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Chemical Reactivity in Confined Systems Theory Modelling and Applications Pratim Kumar Chattaraj Download 2024 Full Chapter
Chemical Reactivity in Confined Systems Theory Modelling and Applications Pratim Kumar Chattaraj Download 2024 Full Chapter
Edited by
Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
Department of Chemistry
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur
India
Debdutta Chakraborty
Department of Chemistry
Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven
Belgium
This edition first published 2021
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Chattaraj, Pratim Kumar, editor. | Chakraborty, Debdutta, editor.
Title: Chemical reactivity in confined systems : theory, modelling and
applications / edited by Pratim Kumar Chattaraj, Debdutta Chakraborty.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021025002 (print) | LCCN 2021025003 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119684022 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119683384 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119683230 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Reactivity (Chemistry)
Classification: LCC QD505.5 .C485 2021 (print) | LCC QD505.5 (ebook) |
DDC 541/.39 – dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025002
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025003
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Debdutta Chakraborty
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
Acknowledgements 204
References 204
Index 417
xv
Preface
Confined systems often exhibit unusual behavior regarding their structure, stability, reactivity,
bonding, interactions and dynamics. Quantization is a direct consequence of confinement.
Confinement modifies the electronic energy levels, orbitals, electronic shell filling, etc., of a
system thereby affecting its reactivity as well as various response properties as compared to the
corresponding unconfined system. Confinement may enforce two rare gas atoms to form a partly
covalent bond. Gas storage is facilitated through confinement and unprecedented optoelectronic
properties are observed in certain cases. Some slow reactions get highly accelerated in an
appropriate confined environment.
Analyzing the reactivity of atoms and molecules, present in a confined environment, by utiliz-
ing various theoretical and computational methods can unravel numerous new paradigms vis-à-vis
physicochemical properties of the systems under consideration. Therefore, confined quantum sys-
tems have been extensively analyzed from both epistemological and applied points of view. The
crucial point while analyzing quantum confined systems is to be able to construct an accurate the-
oretical model that takes into account changes in the electronic wave function due to the effect of
confinement. To this end, model theoretical calculations could be conceived by suitable choice of
the boundary condition. Host–guest complexes provide an ideal ‘real’ platform where the changes
of reactivity and response properties of various systems could be understood. To this end, den-
sity functional theory (DFT) based calculation provides a cost-effective and reasonably accurate
method.
On the other hand, experimental studies have helped to shed light on many fascinating aspects of
confinement. The utility of confined systems could be gauged in various disciplines such as catal-
ysis, gas storage, designing superior optoelectronic and magnetic materials, etc.
In this book, several experts, who have made seminal contributions in understanding the behav-
ior of confined systems, have written authoritative accounts on state-of the-art research topics
encompassing both theoretical as well as experimental endeavors. Hopefully, this book will be ben-
eficial for graduate students in chemistry, materials science and physics in understanding the recent
developments in this field.
List of Contributors
1.1 Introduction
One of the core theoretical ideas used to understand the dynamics of free molecules is the
simplifying notion that the overall (i.e., center-of-mass) translational motion can be cleanly sepa-
rated from internal vibrations and rotations. Indeed, this separation is so universally applied – and
the translational motion so easily dealt with – that it can be easy to “forget” that the latter even
exists! On the other hand, if you place that same molecule in a nanoconfined environment, the
situation can be vastly different. First and foremost, the continuum of states that characterizes
translational motion for free molecules necessarily becomes quantized in the confined context.
The quantum translational states for the trapped “guest” molecule can be “particle-in-a-box like”
or more complicated, depending on the nature of the external field provided by the cage structure.
Of course, larger cages give rise to smaller translational level spacings – which are in any event
generally smaller than the rotational level spacings (and much smaller than the vibrational level
spacings). If the confinement is very severe, however, then the translational and rotational level
spacings can become comparable to each other – and even strongly coupled.
This is the situation for small molecules trapped inside C60 fullerene cages – e.g., H2 @C60
[1–16], HD@C60 [4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18], HF@C60 [14–16, 19], H2 O@C60 [14–16, 20, 21], and
CH4 @C60 [15, 22], all of which will be considered in this chapter. Based on the physical size of
the fullerene (diameter ≈ 7 Å), one might well imagine that a number of guest molecules could
be crammed into a single C60 cage. In reality, the guest molecules are trapped via long-range
van der Waals interactions that prevent them from getting closer than a few Å from the cage
wall. Consequently, the effective cage size is much smaller – on the order of the size of the guest
molecule itself. This implies that: (a) only one guest molecule can fit inside a single C60 cage;
(b) the corresponding translational level spacing is comparable to the rotational level spacing. It
is hardly surprising, then, to also find that translation and rotation are indeed strongly coupled
in these systems. This complicates life from a theoretical/computational standpoint, for which
one must adopt an exact, coupled quantum dynamical treatment, encompassing all relevant
translation-rotation (TR) guest molecule degrees of freedom [3–5, 15, 16, 19, 23–25]. That said, the
combined TR states that result are not necessarily entirely devoid of structure either – it is just not
that of the standard form that one expects in terms of TR separability.
*Email: bill.poirier@ttu.edu
restricted INS selection rule for H2 @C60 (from p-H2 ground state): Transitions are
forbidden to all states for which (j + l − 𝜆) = 1 [note: all terms will be explained].
In fact, the correct rule for transitions starting from the H2 @C60 ground state is more general:
correct INS selection rule for H2 @C60 (from p-H2 ground state): Transitions are for-
bidden to all states for which (j + l − 𝜆) = odd.
To the author’s knowledge, the latter form above was first proposed by the author himself, at a
scientific meeting in May, 2015. Since confirmed assignments for the experimental H2 @C60 data
did not exist beyond (j + l − 𝜆) = 2, the theoretical simulations were not performed beyond this
point either, and so the available information at the time was consistent with either of the two rules
above. This state of affairs motivated the present author to develop a group theoretical derivation of
the general INS selection rule [11]. In parallel with this effort, Bačić and coworkers extended the
analytical part of their calculations of the transition integrals [12], to encompass all possible initial
and final states. Both approaches then gave rise to the following,
1.1 Introduction 3
most general INS selection rule for H2 @C60 : Transitions are forbidden between states
for which (j + l − 𝜆) changes from even to odd (or vice-versa), and at least one 𝜆 = 0.
