Fundamentals of Chemistry

Week Four: Chemical Reactions and Quantification

LAST WEEK
• Ionic and covalent bonds

• Naming compounds/formulas

• Intermolecular bonding
 Agenda for Week Four
Concepts

• Chemical equations and reaction patterns

• Balancing chemical equations
• Moles and molar mass calculations

Learning Outcomes:

1. Balance chemical reactions

2. Identify the four primary reaction types
3. Apply the use of the mole in chemical reactions and calculations
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

C25H52(s) + 38O2(g)  25CO2(g) + 26H2O(g)

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

STOICHIOMETRY

• Relationship between masses of chemical reactants and products

STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS

• Coefficients in a balanced equation

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

a) If 2.50 g Fe2O3 are formed by this reaction, what is the total mass of iron metal and
oxygen that reacted?

b) Identify the stoichiometric coefficients

c) If 10,000 O atoms reacted, how many Fe atoms were needed to react with this
amount of oxygen?
BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Steps:
1. Write an unbalanced equation containing the correct formulas of reactants
and products
2. Balance atoms of one of the elements
3. Balance atoms of remaining elements
4. Verify equation is balanced

Example: Reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen gas to form ammonia

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Balance these equations:

a) Combination reaction of xenon gas and fluorine gas to form xenon fluoride (XeF4(g))

b) Reaction of arsenic oxide solid with hydrogen gas to form solid arsenic and liquid
water
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Balance these equations:

c) Complete combustion of octane

d) Complete combustion of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)

REACTION PATTERNS
Generally 4 major types of reactions

1) COMBINATION REACTIONS

• 2 or more substances react to form a single product (common between O or

halogens and another element)
REACTION PATTERNS
Examples

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

4Al(s) + 3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)

Cl2(g) + 2Na(s)  2NaCl(s)

I2(s) + Zn(s)  ZnI2(s)

What type of compounds are these?

REACTION PATTERNS
A few more…

S8(s) + 8O2(g)  8SO2(g)

2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)

What type of compounds are these?

What do you need to know to predict the product of a combination reaction?

REACTION PATTERNS
2) DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

Predict the reaction type (combination or decomposition) as well as the missing

substance

a) ______(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g)

b) 4Fe(s) + 3_____(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

c) 2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3______(g)

REACTION PATTERNS
Complete these reactions

a) Reaction of magnesium solid and chlorine gas

b) Thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate to form carbon dioxide

and magnesium oxide solid
REACTION PATTERNS
3) DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• One element reacts with a compound to form a new compound and release
a different element

Examples

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

REACTION PATTERNS
4) EXCHANGE REACTIONS

• Interchange of partners between 2 compounds

Example

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

REACTION PATTERNS
Classify each of the following reactions:

a) 2Al(OH)3(s)  Al2O3(s) + 3H2O(g)

b) Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)

c) S8(s) + 24F2(g)  8SF6(g)

d) 3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq)  Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)

e) 3C(s) + Fe2O3(s)  3CO(g) + 2Fe(s)

MOLES AND MOLAR MASS
• Up to this point, stoichiometric coefficients have told us the number of
atoms/molecules involved in a reaction, but when working with chemicals
how can measure these?

• Very impractical…

• Chemists have defined a unit of matter with a known number of particles:

THE MOLE
MOLES AND MOLAR MASS
MOLE

Number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12

Avogadro’s number:
6.02213199 x 1023 particles (we’ll use 6.022 x 1023)

Therefore, 1 mole of N-14 has 6.022 x 1023 nitrogen atoms, but does not have a
mass of 12 grams
MOLES AND MOLAR MASS
MOLAR MASS
• Mass (g) of one mole of that substance
• Units of g/mol

It is ESSENTIAL that you gain the ability to convert mass to moles and vice
versa

m
M n
MOLES AND MOLAR MASS
Example #1:

You need 0.250 mol Cu for an experiment. How many grams will you need?
MOLES AND MOLAR MASS
Example #2:
Suppose you have 10.00g sample of Li and a 10.00 g sample of Ir. How many
atoms are in each sample? How many more atoms are in the Li sample
compared to Ir?
USING THE MOLE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The coefficients can also be interpreted as the number of moles of each compound, thus
we can use the coefficients to calculate masses of reactants required or products
produced

Example #3:
How many moles of water are formed from complete reaction of 4.32g of methane with
oxygen?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(v)
USING THE MOLE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Example #4:
How many grams of O2 are needed to react completely with 5.0g CH4?
SUMMARY
• Balancing reactions

• 4 types of reactions

• Moles  grams
NEXT STEPS
• Next steps….
• Review the slides/Collaborate recording
• Read Sections 3.1 and 3.3 from the openstax textbook: Chemistry (the
link is under Course Documents)
• Complete the Self Assessment in Week Four Course Documents

• Next week…TEST #1 (10%) held during our lecture time!