012 - Gear Theory

POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
MARINE POWER PLANT LABORATORY
Dept. of Marine Engineering

Faculty of Marine Technology
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya 2017
SISTEM TRANSMISI TENAGA
Gear Theory
Introduction
• A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,

which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit
torque.
• Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission
and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio
and thus may be considered a simple machine.
• Geared devices can change the speed, magnitude, and
direction of a power source.
• The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another
gear, however a gear can also mesh a non-rotating toothed
part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of
rotation.
• When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a

mechanical advantage is produced, with both the rotational
speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in a simple
relationship.
• External and Internal gear
An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer
surface of a cylinder or cone. Conversely, an internal gear is one
with the teeth formed on the inner surface of a cylinder or cone.
Gear
There are several types of gear commonly used in the industrial

world, namely:
• Spur gears have teeth parallel to the axis of rotation and are used to
transmit motion from one shaft to another, parallel, shaft.
• Helical gears have teeth inclined to the axis of rotation. Helical gears are
not as noisy, because of the more gradual engagement of the teeth during
meshing.
• Bevel gears have teeth formed on conical surfaces and are used mostly for
transmitting motion between intersecting shafts.
• Worms and worm gears, The worm resembles a screw. The direction of
rotation of the worm gear, also called the worm wheel, depends upon the
direction of rotation of the worm and upon whether the worm teeth are
cut right-hand or left-hand.
1. Spur Gears
• Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation.
• Transmit power from one shaft to another parallel shaft.
• Used in electric screwdriver, oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm clock,
washing machine and clothes dryer.
 Spur advantages: External tooth

– Economical
– Simple design
– Ease of maintenance
 Spur disadvantages:
– Less load capacity
– Higher noise levels
 Spur gears are divided into 2 types:
Internal tooth
2. Helical Gears
• The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear.
• Carry more load than equivalent-sized spur gears.
• This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more
smoothly and quietly than spur gears.
 Double helical gears (Herringbone gears):

- To avoid axial thrust, two helical gears of opposite hand can be mounted side
by side, to cancel resulting thrust forces.
- Herringbone gears are mostly used on heavy machinery.
 Rack helical gears (Rack and pinion gears):

- Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation (from the pinion) into
linear motion (of the rack).
- A perfect example of this is the steering system on many cars.
3. Bevel Gears
• Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs to be
changed.
• They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90o apart, can be designed to
work at other angles as well.
• The teeth on bevel gears can be hypoid straight or spiral.
• Locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing presses, cooling
towers, power plants, steel plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.
straight spiral
4. Worm and Worm Gears

• Worm gears are used when larg g e gear reductions are needed. It is
common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1
or greater.
• Many worm gears have an interesting property that no other gear set has:
the worm can easily turn the gear but the gear cannot turn the worm.
• Worm gears are used widely in material handling and transportation
machinery, machine tools, machine tools, automobiles, etc.
Nomenclature
 The pitch circle is a theoretical circle upon which all calculations are
usually based; its diameter is the pitch diameter.
 A pinion is the smaller of two mating g g ears. The larger is often called the
gear.
 The circular pitch p is the distance, measured on the pitch circle, from a
point on one tooth to a corresponding point on an adjacent tooth. It is
equal to the sum of the tooth thickness and width of space.
 The module m is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth.
 The diametral pitch P is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to the
pitch diameter.
Spur gear terminology

Pitch:
A property used to classify gears. Gears can be classified by circular pitch or
diametral pitch, but the diametral pitch method is the most common.
Pitch Circle:
An imaginary circle on a gear that divides the gear teeth into top lands and
bottom lands, and into addendums and dedendums. The pitch circles of
two gears in correct mesh contact each other at the pitch point.
Diametral Pitch:
The number of teeth given per inch of centimetre of a gear's pitch
diameter. Diametral pitch is the most common method of classifying gears.
T
PN =
D
Circular pitch or normal pitch:
The distance from a point on one gear tooth to the corresponding point on
the next gear tooth, measured along the pitch circle.
πD πd p πDg
pn = = =
T tp Tg
Centre distance:
Is equal to half the sum of the meshing circle diameters
tp Tg (t p + Tg )
C = rp + rg = + =
2 pN 2 pN 2 pN
base circle :
In an involute curve, the circle from which the curve is unwound in a spiral
shape.
D, R = Pitch circle diameter, radius
Addendum = a = 1/PN = pn/π
Dedendum = b = 1.25/PN = 1.25pn/π D0 = D cos ϕ
Diameter of base circle and base pitch: r0 = r cos ϕ
P0 = P cos ϕ
Diameter of blank circle:
Db = Blank circle diameter = D + 2/P = D + 2p/π
D
Do Db
Pressure angle
• The pressure angle is the angle between the tangent to the pitch
circles and the line drawn normal (perpendicular) to the surface of the
gear teeth.
• The normal line is sometimes referred to as the line of action.
• When two gear teeth are in

mesh and are transmitting ϕ
power, the force transferred
from the driver to the driven
gear tooth acts in a direction
along the line of action.
Pressure angle effect
ϕ = 14 12
°
ϕ = 20° ϕ = 25°
Comparison of gear tooth shape as a function of pressure angle

Gear meshing
• Pitch point: The point of tangency of the pitch circles of a pair of mating gears.
• Common tangent: The line tangent to the pitch circle at the pitch point.
• Line of action: A line normal to a pair of mating tooth profiles at their point of
contact.
• Path of contact: The path traced by the contact point of a pair of tooth profiles.
• It can be seen clearly during
operation the contact point
demarked by red point is Gear meshing
established on the left hand side of
the axis joining the centre of the
gears and moves to the right and
vanishes.
• New contact is established again at
the left side.
• The angle made by it with the
common tangent to the pitch circles
at the pitch point is known as the
pressure angle.
• It can be noted that the line of
action passes through the pitch
point which is the point of
intersection of the line connecting
the centres of the gears with the
common tangent.
General transmission case and its two special cases

Law of Gearing (Conjugate Action)
 In the case of involute profiles, all points of contact occur on the same
straight line ab. All normal to the tooth profiles at the point of contact
coincide with the line ab thus these profiles transmit uniform rotary , thus
these profiles transmit uniform rotary motion.
 When two gears are in mesh their pitch circles roll on one another without
slippage Then the pitch line velocity is V=r. Then the pitch line velocity is
V=r1ω1 = r2ω2.
Where:
d = Diameter of the wheel
N = Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed
Line of constant vector products

Center distance insensitivity of involute gearing

Involute development with straight generating rack

Surface elements that fulfill constant vector products

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POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

MARINE POWER PLANT LABORATORY

Dept. of Marine Engineering

• A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,

• When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a

There are several types of gear commonly used in the industrial

 Spur advantages: External tooth

 Double helical gears (Herringbone gears):

 Rack helical gears (Rack and pinion gears):

4. Worm and Worm Gears

Spur gear terminology

• The normal line is sometimes referred to as the line of action.

• When two gear teeth are in

Pressure angle effect

Comparison of gear tooth shape as a function of pressure angle

General transmission case and its two special cases

Line of constant vector products

Center distance insensitivity of involute gearing

Involute development with straight generating rack

Surface elements that fulfill constant vector products

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