As will be described in this chapter, the group theory approach provides physical understanding,
and also has the great advantage that it leads to the correct and completely general INS selection
rule for the appropriate symmetry group, “all at once.” However, this approach has some limitations
and issues, as well, which will also be addressed. To begin with, it does not provide any intensity
information for allowed transitions; for this, it is necessary to calculate transition integrals explic-
itly, as per Bačić et. al. Secondly there is the question of choosing the most correct symmetry group
to work with, in terms of experimental relevance. This is a particularly important question for INS
spectroscopy, for which there is a preferred direction or orientation – i.e., that of the momentum
⃗ of the scattered neutron beam. Thirdly, there are some group theoretical complica-
transfer vector, k,
tions that arise, due to the fact that the INS interaction operator itself is incommensurate with most
of the standard molecular point groups – a key difference, e.g., from optical spectroscopy. Finally,
all true group-theory-based selection rules are expressed in terms of the irreducible representations
(irreps) of the appropriate symmetry group. While this form of a selection rule is truly universal, for
specific systems it is still necessary to assign irrep labels to individual quantum states and/or basis
functions – thereby making an association with the pertinent quantum numbers for those systems.
On balance, it is clear that both the group theory and explicit integral approaches are necessary for
interpreting and predicting INS experiments, as they provide complementary understanding.
Since 2015, Bačić, Horsewill, Felker, and others have continued to explore the INS selection
rule – together with other TR effects of nanoconfinement – through a fruitful synergy that
has emerged between theory and experiment. These highly interesting TR effects have now
been observed and/or predicted across a range of nanoconfined systems. Regarding the INS
selection rule itself, the irrep-based version of [11] is in principle valid for any molecule in any
spherical environment (section 1.3.2). In terms of specific basis sets and quantum states, Bačić
and coworkers have generalized the rule for any diatomic molecule in a spherical environment,
using their explicit integral approach. They have also applied this methodology to both HD@C60
[4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18] and HF@C60 [14–16, 19], and discovered forbidden INS transitions in both of
these nanoconfined systems. Experiments for H2 O@C60 [12, 20] suggest a selection rule for this
system as well. All of these recent findings indicate that forbidden INS transitions may be much
more prevalent than originally realized, with future studies potentially addressing larger cage
systems such as H2 @C70 [5], (H2 )2 @C70 [31], etc. Other refinements include the development of
improved potential energy surfaces (PESs) [32], and/or the explicit incorporation of vibrational
effects.
Another important recent direction has been the consideration of the larger environment
surrounding a given C60 cage, and the role of intercage interactions [14, 16, 19, 33, 34]. For example,
Felker and Bačić have examined electric-dipole coupling between the two guest H2 O molecules in
(H2 O@C60 )2 [33], whereas Roy and coworkers have studied the dipole interaction in (HF@C60 )n
when the n cages form a “peapod” arrangement [34]. One fascinating and related finding pertains
to the small (∼1 cm−1 ) but puzzling level-splitting observed experimentally in the j = 1 states of
H2 @C60 , HF@C60 , and H2 O@C60 [6, 13–16, 19, 20]. These splittings break the expected spherical
or icosahedral level pattern, implying a reduction in symmetry caused by the larger environment.
Whereas various explanations have been profferred (including the aforementioned guest–guest
dipole interaction), the precise cause was recently definitively established [14–16] as being due to
4 1 Effect of Confinement on the Translation-Rotation Motion of Molecules
neighboring C60 cages in the solid – arranged in an alternating “P” orientation – which reduce the
molecular point group to S6 .
From a group theory perspective, one of the most intriguing of the above recent results are the
forbidden INS transitions that have been predicted for both HD@C60 [12, 15, 18] and HF@C60
[19]. Recall that neutrons only interact effectively with H atom nuclei – of which these two systems
each contain only one. Yet, from group theory arguments [35, 36], it has been established that
there are no single-atom wavefunctions that belong to the irreps necessary to effect a forbidden INS
transition. At least two particles are necessary to realize the requisite irreps – in much the same way
that in diatomic molecules, at least two electrons are required to realize an electronic state with Σ−
character [37, 38]. This state of affairs underscores the need for further theoretical development in
a reconciling vein – thereby, in part, motivating the present and future effort. The resolution of the
dilemma will be presented in section 1.2.1, but can be summarized in a single word: entanglement.
Evidently, recent developments in the study of quantum confinement effects in the TR dynamics
of small molecules offer us plenty of material to ponder. In any event, the field is clearly proceed-
ing at a very rapid pace, beyond what can be reviewed in detail in this single chapter. Accordingly,
we choose to focus here primarily on the INS selection rule as it applies to diatomic molecules
confined to spherical (or sphere-like) environments. As per the preceding paragraph, an important
aim is to reconcile the group theory and explicit integral approaches, in a manner that will stimu-
late mutual developments going forward, and otherwise streamline future progress. Among other
aspects, this effort necessarily requires that an explicit association be made between irrep labels
and quantum states/basis functions/quantum numbers, for specific molecular systems. Finally, we
address prospects for moving beyond all previous INS selection rule applications to date – by consid-
ering guest molecules that are larger than diatomic, and/or host cages other than spherical. Indeed,
we also derive here a quantum-number-based INS selection rule for H2 O@C60 , and use it to provide
unambiguous transition assignments for the experimental INS spectrum [12, 20] (section 1.3.4.1).
where 𝜓 is the wavefunction of the system itself. Therefore, when defining which part of our exper-
imental sample to regard as “the system,” this should be taken as the smallest piece that includes all
of the constituent particles of interest, and also leads to an unentangled state of the Eq. (1.1) form.
For the present purpose, we are considering a diatomic guest molecule trapped within a C60
cage. The strongest INS signals are observed when at least one of the two atoms is hydrogen. Let us
therefore consider a diatomic of the “HX” variety, where X is any atom other than hydrogen. In the
1.2 Diatomics in C60 : Entanglement, TR Coupling, Symmetry, Basis Representation, and Energy Level Structure 5
HX@C60 system, one may presume that there is little entanglement between the host cage and the
guest diatomic. Nevertheless, the H atom is strongly entangled with X; HX is a molecule, after all.
