Writer and commitment Criticism of state of literature in Marxist time Marxist Russia Followers of Marxist : lenin, stalin , Culture

borgeosis Middle class Revolution in 1917 : Bolshevik party came; dominance of the prolitaeriat. Working class.lenin and stalin belong to working classafter 1917-1928 : ppl in power; not much influence on literature Nothing substantial happened writers were insensitive to it...Policies met with neutral reaction 1928 : body of Russian writers formed..based on working class and not on borgeosis Maya Kovsky: futurist poethe called that particular phenonmenon : burn Raphael : idea of stalin governmentRaphael stood for old/wornm l 1928 : took exception to stalins decreeproluct cultcreating a cult for the proliteriat.. RAPP: Rusiian association of proliterian writers/poets 1932 : party dissolved./soviet writers union:whatever u write..write for the working class Literary arts crippled..repetitive literature..literature sank to nadir of false optimismMaya Kowsky committed suicide

VSEVOLOD MEYERHOLD : believed in freedom of artdeclared Socialist realismhas got nothing to with the arthe was arrested the next day. Lenin, Protsky..Lenin adhers to this ideologyLenin is more freedom oriented in culture field of affairs..u gotta be more free Lenin and Protsky differed on cultural issues Maxim Gorky: Till stalin came in powerproponent of literature.Free writer till thenwriter of freedom cult.. Lenins contradiction came from Tolstoycrucial relevance to Marxist Whatever Tolstoy wrote had a high Christian overtone..sharp contrast between art form and modern form.

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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Naren John S and Kolin Leys

Lot of data State of African countires 650 million people10% of the worlds populationdoesnt include south AfricaIt is not at all involved in trade..only 3%..and only 1% of the GDP. World bank.. n IMF ruined Africa Sub saharan Africa countires became free in 1960.still there was colonial hang over

Keyfactor : Capitalist viewed Africa as a placwe to invest..economy not really shaped Country is rich in agraraina base n not encouraged..only search for mineralscapitalist intentiuons No development towards infra structure..investment from foreign powers to consume all the resources there

Perspective of ppl in Africa Besides SA, first industrializedonly 6 countries have 20 million or more populationout of these, 8 countries account for Poorer countries have absolutely no mention.118 million habitants in SA?? Sub Saharan breakup is very skewed.Economic life revolves around agriculture..economy is manged thru agriculture African countires took up large projects post independencethey cudnt implement this project on time..they suffered large amts of losses..they opened avenues for foreign investments to come n hail them out of their lossesConcept of NEOLIBERALISM came Kind of investments is only talked about..the news we get is also skewedwhat we see in Africa is only the mapnot the real Africa is shown..militia .diamond business., corruption, drug trafficking.In evry tea made in kenya and sold in NY, there is exploitationinterest rate o 25.3%....so much of debt.to survive, they take more debts..in case of repaying,..as they cant repaythey World Bank of interest What imperialists want fromAfrica.. Global capitalism and development of AfricA WILL never converge Perspective of the Capitalists

Disciplining Structural adjustment policiesNeed for change in economic policy To make up for the loss, loans to be taken from outsidemoney for projects came from capital. Total 39.6% in 1980 of GNP to 78.4% in 1994.exports were 97% to 324%... New driving premise : Protective tarrifs, exchange controlagriculture was key Free markets, abolition of subsidies were supposed to be removedand as a result local ppl sufferedTwo programs International financial Institututions Economic reconstruction programlot of Countries which di not have any natural resources were better offatleast they didnt get erodednatural resource and without natural resources. Experts say : Future : They are headed to DOOM Solutions : Lot of talented ppl..youth are the hopeonly marxism or socialism will help socialism needs to be bought about..trade unionscan bring govt to its kneesLIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL.. CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM

Zambia was the country where trade unions succeeded..large scale protests against any kina capitalism INHUMAN STATE OF US HEALTH CARE 14% of GNP 44 million ppl dont have any form of health coverage Majority are working classcant afford high health insurance premiumno of ppl died in US because of bad health care is 3 times of the ppl who died of AIDS1 lakh ppl die each year Doesnt grant rights Basic human rights denied Medical problems not covered by the insuranceEurope and Canada..elederly ppl dont have to pay for their medicineppll hav to cut back on their necessities to pay for their health premium..

