, plastics, and metal. The garbage sorter can be guaranteed to accomplish fully automatic operation,
minimise manual operation errors, reduce labour intensity, and increase working efficiency thanks to the
reasonable construction and setup. Non-recycled items will be discarded, and recycled items will go through the
next process to separate the waste according to size and density.

Screening Separator

Recycling screening is the process of gathering waste materials and classifying them according to the size
of the objects into various grades. The typical components of a screening machine are a drive that vibrates the
recyclables, a screen cloth for separation, and a deck on which the screen cloth is supported. Air and ballistic
screen are to separate waste which is plastic material (light material) and glass bottle (heavy material). H eavy
weight materials are first separated by air shifting; and lightweight materials are put into the ballistic screen. On
other hand, paper and film materials are separated by ascending the paddles at varying speeds in accordance
with their gradability.
 Figure 3 : Ballistic Screen Separator

Magnetic Separator

Separation of magnetic metal from a variety of materials, plastic containers, mixed garbage, or
commingled metals. Electromagnets are used in this procedure to separate ferrous metals from mixed trash.

Figure 4: Magnetic Separator

Optical Separator

Mechanical separators, which are typically tiny, powerful air jets that blast particles off a conveyor belt, are
combined with optical sensors in optical sorting devices. Additionally, optical sorters may distinguish different
materials, such as plastic resins, based on other optical qualities in addition to distinguishin g colour differences
based on visible light.

Figure 5 : Optical Separator

Shredder

All the residues of the recyclable materials like organic, garden waste, wood and textile then enter the
shredder to make the of it become smaller. The materials then go to landfill.

Sample Calculation for the Separation Efficiency with Mass Balance:

Assuming the recovery efficiency is 97% for every process.

Waste Separator (Separation of recyclable and non-recyclable with 97% efficiency):

𝑡𝑜𝑛
∑ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × 97% = 615.1 × 97%

𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 596.65
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑡𝑜𝑛
∑ 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 × 97% = 691.83 × 97%
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 671.08
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Screening (Separation of papers and tetra packs with 97% efficiency):

𝑡𝑜𝑛
175.11 (𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠) + 7.45 (𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠) = 182.56
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛
182.56 × 97% = 177.08
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Magnetic Separator (Separation of metals with 97% efficiency):

𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛
19.60 × 97% = 19.01
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Optic Sensor (Separation of plastics with 98% efficiency):

𝑡𝑜𝑛
245.81 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚) + 52.01 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑) = 297.82
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛
297.82 × 97% = 288.89
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Task 4

Propose and justify any treatment/ recovery/ disposal types for non -recyclable wastes (ton/day) as discarded from
the collection area which covered by the local authorities in your area.

Globally, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) created in metropolitan areas, particularly non-
recyclable waste, is escalating rapidly due to a growing human popu lation and rapid urbanization (Makarichi, L.,
Jutidamrongphan, W., & Techato, K. A., 2018). "Non-recyclable waste" refers to materials that cannot be
processed through the recycling or reuse processes. To properly take care of it, a reliable disposal strategy has
to be implied. The best waste disposal method for non-recyclable waste is waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration. It
is one of the most efficient disposals due to its developed modern technology. Incineration is the high -temperature
burning (rapid oxidation) of a waste. It is also known as controlled–flame combustion or calcination and is a
technology that destroys organic constituents in waste materials. Waste -to-energy incineration helps to reduce
the amount of waste sent to the landfill. First priority of waste incineration is the protection of the environment.
There is no other means in waste management to prevent hazardous organic wastes from entering the
environment and to concentrate heavy metals in small amounts of residues (Brunner, P. H., & Rechberger, H.,
2015).

Some waste components lend themselves well to separate collection, recycling, and biological treatment.
Some are not recyclable and must be disposed of safely. The primary purpose of waste incineration is to
safeguard humans and the environment from the dangers caused by modern anthropogenic metabolism.
Incineration is the most effective method for destroying dangerous organic substances and concentrating toxic
metals in relatively small amounts of filter residues. Modern WTE facilities' combustion conditions ensure the
complete mineralization of organic substances. As a result of advanced Air Pollution Control (APC), the generated
emissions are much below emission requirements. Technologies are available to immobilize incineration leftovers
before disposal (Brunner, P. H., & Rechberger, H., 2015).

In conclusion, modern incineration has seen significant improvement towards an environmentally friendly
waste management method. No other waste treatment method was the subjec t of as much public debate and
regulation. This publicity served as a powerful motivation for advancing incineration technology to its current stage,
where total emissions from WTE plants no longer negatively impact the environment.
Task 5

From the data obtained in Task 1&2, suggest actions/initiatives to reduce the top 3 highest composition
(non-recyclable waste). You can use the information which have been practiced by developed countries as the
reference. Explain the implementation in detail. Then, estimate the percentage reduction as a result of the
implementation.