Consequently, the smallest unentangled unit that can provide an INS signal is the HX molecule,
which must be taken as “the system” for group theory purposes. We must work with quantum
wavefunctions of the combined HX system – not of H itself – even though the nucleus X is mostly
“dark,” insofar as the neutron beam is concerned. This situation is reminiscent of the manner in
which the existence of a black hole may be inferred from the observed behavior of its partner star,
even though the black hole itself cannot be directly seen.
Including both the “bright” and entangled “dark” particles in the definition of “the system” can
give rise to different selection rules than if just the bright particles alone were used. This rather
intriguing situation gives rise to an effect that might be called entanglement induced selection rules
(EISR). In this work, we demonstrate that the forbidden INS transitions predicted for HD@C60 and
HF@C60 are indeed due solely to entanglement with the dark nucleus, X=D or F – and therefore
disappear entirely for the system H@C60 . In principle, the EISR idea should not be restricted
to INS spectroscopy, but could also be applied, e.g., in optical spectroscopy. So why is EISR
evidently not discussed in the latter context? In fact, it turns out that the EISR effect sometimes
does manifest in optical spectroscopy, but when it does so, it is known by other, specific names
in specific instances – e.g., the “Herzberg-Teller Effect” [37]. Interestingly in the Herzberg-Teller
context, EISR serves to remove an electric-dipole forbidden transition, whereas for HX@C60 INS
spectroscopy, EISR does the opposite! More generally, this intriguing new phenomenon – or
properly, new lens through which to interpret phenomena – promises to provide interesting
insight and connections across a very broad range of applications. EISR therefore demands further
study, and will serve as the focus of future investigations.
1.2.2 H@C60
For H@C60 , the sole “bright” nucleus (in the INS sense) is that of the guest H atom, which will not
be appreciably entangled with the C60 host. Accordingly, as per section 1.1, the relevant quantum
system is just the H atom itself. The corresponding quantum Hamiltonian, H, ̂ is constructed by
fixing the C60 cage, and allowing the position of the H atom, ⃗r = (x, y, z), to vary within the cage.
The explicit dimensionality of the quantum dynamical problem is thus three (3D), corresponding
to pure translational motion only.
The symmetry group is defined as the set of symmetry operations that leave H ̂ invariant [37].
Note that the PES contribution to H ̂ (i.e. V),
̂ describing the external field that is felt by the H atom,
arises mainly from pair-wise van der Waals interactions with individual C atoms of the host cage,
C60 . Consequently, keeping ⃗r fixed, but transforming the C60 under any of its own point group
operations, clearly leaves the H@C60 H ̂ invariant. Conversely, keeping the C60 fixed but applying
its point group operations to ⃗r also leaves H ̂ invariant. There are no other operations applied to ⃗r that
also do so; consequently, the H@C60 symmetry group must be no larger than the C60 point group,
Ih . It might in principle be a subgroup of Ih , if multiple Ih operations applied to ⃗r were to result
in the same transformed point, ⃗r t . Whereas this is true for certain ⃗r points with special symmetric
orientations, in the general case, each Ih operation yields a distinct ⃗r t point – resulting in 120 such
points in all. The H@C60 symmetry group is therefore Ih .
Although Ih is formally the correct symmetry group for H@C60 , Ih has the greatest symme-
try of all finite point groups, and is otherwise a large subgroup of the spherical point group, Kh
[35–37, 39]. More specifically, the structure of the C60 cage is itself nearly spherical; in solid angle
space, one is never very far away from a C atom. Moreover, the van der Waals nature of the external
6 1 Effect of Confinement on the Translation-Rotation Motion of Molecules
field ensures that V̂ is even more nearly perfectly spherical than the fullerene itself. This implies
that the true energy eigenstate wavefunctions are very nearly spherically symmetric, and therefore
well-described by a spherical basis of the form
𝜓n,𝜆,m𝜆 (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) = Rn𝜆 (r)Y𝜆,m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙), (1.2)
where ⃗r = (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) is now expressed in spherical coordinates. This leads to a natural state labeling
scheme in terms of the quantum numbers (n, 𝜆, m𝜆 ), which can be directly related to irreps of the
Kh point group [35, 37] (Table 1.1).
Note that the spherical eigenstates have a (2𝜆 + 1)-fold degeneracy, whereas no irrep of Ih has
a greater than five-fold degeneracy. Thus, to the extent that the true H@C60 eigenstates deviate
from spherical symmetry, the energy level structure should exhibit a slight degeneracy-lifting, as
will be discussed explicitly for H2 @C60 in section 1.2.3. We can use group theory – specifically, the
correlation table between Kh and Ih , presented in Table 1.1 – to tell us precisely how this decompo-
sition occurs, in terms of Ih irreps. Note that, whereas in general, the Kh irreps are labeled by both 𝜆
and (g∕u) inversion parity, for the Y𝜆,m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙) spherical harmonic basis functions, only half of these
irreps are actually realized, because (g∕u) parity is determined by the even/oddness of 𝜆 [35, 36].
This fact will become quite important in our discussion of INS selection rules (section 1.3).
Note also that the specific radial function in Eq. (1.2) is immaterial, with respect to the symmetry
character of the corresponding eigenstate; in principle, Rn𝜆 (r) can take on any form. In all earlier
studies of the H2 @C60 INS transition intensities, an explicit, isotropic harmonic oscillator basis was
presumed [3–5, 9, 12, 14–16]. Such a choice might be expected to be appropriate for the very tight
confinement in C60 – and indeed, turns out to be reasonable for all diatomic systems considered
thus far, except for HF@C60 . For larger sphere-like cavities, however, the greatest density will lie
Table 1.1 Correlation table, indicating the multipole decomposition of Kh irreps, with respect to the C∞𝑣 and Ih
subgroups. Irreps that are not realized by the single-particle spherical harmonic basis functions, Y𝜆,m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙), are
listed in bold; note the alternating pattern with increasing 𝜆.
