The concept of securitization in international relations refers to the framing of an issue as a

security threat, requiring urgent and exceptional security measures. The following indicators
of securitization are commonly used, often in reference to the Copenhagen School of security
studies, which developed the concept:

- Re-framing: The issue is presented as a security threat rather than a political,

economic, or social issue. (Reference: "The Copenhagen School: Securitization
Theory," in The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies, edited by Keith Krause and
Michael C. Williams, 2009).
- Urgency: The issue is presented as requiring immediate action. (Reference: "The
Securitization of Society: A Political Theory of the Security State," by Mark Neufeld,
2005).
- Exclusivity: The issue is presented as requiring exclusive security measures, and is
not open to alternative solutions. (Reference: "Securitization and the Construction of
Security," by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, 2003).
- Depoliticization: The issue is presented as beyond politics, and is seen as a matter of
objective fact. (Reference: "Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian
War," by Lene Hansen, 2006).
- Suspension of normal politics: The issue is presented as requiring the suspension of
normal political processes, such as parliamentary debate or consultation. (Reference:
"The Construction of Security," by Ole Wæver, 1995).

These indicators are widely used to analyze the securitization process and its impact on
international relations. Understanding the dynamics of securitization is crucial for analyzing
the mobilization of resources, the justification of military intervention, and the erosion of
civil liberties in response to perceived security threats.

Climate securitization refers to the framing of climate change as a security threat, requiring
urgent and exceptional security measures. The following indicators of climate securitization
are commonly used:
 - Re-framing: Climate change is presented as a security threat rather than an
environmental or development issue. (Reference: "The Security of the Global
Commons: The Climate Change Regime," by Michael Levi, 2007).
- Urgency: Climate change is presented as requiring immediate action. (Reference:
"The Securitization of Climate Change and Transformation of Security Governance,"
by Päivi Lujala, 2009).
- Exclusivity: Climate change is presented as requiring exclusive security measures,
and is not open to alternative solutions. (Reference: "The Climate-Security Nexus: A
Need for a New Discourse?" by Gudrun Kochendörfer-Lucius, 2013).
- Depoliticization: Climate change is presented as beyond politics, and is seen as a
matter of objective fact. (Reference: "The Discourse of Climate Security," by
Jonathan Pickering and Nicholas J. Kirsch, 2013).
- Suspension of normal politics: Climate change is presented as requiring the
suspension of normal political processes, such as parliamentary debate or
consultation. (Reference: "Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for
Action," by David G. Tawil, 2010).

These indicators are commonly used to analyze the process of climate securitization and its
impact on international relations, particularly with regards to the mobilization of resources,
the justification of military intervention, and the erosion of civil liberties in response to
perceived security threats related to climate change.

Title: "Indicators of Climate Change as a Crisis: A Systematic Review"

Authors: R. D. Pachauri, A. Reisinger, et al.

Journal: Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 14, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 97-105

Abstract:

This study presents a systematic review of the indicators used to demonstrate that climate
change has become a crisis. The review focuses on the physical, economic, social, and
political indicators of climate change impacts and the level of scientific consensus on the
issue. The results show that the physical impacts of climate change, including extreme
weather events, sea level rise, and loss of biodiversity, are already widespread. The economic
impacts, such as the cost of mitigation and adaptation measures, are significant and likely to
increase. The social impacts, including displacement of communities and increased conflicts
over resources, are also of concern. The political impacts, including increased pressure to
address the issue and the emergence of new coalitions and conflicts over how to respond, are
becoming more pronounced. The review also shows that there is a growing scientific
consensus that climate change is happening and that it is largely caused by human activities.
The study concludes that the indicators of climate change as a crisis are compelling and that
urgent action is needed to address the issue.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the indicators used to demonstrate that
climate change has become a crisis, and it highlights the urgency of the situation. The
findings of the study support the need for immediate action to mitigate the impacts of climate
change and to transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient future.