Based on the table for non-recyclable waste generation, the top three (3) highest generated waste are
food/organic, diapers and garden waste. 523.13 ton of food or organic waste generated per day in local area.
Given that food waste generation is a global concern, this is not unusual. Many affluent nations struggle with the
issue of sanitary and environmental issues brought on by food waste. Taiwan is the finest example of a developed
nation whose management of food waste is regarded as successful (Thi, N. B. D., Kumar, G., & Lin, C. Y., 2015).
Taiwan’s efforts to manage their food waste are categorized into a few responsibilities of party. First, household
responsibility which is the most important factor in Taiwan’s success. They implement four steps in their
household: (1) planned purchase schedule; (2) skills to keep food fresh and longer; (3) understanding family
preferences and leftover management, and (4) sharing additional food and co -procurement and cooking. As the
result, the amount of food waste generated are considerably decrease. Relating to our local concerns, this practise
should be applied since it will benefit everyone. This strategy is expected to reduce food and organic food waste
by 56%, to 294 ton per day.

The most effective strategy to prevent diaper waste is to use cloth diapers. Using cloth diapers is a no-
brainer if you want to reduce waste. However, due to health concerns regarding newborns, parents or babysitters
should know how to change diapers in a sanitary manner. Local region diaper waste generation is anticipated to
decrease to 56 ton per day.

Other than that, garden trash is one of the most abundant waste types in the region. Composting is the
best strategy to minimise this amount. Composting garden trash returns nutrients to the yard and reduces garbage
sent to landfills. Composting reduces the volume of garden waste by 50 to 75 percent. Due to new kinds of bacteria
that cause food-borne illnesses, the use of manure-made compost in vegetable gardens is controversial. By using
this method, it also can increase the income for the gardeners. The garden waste generation is predicted to go
down to 25 ton per day in the local area.
Reference:

1. Massimiliano Mazzanti, Roberto Zoboli, (2008) Waste generation, waste disposal and policy effectiveness:
Evidence on decoupling from the European Union, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 52,
Issue 10. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344908001079
2. Jalali, G. Z. M., & Nouri, R. E. (2008). Prediction of municipal solid waste generation by use of artifici al
neural network: A case study of Mashhad. Retrieved from https://www.sid.ir/paper/300661/en
3. Makarichi, L., Jutidamrongphan, W., & Techato, K. A. (2018). The evolution of waste -to-energy
incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 812-821.
4. Wang, Y., Lai, N., Zuo, J., Chen, G., & Du, H. (2016). Characteristics and trends of research on waste -to-
energy incineration: A bibliometric analysis, 1999–2015. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 66,
95-104.
5. Brunner, P. H., & Rechberger, H. (2015). Waste to energy–key element for sustainable waste
management. Waste management, 37, 3-12.
6. Thi, N. B. D., Kumar, G., & Lin, C. Y. (2015). An overview of food waste management in developing
countries: Current status and future perspective. Journal of environmental management, 157, 220-229.
7. Teng, C. C., Chih, C., Yang, W. J., & Chien, C. H. (2021). Determinants and Prevention Strategies for
Household Food Waste: An Exploratory Study in Taiwan. Foods, 10(10), 2331.
 STUDENT PLEDGE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

As a student of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), it is my responsibility to act in

accordance with UiTM’s academic assessment and evaluation policy. I hereby pledge to
act and uphold academic integrity and pursue scholarly activities in UiTM with honesty and
responsible manner. I will not engage or tolerate acts of academic dishonesty, academic
misconduct, or academic fraud including but not limited to:

a. Cheating: Using or attempt to use any unauthorized device, assistance, sources,

practice or materials while completing academic assessments. This include but not
limited to copying from another, allowing others to copy, unauthorized collabor ation
on an assignment or open book tests, or engaging in any act or conduct that can
be construed as cheating.
b. Plagiarism: Using or attempts to use the work of others (ideas, design, words,
art, music, etc.) without acknowledging the source; using or purchasing materials
prepared by another person or agency or engaging in other behavior that a
reasonable person would consider as plagiarism.
c. Fabrication: Falsifying data, information, or citations in any academic
assessment and evaluation.
d. Deception: Providing false information with intend to deceive an instructor
concerning any academic assessment and evaluation.
e. Furnishing false information: Providing false information or false representation
to any UiTM official, instructor, or office.

With this pledge, I am fully aware that I am obliged to conduct myself with utmost honesty
and integrity. I fully understand that a disciplinary action can be taken against me if I, in any
manner, violate this pledge.

Name: Muhammad
Wan Ahmad Hazim Bin
Irfan Bin Amran
Wan Ismail
Matric Number: 2022457732
2022876302
Course Code: CEV421
Programme code:-
Faculty / Campus :UiTM Kampus Permatang Pauh
*Students are required to sign one pledge f o r each course taken.