0 Sg Σ+ Ag Su Σ− Au
1 Pg Σ −
⊕Π T1g Pu Σ+ ⊕ Π T1u
2 Dg Σ+ ⊕ Π ⊕ Δ Hg Du Σ− ⊕ Π ⊕ Δ Hu
3 Fg Σ− ⊕ Π ⊕ Δ ⊕ Φ T2g ⊕ Gg Fu Σ+ ⊕ Π ⊕ Δ ⊕ Φ T2u ⊕ Gu
4 Gg ⋮ Gg ⊕ Hg Gu ⋮ Gu ⊕ Hu
5 Hg ⋮ T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ Hg Hu ⋮ T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ Hu
6 Ig ⋮ Ag ⊕ T1g ⊕ Gg ⊕ Hg Iu ⋮ Au ⊕ T1u ⊕ Gu ⊕ Hu
7 Jg ⋮ T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ Gg ⊕ Hg Ju ⋮ T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ Gu ⊕ Hu
8 Kg ⋮ T2g ⊕ Gg ⊕ 2Hg Ku ⋮ T2u ⊕ Gu ⊕ 2Hu
9 Lg ⋮ T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ 2Gg ⊕ Hg Lu ⋮ T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ 2Gu ⊕ Hu
10 Mg ⋮ Ag ⊕ T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ Gg ⊕ 2Hg Mu ⋮ Au ⊕ T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ Gu ⊕ 2Hu
11 Ng ⋮ 2T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ Gg ⊕ 2Hg Nu ⋮ 2T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ Gu ⊕ 2Hu
12 Og ⋮ Ag ⊕ T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ 2Gg ⊕ 2Hg Ou ⋮ Au ⊕ T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ 2Gu ⊕ 2Hu
13 Pg ⋮ T1g ⊕ 2T2g ⊕ 2Gg ⊕ 2Hg Pu ⋮ T1u ⊕ 2T2u ⊕ 2Gu ⊕ 2Hu
14 Qg ⋮ T1g ⊕ T2g ⊕ 2Gg ⊕ 3Hg Qu ⋮ T1u ⊕ T2u ⊕ 2Gu ⊕ 3Hu
15 Rg ⋮ Ag ⊕ 2T1g ⊕ 2T2g ⊕ 2Gg ⊕ 2Hg Ru ⋮ Au ⊕ 2T1u ⊕ 2T2u ⊕ 2Gu ⊕ 2Hu
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
1.2 Diatomics in C60 : Entanglement, TR Coupling, Symmetry, Basis Representation, and Energy Level Structure 7
not in the center of the cavity at r = 0, but at some nonzero radial value. For such systems, the
harmonic basis will no longer be appropriate. On the other hand, neither is a harmonic basis nec-
essary, in order for the INS selection rule to remain valid. This is an important group-theory-based
generalization that goes beyond the early explicit-integral results, although the latter have since
been generalized as well – e.g., for the HF@C60 system [19] (section 1.3.3.3).
1.2.3 H2 @C60
1.2.3.1 Symmetry
For H2 @C60 , the two H atoms will interact strongly with an incident neutron beam. These atoms
are also strongly entangled to each other – but again, are not expected to be appreciably entangled
with the C60 host. The relevant quantum system is thus the H2 guest molecule itself. The corre-
sponding H ̂ is constructed by fixing the C60 cage, and allowing the positions of the two H atoms,
⃗r 1 = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ⃗r 2 = (x2 , y2 , z2 ), to vary. The explicit dimensionality of the quantum dynamical
problem is thus six (6D), corresponding to three overall translational coordinates, plus two rota-
tional coordinates, plus a single vibrational coordinate (whose inclusion would form the “TRV H”). ̂
⃗
In practice, the H2 vibrational motion is often frozen, so that r = |⃗r 1 − r 2 | = const – thereby
reducing the dimensionality of the resultant “TR H” ̂ to five (5D) [3–5, 9]. The rationale for this
simplification is that the fundamental vibrational frequency of (gas phase) H2 is 4142 cm−1 – which
is orders of magnitude larger than the typical nanoconfined TR level spacing, and the energy range
of the INS experiments. Nevertheless, even the ground vibrational state of H2 @C60 is not very
localized in r – which could lead to small corrections in the low-lying TR levels, thus providing
some motivation for performing TRV calculations in full 6D. Here, however, we focus only on 5D
TR calculations.
Following analogous arguments as in section 1.2.2, we find that the TR (or even TRV) H ̂ is again
invariant with respect to all Ih symmetry operations, applied to both H atoms simultaneously. In
addition, exchange of the two H atom positions – i.e., ⃗r 1 ↔ ⃗r 2 – also leaves H ̂ invariant. Since this
(12) exchange permutation operation commutes with all of the Ih point operations, the H2 @C60
symmetry group is thus
Ih(12) = Ih ⊗ S2 = Ih ⊗ {E, (12)}. (1.3)
If Γ is an Ih irrep, we denote the corresponding permutation symmetric/antisymmetric irrep of
the H2 @C60 symmetry group as Γ(s∕a) .
Also as per section 1.2.2, the low-lying 5D TR eigenstates of H2 @C60 have been found to be nearly
spherically symmetric [9] – leading again to a natural angular-momentum-based labeling scheme.
Consider the usual center-of-mass coordinate transformation,
⃗ = (⃗r 1 + ⃗r 2 )∕2
R ; ⃗r = (⃗r 1 − ⃗r 2 ). (1.4)
⃗ = (R, Θ, Φ) and ⃗r = (r, 𝜃, 𝜙), and recalling that r = const, a nat-
Working in spherical coordinates R
ural uncoupled basis is thus
Rnl (R)Ylml (Θ, Φ)Yjmj (𝜃, 𝜙). (1.5)
𝜆m
𝜆
In Eq. (1.6), the Clm jm are the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients [40–42]. As in the case of H@C60 , the
l j
actual 5D TR eigenstate wavefunctions of H2 @C60 closely resemble the spherical basis functions
themselves [i.e., Eq. (1.2) for H@C60 , or Eq. (1.6) for H2 @C60 ]. As a caveat, we again note that any
Rnl (R) functions might be used to form a basis, or might emerge as the (nearly) spherical eigenstate
solutions. As discussed in section 1.2.2, the choice of Rnl (R) has no impact on symmetry or INS
selection rules – although to date, an isotropic harmonic oscillator form has always been used.
Finally, taking nuclear spins into account, we note that exchange antisymmetry implies even/odd
j values that correspond to (s∕a) permutation symmetry – i.e., to para-(p-H2 ) and ortho-(o-H2 ),
respectively.