Distribution of power is the main reason Men have more power than women, Whites are more powerful than blacks.. Class power : Three main classes initially UPPER Class, Middle class, lOwer class LATER : Corporate, Upper middle, Lower middle, Working class Decisions made by corporate an dupper class while 60% ppl belonged to working class. TAFT HARTLEY ACT It says that health benefits for working class ppl shud be covered by highly decentralized collective bargaining agreements.. Trade union can bargainbest ppl out here are the steel workwers..baceause they have the biggest trade union..they pay 32 % as health Steel workers cant go for coal mines n stuff like that Working class cudnt act power on No representation in BoD..84% of cabinet, 78% of the senate, 62% of the house are corporate class. N the reminder are the upper middle class. Most class conscious : George Bush Jr.. How ploiticans survive : 92% of the soft money came from large insurance bankng and employees association Bad health care because fo class power Sweden : working class is very strong..comprehensive health benefits In the US, working class also loses salary n health benefits if they loose their salary..brought by the Hartley act Dont read the box

POLITICAL ARENA AGAINST GANDHI AMBedkar, Gandhi, hindu mahasabha, arya samaj.. Ambedkar ran into conflict.. Reserved seatsseparate electorates..latter supported by AMbedkar initially Simon commisiion : No Indian memberdalits boycotted itseparate electorated wud divide india further..depend on the attitude Motilal Nehru Harijans shudnt be given separate elcetrates or reserve seatsreserved seats were given finally, .1930 round table 1931 round table 14th August: Congress boycotted totallycongress was not in support for any reservation..dalits wanted reservation..simon commisiion supported dalit reservations 4 vernas have to live together according to Gandhi..Gandhi and Ambedkar praised each other but their view points clashed.. Ambedkar was 140 seats in legislative assembly but no separate electoratesAmbedkar was under pressure..emotionally blackmailed Arya Samaj and Ambedkar Ambedkar wanted merit to be ultimate determinant..his faith in political action began to eroded ...Independent Labor Party SHAPING INDIAN CONSTITUTION Ambedkar : Shrewd, ideology, will and might,knowledge used to imbibe in constitution..directive principles.. Differences between Gandhi n ambedkar First law minister of India..then move to drafting committee They were ppl against him always..he is untouchable but still in a high and mighty position Head of the drafting committee Arun Shourie calls Ambedkar false manu.Drafting committee would only give shape to these articles framed by other committees Counter points :

HS verma and Neeta Verma say he was selected to Indian constitution..based on his merit, administrative capabilities. Drafting committee didnt have any muslim representationnot decided whether to join India or Pakistan,..critics against drafting committee PPl followed all articles closely based on sub committees Draftign committee had 7 members..one died, one resigned, one in America n none of them was replaceddrafting committee was nt competent enuf to shape constitution Gandhi believed in grass root level panchayatsGandhians and congress supporters wanted grass root admnstn at panchayats n villagesAmbedkar thot this wud demolish the demograpohies of India He included these in the directive principlesmere guidelines for constitutions.Ambedkar dint want decentralization. Article 34 Promote cottage industries..cooperative banks and rural areas..not included in primary constitution. He put all such thing in directive rinciples so that they r nt legally enforced.intoxicating consumption in article 47. Cow slaughter Project modernizationreframed so that it wont be re-inforced HINDU QUODE BILL Ambedkar in favour of uniform civil codeagainst Nehrus vision..so pressure from congress severing of ties between Nehru and Ambedkar..Nehru was more cpaitalsit in natur and uniform views with ambedkar.. Ambedkar married Brahmin nurse : UNIFORM CODE SHOULD BE THERE THAT IS WHY Krishna and Radha mention Ambedkar was sad that Nehru didnt allot him suitable portfolio First general elections were approaching..wanted to contesthis own partyrepublican party of India. Post independence He became a buddist and reclined

TRIVIA : Guru : R. Madhavan

Goenka MEDIEVAL INDIA Rupesh Hypothesis : Economoic implication : that rise of self sufficient villages in the post Gupta periods..decline fo urbam centres..long routes.most of the proofs are archaelogical Decline of trade also. 4 important trade centeres PRuthu Dhakka - Indo gangetic Tathananda pura Indo gangetic Siyadhuni Lower/upper ganga basin Gopagiri malwa plateau

Archaelogical evidences : Trade centres organized n manged by trade unionsresidential n trade areas as separate parts mostly free of caste.not a factor in deciding ur place.evidences found against ny discrimainatin happening So casteism came post gupta period.

4 centres managed by trade organization Kapoothikas, Karnikas Post Gupta period all this declined These trade unions donated lotta money to buoild temples as centres of economy..which stopped after gupta periodroman-trade connection.. Satwana period and satha khushana Relative prosperity Linked with romam tradepricnciple source of Gold metal lost.. Ottoman turks captured all the routes n roman trade declined..

Thus finishes his hypothesis..how internal trade died off