Bahagian Pentaksiran dan Penilaian Akademik 2021

 STUDENT PLEDGE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

As a student of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), it is my responsibility to act in accordance

with UiTM’s academic assessment and evaluation policy. I hereby pledge to act and uphold
academic integrity and pursue scholarly activities in UiTM with honesty and responsible
manner. I will not engage or tolerate acts of academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, or
academic fraud including but not limited to:

a. Cheating: Using or attempt to use any unauthorized device, assistance, sources,

practice or materials while completing academic assessments. This include but not
limited to copying from another, allowing others to copy, unauthorized collaboration
on an assignment or open book tests, or engaging in any act or conduct that can be
construed as cheating.
b. Plagiarism: Using or attempts to use the work of others (ideas, design, words, art,
music, etc.) without acknowledging the source; using or purchasing materials
prepared by another person or agency or engaging in other behavior that a
reasonable person would consider as plagiarism.
c. Fabrication: Falsifying data, information, or citations in any academic assessment
and evaluation.
d. Deception: Providing false information with intend to deceive an instructor
concerning any academic assessment and evaluation.
e. Furnishing false information: Providing false information or false representation
to any UiTM official, instructor, or office.

With this pledge, I am fully aware that I am obliged to conduct myself with utmost honesty
and integrity. I fully understand that a disciplinary action can be taken against me if I, in any
manner, violate this pledge.

Name: Muhammad Hazim Bin Amran

Matric Number: 2022876302
Course Code: CEV421
Programme code: -

Faculty / Campus : UiTM Kampus Permatang Pauh

*Students are required to sign one pledge for each course taken.

Bahagian Pentaksiran dan Penilaian Akademik 2021

 STUDENT PLEDGE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

As a student of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), it is my responsibility to act in

accordance with UiTM’s academic assessment and evaluation policy. I hereby pledge to
act and uphold academic integrity and pursue scholarly activities in UiTM with honesty and
responsible manner. I will not engage or tolerate acts of academic dishonesty, academic
misconduct, or academic fraud including but not limited to:

a. Cheating: Using or attempt to use any unauthorized device, assistance, sources,

practice or materials while completing academic assessments. This include but not
limited to copying from another, allowing others to copy, unauthorized collaboration
on an assignment or open book tests, or engaging in any act or conduct that can
be construed as cheating.
b. Plagiarism: Using or attempts to use the work of others (ideas, design, words,
art, music, etc.) without acknowledging the source; using or purchasing materials
prepared by another person or agency or engaging in other behavior that a
reasonable person would consider as plagiarism.
c. Fabrication: Falsifying data, information, or citations in any academic
assessment and evaluation.
d. Deception: Providing false information with intend to deceive an instructor
concerning any academic assessment and evaluation.
e. Furnishing false information: Providing false information or false representation
to any UiTM official, instructor, or office.

With this pledge, I am fully aware that I am obliged to conduct myself with utmost honesty
and integrity. I fully understand that a disciplinary action can be taken against me if I, in any
manner, violate this pledge.

Name: Muhammad Hazim Bin Amran

Matric Number: 2022876302
Course Code: CEV421
Programme code: -
Faculty / Campus : UiTM Kampus Permatang Pauh
*Students are required to sign one pledge for each course taken.

Bahagian Pentaksiran dan Penilaian Akademik 2021

 STUDENT PLEDGE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

As a student of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), it is my responsibility to act in

accordance with UiTM’s academic assessment and evaluation policy. I hereby pledge to
act and uphold academic integrity and pursue scholarly activities in UiTM with honesty and
responsible manner. I will not engage or tolerate acts of academic dishonesty, academic
misconduct, or academic fraud including but not limited to:

a. Cheating: Using or attempt to use any unauthorized device, assistance, sources,

practice or materials while completing academic assessments. This include but not
limited to copying from another, allowing others to copy, unauthorized collaboration
on an assignment or open book tests, or engaging in any act or conduct that can
be construed as cheating.
b. Plagiarism: Using or attempts to use the work of others (ideas, design, words,
art, music, etc.) without acknowledging the source; using or purchasing materials
prepared by another person or agency or engaging in other behavior that a
reasonable person would consider as plagiarism.
c. Fabrication: Falsifying data, information, or citations in any academic
assessment and evaluation.
d. Deception: Providing false information with intend to deceive an instructor
concerning any academic assessment and evaluation.
e. Furnishing false information: Providing false information or false representation
to any UiTM official, instructor, or office.

With this pledge, I am fully aware that I am obliged to conduct myself with utmost honesty
and integrity. I fully understand that a disciplinary action can be taken against me if I, in any
manner, violate this pledge.

Name: Muhammad Hazim Bin Amran

Matric Number: 2022876302
Course Code: CEV421
Programme code: -
Faculty / Campus : UiTM Kampus Permatang Pauh
*Students are required to sign one pledge for each course taken.

Bahagian Pentaksiran dan Penilaian Akademik 2021