In Table 1.2, we present the H2 @C60 eigenstate energy levels, as calculated numerically in [9], and
used as a basis for assessing experimental INS transitions [10]. Various labels are used, including
the coupled spherical basis set quantum numbers, (n, j, 𝜆, l), together with the corresponding Kh
and (through Table 1.1) Ih irrep labels. Note that unlike the Kh labels, the Ih labels exactly match
the observed level degeneracies. In cases where multiple Ih irreps correlate to a single Kh irrep (i.e.,
for 𝜆 ≥ 3), the corresponding level splitting provides a quantitative measure of that eigenstate’s
deviation from true spherical symmetry – i.e., of the effect of icosahedral “corrugation.” These cases
are indicated in Table 1.2 using italicised pairs. From the table, these splittings are indeed seen
to be very small indeed – just a few tenths or hundredths of a cm−1 , on an energy scale ranging
over several hundred cm−1 . Not only are the true H2 @C60 eigenstates very close to spherical as
predicted – implying that 𝜆 and m𝜆 are excellent quantum numbers – but we also find that n, j, and
l are good quantum numbers, as well.
The level structure as presented in Table 1.2 has much to tell us about the underlying TR quantum
dynamics. A very detailed account of the physical significance – including, even, a discussion of the
precise Hamiltonian source of the tiniest Ih level splittings discussed above [13, 15] – may be found
in the aforementioned papers by Bačić, Horsewill, and coworkers. In broad terms, we see that the
rotational level spacings are on the order of 100 cm−1 , whereas the translational level spacings are
both smaller (in l) and larger (in n). Finally, for a given (n, j, l), we see that the 𝜆 level spacings are
only around 10 cm−1 or less, with the levels for the extremal 𝜆 values [or the even (j + l − 𝜆) values]
lying highest in energy.
𝜆m 𝜆m
We next use the identity, Cjm lm 𝜆
= (−1)j+l−𝜆 Clm jm
𝜆
, easily obtained from the well-known formula
j l l j
for exchanging two columns of the Wigner 3-j symbol [40–42]. Substituting into Eq. (1.8) above,
and also flipping the order of the spherical harmonic factors, yields
Table 1.2 Energy levels E and degeneracies g for H2 @C60 , from [9]. Energies are in cm−1 , relative to the
p-H2 ground state. Columns III and IV list (n, j, 𝜆, l) and corresponding Kh irrep labels; Column V lists Ih(12)
irrep labels. Italics indicate Kh irreps that correlate to multiple Ih levels. Column VI is the spectroscopic
parity, 𝜎 = (−1)j+l+𝜆 = (−1)j+l−𝜆 , whereas Column VII is (j + l − 𝜆) itself. INS transitions from (0, 0, 0, 0) to the
states listed in bold are forbidden, according to the restricted INS selection rule of [9] and section 1.1.
Reprinted with permission from Poirier, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 101104 (2015). Copyright 2015 American
Institute of Physics.
E g (n, j, 𝝀, l) Kh Ih(12) 𝝈 (j + l − 𝝀)
The left and right sides of Eq. (1.9) involve an exchange of both indices and coordinates. We now
consider the special case where the coordinates are equal, i.e. (𝜃1 , 𝜙1 ) = (𝜃2 , 𝜙2 ) = (𝜃, 𝜙). From Eq.
(1.7), we see that
Yj𝜆 l m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙, 𝜃, 𝜙) = Yl𝜆 j m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙, 𝜃, 𝜙). (1.10)
Substitution into Eq. (1.9) then yields
Yj𝜆 l m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙, 𝜃, 𝜙) = (−1)j+l−𝜆 Yj𝜆 l m𝜆 (𝜃, 𝜙, 𝜃, 𝜙). (1.11)
Note that the two functions on each side of Eq. (1.11) are identical, implying that the function itself
must be zero when (j + l − 𝜆) is odd. Consequently, the eigenstate wavefunction vanishes when R ⃗
and ⃗r point in the same direction [43].
Now, the geometries that correspond to collinear R ⃗ and ⃗r vectors are those for which the H2
molecule points radially outward from the center of the C60 cage. For fixed R = |R ⃗ | and r = |⃗r |,
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inzicht in de beschavingsgeschiedenis van ons volk.
Als Fries zijn mij de Friesche spotnamen het beste en het volledigste
bekend. Dus komt in deze verhandeling aan de Friesche spotnamen
het leeuwendeel toe, en worden ze in de eerste plaats uitvoerig
besproken en verklaard. Vervolgens worden de spotnamen van de
overige Nederlandsche gewesten, voor zooverre ze mij bekend zijn,
hier allen vermeld. Bij sommigen van die namen heb ik eene kleine
aanteekening gevoegd, zonder echter den oorsprong en de
beteekenis van al die namen in het algemeen [8]na te speuren en
aan te geven. De Oud-Vlaamsche spotnamen die ons overgeleverd
zijn in het allermerkwaardigste gedicht Den langen Adieu, van den
Bruggeling Eduwaert den Dene, worden ten slotte, nog
bijzonderlijk vermeld, en, ten deele althans, in hunnen oorsprong en
in hunne beteekenis nader besproken. Zoo is de indeeling van deze
verhandeling.
In mindere mate is het gelijke ook met andere namen het geval, die
steeds in gouwspraak genoemd worden. Welke Hollander en welke
Vlaming, of welke andere Nederlander, die de gouwspraak van
Twente niet kent, zal den spot naam van de Oldenzalers,
„G r u p p e n d r i e t e r s ”, verstaan? Die Friesche namen, of die
welke in de eene of andere gouwspraak genoemd worden, verliezen
in oorspronkelijkheid, in eigenaardigheid, in kracht, als ze vertaald
worden of in algemeen Nederlandsch overgezet. M o u d e k r û p e r ,
G r u p p e n d r i e t e r , dat is kernachtig, kort en krachtig, volkseigen-
schoon gezegd. Hoe lamlendig en laf staat daar tegenover „Kruiper
in het stof van den weg”, en: „Iemand, die zijne lichamelijke
ontlasting verricht in eene greppel”—’k weet waarlijk niet hoe men dit
best in zoogenoemd beschaafd Nederlandsch zal zeggen of
schrijven.
Luuster nou ’ris! Dan sa’ ’k jimme ’ris fertelle, hoe-’t de Leewarders
an har bijnaam fan Galgelappers komen binne.
