b

2)
c
3)
d
4)

Explanation

In this structure, the carbon to which the alcohol is attached is, itself, attached to two other
carbons. This makes it a secondary alcohol.

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Explanation

Explanation

In this structure, the carbon to which the alcohol is attached is, itself, attached to two other
carbons. This makes it a secondary alcohol.

Q2.52 - Level 1
Review
How many β carbons are present in the following molecule?

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Word Answer

Explanation

There are three beta carbons in this molecule: The carbon containing the alcohol functional
group (the alpha carbon) is attached to 3 other carbons There are three beta carbons.

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Explanation
Explanation

There are three beta carbons in this molecule: The carbon containing the alcohol functional
group (the alpha carbon) is attached to 3 other carbons There are three beta carbons.

When the OH group is the principal functional group, the e ending of the derived hydrocarbon is
replaced by the ol suffix preceded by its numerical location. The parent chain is then numbered
in the direction that will give the principal functional group the lowest number.

In the example below, the parent chain is made of six carbon atoms where at least two carbon
atoms are connected via a double bond. Because the alcohol has higher priority than the double
bond, the parent chain is numbered in the direction that gives the alcohol the lowest locant. The
derived hydrocarbon is the alkene hex-4-ene. The location of the principal functional group (OH
group), the double bond (between carbon 4 and 5) as well as the location of the alkyl substituents
is included in the name. The IUPAC name for this alcohol is 4,5-dimethylhex-4-en-3-ol. Note
that in the example below there is no stereochemistry and therefore it is not included in the name.
If the alkene contains stereochemistry then the terminology cis/trans or E/Z are used depending
on the rules covered previously.

Figure 2.52. Structure of 4,5-dimethylhex-4-en-

3-ol.

Q2.53
Review
Which compound corresponds to 2-bromo-4-methylhex-5-en-3-ol?
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answer.
a
a
b
b
c
c
d
d

Explanation

The alkene is at position 5 and the alcohol is at position 3.

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Explanation

Explanation

The alkene is at position 5 and the alcohol is at position 3.

2.12 Aldehydes and Ketones

2.13 Naming Acyl Compounds
Acyl compounds have the general formula RC(O)Z, where the Z represents a heteroatom (O, X,
OR, NR2 etc.) bonded to an RC(O)- unit. This category of compounds includes carboxylic acids,
esters, amides acid anhydrides, and acyl halides. When the RC(O)- unit is attached to aliphatic
hydrocarbons, it is called to an acyl group; when the RC(O)- unit is attached to an aromatic ring,
it is called an aroyl group.

Figure 2.56. An acyl group highlighted in a

generic molecule.

Below are examples illustrating different classes of acyl derivatives.

Figure 2.57. Examples illustrating different classes of acyl derivatives.

3D Molecule*: propanoic anhydride

2.14 Naming Amines

Amines are derivatives of ammonia, in which one or several H atoms have been replaced with
alkyl groups. Amines can be classified depending on the number of alkyl groups directly
attached to the N atom. Primary amines (1°) will contain one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen,
whereas secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) amines will contain two and three alkyl groups attached
to the N atom respectively.

Figure 2.67. Examples of

primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Q2.68 - Level 1
Review
Match the given compounds to their classifications.

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 A)

3°

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 B)
 1°

Press space or enter to grab 2°

 C)

2°

Explanation

The classification of the amine is done by counting the number of alkyl groups attached to it. A
nitrogen with two alkyl groups is a secondary nitrogen.

Submitted:

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Explanation

Explanation

The classification of the amine is done by counting the number of alkyl groups attached to it. A
nitrogen with two alkyl groups is a secondary nitrogen.

There are two ways of naming 1° amines based on the structures of the alkyl groups attached to
the nitrogen atom. If the alkyl group is simple, then the amine can be named as an alkylamine. In
this case, the alkyl substituent precedes the suffix amine. In the example below, there is an ethyl
group attached to the nitrogen. The name of this compound becomes ethylamine.

Figure 2.68. Structure of ethylamine.

Secondary and tertiary alcohols can be named as alkylamines or alkanamines depending on the
level of complexity of the alkyl groups. For amines containing simple alkyl groups, these groups
are listed alphabetically.