Nou! dat ston alle minsen lang niet an, in die kleine plaatsen. Want
jimme mutte begripe, d’r gebeurt daar niet veul nijs, soo deur ’n
bank; in dan gaf soo’n ophangerij altiid nog ’ris en aardig fersetsje, in
’n mooi fleurig kiikje. Mar wat suden se d’ran doen? Se musten wel
doen soo-’t de regeering it hewwe wude, hee? Mar de Leewarders!
nou, die hadden en boel wille deur die nijigheit; in en hopen foordeel
oek.
Dat gong soo jaren heene, in de Leewarder galge had mar en boel
te doen. In fan sels—soodoende sleet-i oek deeg. Langsamerhand
begon-i al mooi oud te wudden, in te ferfallen. D’r muste noodig in
nije galge komme, soo noodig as eten in ’e mon.
Ja, mar wie must die nije galge betale? Daar kwam it mar op an. De
Leewarders seiden: Alles goed in wel! ’t is ons galge, in as d’r
allienig mar Leewarders an ophongen wudden, dan musten wij him
oek allienig onderhoude; of fernije, as ’t noodig waar. Mar nou al die
kleinsteedsers d’r an ophongen wudde, in al dat butenfolk, nou mutte
die minsen d’r oek mar an betale. It sude wat moois weze! Wij de
galge onderhoude, of en nije galge geve; in die Franeker
klokkedieven in Harlinger tobbedansers, die Dokkumer garnaten,
Sneeker duumkefreters in Bolseter olikoeken, in al die butenminsen,
die suden d’r mar frij anhange!—alles in recht in billikheid! Mar soo
niet!
Dat gaf nou fan sels ’n hopen roezje onder ’e lui, in ’n hopen geskriif
in gewriif onder ’e heeren. Want sien, ieder bleef fan sels stiif op siin
stuk staan—dat is ’t oude Friesse gebruuk soo, in daar mut me ien
dan oek an houde—is ’t nou waar of niet?
Nou, de galge waar oek nog niet soo, al sag-i d’r frij wat skunnig uut,
of-i kon nog wel wat dienst doen. In soo bleef dan die saak fan ’n nije
galge fooreerst mar sloeren.
Doe waar daar in die tiid ’n kleermaker te Dokkum, in die [12]man had
’n boos wiif. Benaud boos, kan ’k jimme segge. In op ’n goeie
morgen sloeg die man siin frou dood, met ’t striikiisder in de
parsplanke. ’T waar anders mar en klein, springerig in spichtig
kereltsje, soo as de sniders feulal binne; mar sien, die booze flarde
had de man breinroer maakt. Goed! Hij wudde oppakt, in fonnisd, in
na Leewarden brocht, in ’t trekskip, om daar ophongen te wudden.
De Frijdagsmiddags kwam-i te Leewarden an, in de
Saterdagsmiddags om twaalf uur suud-i ophongen wudde. Eerst
kreeg-i nog siin galgemaal. Want de lui die-’t oudtiids ophongen
wudden, mochten die daags foor ’t laast nog ’ris uutkieze, wat se ete
wuden. In wat se dan begeerden—as ’t niet al te mal waar, dat
kregen se dan oek. Nou—dizze man dan, die koos eindfeugel met
appelsmots; want it waar in ’t najaar. In daar ’n fles wiin bij; want wiin
had de man eigentlik nooit niet goed proefd. In doe-’t-’i dat lekker
oppeuzeld hadde, doe kwam d’r nog ’n domenij ’n half uurke bij him
—och ja, mins!—In daarna brochten se him op ’t skawot.
Doe die man daar soo ston onder ’e galge, in de beulsknecht sette
de ledder al klaar, in de burgemeester met de froedsmannen
stonnen om him heene, doe keek die man ’ris na boven, na de galge
daar-’t-i an hange muste. In doe skudd’-’i ’t hoofd, in doe wudd’-’i
moeielik. Sij froegen him wat of-’t-’i hadde. Och! seid’-i, Heeren fan
’e stad fan Luwarden! 2 dat ik hier ophongen wudde sil, dat is tot
daair an toe. Daair sil ik niks fan segge. Dat hew ik ferdiend; in die
wat ferdient, die mut wat hewwe, segge se bij ons in Dokkum. Dat is
niet anders. Mar—(in doe sag die man al weêr na boven, na de
galge) mar dat ik nou an soo’n skunnige, an soo’n rotterige galge
mut—dat krinkt mij. Ik bin ’n fatsoendelik burgermanskiin fan ’e stad
fan Dokkum, fan ouder tot foorouder. In dat ik nou an soo’n wrak,
onsjog ding bongele sil, daair skiet mij ’t moed fan fol. [13]Waar it nog
’n knappe, krease galge, ik suud d’r niks fan segge. Sien! ik hew miin
leven lang feul fan Luwarden seggen hoord, dat it soo’n mooie stad
is, in sukke mooie groote huzen, in alles like deftig, knap in kreas.
Mar die rotterige galge, die skeint de hele stad. It is suver en skande
foor de hoofdstad fan Friesland. In jimme Luwarders! jimme sille om
die oude galge, nog ’n kwaaide naaim krije bij andere lui. Dit is te
slim, Heeren! fur ’n fatsoendelik burgermanskiin fan Dokkum!”
Mar, ons maat mocht lipe of pipe, in hij mocht hoog springe of leeg
springe, dat holp him allemaal niks. Hij muste d’r an geloove. In gien
twie minuten later, doe bongeld’-i al boven an ’t dwarshout fan ’e
galge.
Nou, doe dat karwei dan ofloopen waar, doe seide de burgemeester
fan Leewarden teugen ’e froedsmannen: „Hur ’ris! die Dokkumer
kleermaker het geliik had. Ik wude d’r niks fan segge, daar die man
bij waar, mar geliik het-i. Ons galge is te min. In d’r mut ferandering
komme; anders houdt heele Friesland ons nog voor de gek. Wij
binne ’t an de eere in an de goede naam fan ons stad ferplicht, om
hierin ferbetering an te brengen. In kan d’r dan gien gloednije galge
op staan, in fredesnaam! dan mutte wij de oude galge mar wat
oplappe in opknappe. Dat kan oek best!”
In soo wudde ’t dan besloten. De stads-timmerbaas hakte de
rotterige steden d’r uut, in-i sette daar nije stukken foor in ’t plak, in-i
bespikerde de galge wat, in-i skoorde ’m wat. In doe ferwde de
ferwer him mooi rood op. In sie daar! de galge waar alheel oplapt in
opknapt, in-i leek wel weer nij.
Leewarder Galgelappers
tot ’e dag fan fandaag toe. In se salle him wel houde, soo lang as
Leewarden bestaat, in soo lang as d’r Leewarders binne. In wij wille
hope dat dat nog duzent jaar in langer dure sal!
Na de Leeuwarder S p e k n e k k e n en G a l g e l a p p e r s zijn de
andere Friesche stedelingen aan de beurt. Dat zijn dan de
[14]To b b e d o u n s e r s van Harlingen, de D ú m k e f r e t t e r s van
Sneek, de O a l j e k o e k e n van Bolsward, de G a r n a t e n van
Dokkum, de K l o k k e d i e v e n van Franeker, de B r ij b e k k e n van
Workum, de R i b b e k l i u w e r s van Staveren, de K e a p m a n k e s
van IJlst, en de T j e e u n k e n van Hindeloopen. De burgers van
Slooten zijn eigenlijk geen bijnaam rijk; maar over hen zal verder in
dit opstel nog gesproken worden.
Nijverheid, van welken aard ook, is eigenlijk den echten Fries, die
boer of zeeman is, een vreemd bedrijf. Nijverheid heeft dan ook
nooit vasten voet in Friesland kunnen vatten, vooral geen nijverheid
in ’t groot. En die daar dan nog de eene of andere tak van
noodzakelijke nijverheid uitoefende, deed dit in ’t klein, en was in
den regel een vreemdeling, veelal een [15]„Bovenlander”, uit
Westfalen, uit Lippe of uit Hessen. Zulk een vreemdeling was bij
voorbeeld ook Toon Wever, die in de geestige zedeschets van Dr.
Eeltje Halbertsma, in De Reis nei de Jichtmasters zijn rol speelt.
Ook de Harlinger-bontwevers en verwers waren oorspronkelijk
vreemdelingen in Friesland, die hunne kunst, hunne nijverheid uit
Vlaanderen, hun vaderland, waar ze, om geloofs wille, in de 16de en
17de eeuw waren uitgedreven, naar Friesland hadden meêgebracht,
en in hunne nieuwe woonplaats uitoefenden, tot eigen opkomst en
bloei, en almede tot opkomst en bloei van Harlingen. Die verdrevene
Vlaamsche nijverlingen waren Doopsgezinden, en ze stichtten te
Harlingen, te Haarlem, aan de Zaan en elders hunne eigene
kerkelijke gemeenten, wier leden nog tot in het laatst der vorige
eeuw als „Vlamingen”, als „Oude Vlamingen”, als „Vlaamsche
Mennisten” in Friesland en Holland bekend waren, en zich van de
landseigene Mennonieten afgezonderd hielden. Hunne
nakomelingen zijn nog heden ten dage aan hun veelal bijzonder
Vlaamsche namen, en aan andere bijzondere zaken kenbaar.—
Ook die van Bolsward dragen hunnen spotnaam, die aan eene
lekkernij, aan zeker gebak ontleend is. De Bolswarders heeten
O a l j e k o e k e n , Oliekoeken.
Een ander weet er weêr wat anders op ter verklaring van den
spotnaam der Bolswarders. Waling Dykstra schrijft daarvan in zijn
werkje In doaze fol âlde Snypsnaren (Frjentsjer, 1882):
Maar het volk weet ook niets af van die oliekoeken voor het vee. Het
Friesche volk kent, in betrekking tot de Bolswarders, slechts de
oliekoeken voor de menschen. Om nu de Bolswarders niet openlijk
en luide met dezen spotnaam te noemen, maar toch stilzwijgende
daar mede te plagen, als door een teeken, rijden de jonge lieden uit
andere plaatsen, des winters als er ijs is, wel te Bolsward op de
gracht, die de geheele stad omgeeft, met een oliekoek op de punt
van de schaats gestoken, gespietst. De Bolswarders plegen deze
hoon en smaad, hunner oude en wijdvermaarde stede aangedaan,
bijzonder kwalijk op te vatten. Zij vergelden deze beleediging
gaarne, als ze daar kans toe zien, door de bedrijvers van die, in
hunne oogen zoo gruwelijke wandaad, eens flink af te kloppen.
Menigeen die het stoute stuk waagde te Bolsward op de gracht te
rijden met oliekoeken op de schaatspunten, heeft deze zijne koene
daad moeten boeten met een duchtig pak slagen, dat de verwoede
Bolswarders hem gratis verstrekten, en dat lang niet malsch was,
zoodat er wel blauwe oogen, bebloede koppen en andere
krijgstropheeën bij te pas kwamen. Het gold in mijne jeugd dan ook
nog voor eene schitterende heldendaad, bij de jongelieden van
Leeuwarden, Sneek, Makkum, Harlingen, Franeker en de tusschen
gelegene dorpen, als men te Bolsward de gracht om de stad
rondgereden was, met oliekoeken op de schaatspunten. Want bij
mooi weêr en mooi ijs, als het Friesche jongvolk, in kleine of groote
gezelschappen vereenigd, voor pleizier naar naburige, vaak ook
naar ver verwijderde plaatsen reed, stonden de Bolswarder jongelui
(die anders ook wel uitgereden waren, maar waarvan er altijd
eenigen opzettelijk om in de stad bleven) wel op den uitkijk of ook
een vreemdeling het zoude wagen dien smaad hunner stede toe te
voegen. En wee hem, dien ze betrapten en achterhaalden! Er
behoorde moed toe om het stuk te bestaan, en vlugheid en
behendigheid om de Bolswarder hoonwrekers te ontkomen. Slechts
kloeke, dappere jongelingen, flinke schaatsrijders tevens, waagden
zich daaraan.
De liefhebberij der Friezen voor zoet gebak blijkt almede uit hunne
hiervoren verklaarde spotnamen D ú m k e f r e t t e r s en
O a l j e k o e k e n , en blijkt ook uit den spotnaam, dien men den
ingezetenen van ’t stedeke IJlst aanhangt. De lieden van IJlst (of van
Drylts, zoo als de Friezen zelven dit plaatske noemen—en die zullen
toch wel best weten hoe het heet—), de lieden van Drylts dan noemt
men K e a p m a n k e s of K e a p m a n t s j e s , K j e p m a n k e s of
K y p m a n k e s ; ik weet waarlijk niet hoe ik dezen naam best
spellen zal. Waling Dykstra zegt van dezen naam, in zijne Doaze
fol alde Snypsnaren: „To Drylts wirdt en soarte fen moppen bakt, dy
kypmantsjes neamd wirde. Dy ’t winters oer iis to Drylts komt, moat
kypmantsjes mei nei hûs nimme.” 4
Niet aan zoetigheid, maar aan eene hartige versnapering danken (of
wijten) de Dokkumers hunnen spotnaam. Zij heeten namelijk
Garnaten.
Het is gebeurd in het jaar 1623, dat een schipper met eene lading
hout uit Noorwegen kwam, en te Ezumazijl 5 binnen liep. Die
schipper had uit aardigheid eenige levende kreeften in eenen korf
meegebracht voor zijnen reeder, die te Leeuwarden woonde. Dien
korf met kreeften droeg hij ’s avonds, toen het al duister was, door
de stad Dokkum, en toen kwam er, bij ongeluk een van die beesten
uit de mand te vallen, juist voor de deur van zekeren vroedsman,
Grada. Des anderen daags, ’s morgens vroeg, toen de dienstmaagd
de straat zoude aanvegen, vond zij dat beest daar liggen. Zij liep
verschrikt het huis weêr in, en riep: „Heere, Froedsman! Kom gau ’ris
foor deur. Heere, wat leit daair ’n raair ding op ’e straaite?”
Vroedsman, met eene roode kamerjapon aan, met de witte
slaapmuts op het hoofd, en met afgezakte kousen, liep terstond naar
buiten. Hij sloeg de handen van verbazing in één, en zei: „Dit is ’n
mirakel! suud dat ok ’n jong weze van die roek, die hier boven in ’e
lynneboom nestelt?” [23]Het duurde niet lang of daar liep al spoedig
een half honderd menschen bijéén, om het schepsel te beschouwen.
Een catechiseermeester, die daar ook voorbij kwam, riep: „Minsken!
minsken! sien it beest dochs niet an; want ik loof dat it de Basiliscus
is, daar men fan in ’e Skrift leest; it kon jimme allegaar it leven
koste.”—” ’t Mocht in skyt, meester!” zeide een turfdrager, die daar
met zijn korf voorbij kwam, „ik hew him al goed in siin freet sien; ’t
stomme beest sal ons niks doen, in die d’r in mingelen bier foor over
het, dan sal ik him daaidlik met de tange in miin korf legge, in
draaige him waair de frinden him hewwe wille.”—„Dat gaait an!” zei
vroedsman. De tang werd gehaald, de kreeft in den korf gelegd, en
toen ging de man eerst naar de brouwerij, om zijn kan bier op te
drinken. Daar van daan recht uit naar den burgemeester, met een
troep straatjongens achteraan. De turfdrager zette den korf in het
voorhuis neêr, en vroedsman ging in de kamer bij burgemeester. Hij
sprak den burgemeester met een erg bedrukt en verschrikt gezicht
aan, en zei: „Goeie morgen, Burgemeister!”—„Goeden morgen,
Froedsman! Jou hier soo froeg al over de floer, man?”—„Ja,
Burgemeister! Wij hewwe hier ’n raair stuk, Burgemeister. Wij hewwe
fan ’e morgén ’n levendig ding op straait fonnen, en gien minske
weet wat ding of it is, of hoe it hiet, Burgemeister. Wij hewwe it
metnomen, Burgemeister: it staait in ’t foorhuus, Burgemeister. Wil
Burgemeister it ok ’ris sien, Burgemeister?”—„Fooral in believen,
Froedsman!” zei die heer; „Jou wete, seldsaamheden bin ik altoos
nieuwsgierig na.” De Burgemeester, die een eerste grappenmaker
was, zag terstond wel dat het een kreeft was, maar hij hield zich nog
dommer als de vroedsman eigenlijk was. Hij sloeg dan de handen
samen en zei: „Froedsman! Froedsman! ik loof dat er ons slimme
dingen over ’t hoofd hange! Soo’n ding staat in gien kronyk
beschreven, in soo lang as de wereld staat is er soo’n ding in
Dokkum niet vertoond. Het is een stuk van te feel belang. Daarom
gefoel ik mij verplicht om nog heden morgen om tien uur den raad te
beleggen, om dan te bepalen, wat of wij met dit monster sullen
aanfangen.—Jou komme dochs ok, Froedsman?”—„Ja wis,
Burgemeister!”
Des morgens om tien ure dan kwamen de Heeren bij elkanderen
[24]in het Raadhuis. De mand met den kreeft er in werd in de
Raadzaal gebracht; ieder van de Heeren zag beurt voor beurt in de
mand, en ging daarna weêr op zijne plaats zitten. Sommigen van de
Heeren waren maar juist dapper genoeg om het onnoozele beest
aan te durven zien. Toen allen weer gezeten waren, zei de
Burgemeester: „Heeren van de Raad van Dokkum! De Heeren
hebben gezien dat er in onze stad een wonderlijk creatuur gefonden
is, en daar men niet weet, welk dier dit is, en fanwaar het gekomen
is, soo heb ik het selve hier gebracht ten einde het advys fan de
Heeren te hooren. Daarom U, froedsman Grada! als de oudste fan
den raad dezer stad, fraag ik het eerst: wat dunkt u fan dit beest?”
„Ikke?” zei vroedsman Grada, „ik bliif bij miin eerste advys, dat it
namentlik ien fan die jonge roeken is, die foor miin deur daair in die
hooge lynneboomen nestele; want waar duvel suud it ding anders
wegkomen weze? ’t Kan ok niet uut ’e straaitstienen kropen weze.”
„Zou een jong kanariefogel dan grooter zijn als een oude? Dat
spreekt sich immers selfs tegen,” sprak daarop de burgemeester.
„Dat weet ik niet,” zei vroedsman Inia. „Wij sien alderdegenst, dat
groote minsken klein wudde kinne. Miin grootfader is fan
burgemeister al bierdrager wudden.”