Modern Indian History

09-02-2024
INDIAN HISTORY
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
ANCIENT MEDIEVAL MODERN POST INDEPENDENCE
(3,00,000 BC (1200 AD (1600 AD (1947 AD

- 1200 AD) - 1600 AD) - 1947 AD) - PRESENT)
BRITISH INDIA’S
EXPANSION STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPENDENCE
ELEMINATION OF SUBORDINATION
OTHER OF INDIAN
EUROPEAN RULERS
POWERS
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INDIA IN THE 18TH CENTURY
ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS
EUROPEANS WHO CAME TO INDIA
- Portuguese
- Dutch
- British
- Danes (Denmark)
- French
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PORTUGUESE
- Prince Henry of Portugal encouraged voyages for discovery of a sea route to India.
- Bartholomew Diaz reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.
- Sea route from Europe (Portugal) to India (Calicut) was discovered by Vasco da Gama
in 1498. Calicut was then ruled by the Zamorins (Hindu rulers of Calicut)
- Portuguese traders started spice trade.
- Established trading stations at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin (first fort).
- Tried to establish monopoly.
- Main objective – God, Glory, Gold.
- Francisco De Almeida - the first governor of Portuguese trade in India. “Blue Water
Policy” (Cartaze system)
- Second governor - Alfonso de Albuquerque.
- He acquired Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510.
- In 1530 Nino Da Cunha shifted the headquarters from Cochin to Goa.
Cartaz system
It was a naval trade licesnse or pass issued by the Portuguese empire in the Indian
ocean during the Sixteenth century (1502-1750)
DECLINE
- Monopoly of the Portuguese was ended by the Dutch.

- By the end of the 16th century lost all their possessions
in India except Goa, Daman and Diu.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
- Emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt and Persia.

- Rise of Marathas
- Religious policy
- Corrupt practices
- Discovery of Brazil
- Competition from the other European powers.
Portuguese gifts to India

• Cultivation of tobacco and potato
• First printing press in India (1556)
• First scientific work to be publishe – Indian medicinal
plants (1563)
• Military innovation techniques
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THE DUTCH
- Dutch EIC was formed in 1602.
- First factory in 1605 in Masulipatnam (Andhra).
- Participated in the trade in indigo, textiles, silk, saltpetre,
opium, rice, etc.
- Anglo-Dutch rivalry
- Battle of Amboya (Indonesia), 1623 - massacred 10
Englishmen.
- Battle of Biderra (1759) – a crushing blow to the
Dutch ambition in India.
- Finally Dutch retired from India to concentrate on their
more profitable in Indonesia.
The Dutch were not much interested in empire building in India; their concerns were trade. In any case, their main
commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of Indonesia from where they earned a huge profit through business.

THE ENGLISH
- The English East India Company was established in 1600
and the Charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth –I.
- Charter provided monopoly to the Company.
- Captain Hawkins arrived at the court of Jahangir in 1609
- In 1612, Jahangir issued a farman (permission letter) to
the English and they established a trading factory at
Surat in 1613.
- Sir Thomas Roe came to India as ambassador of James I,
in 1615.
- The English established their factories at Agra,
Ahmadabad, Baroda and Broach by 1619.
- The EIC acquired Bombay from Charles II, Francis Day
founded the city of Madras (1639), Job Charnock
established a factory at a place called Sutanuti (later
developed into the city of Calcutta) (1690).
- Thus Bombay, Madras, Calcutta became three presidency
towns of the English settlements in India.
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THE DANES (DENMARK)

- The Danes formed an East India Company in 1616.
- They established a settlement at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) in
1620 and at Serampore (Bengal) in 1676.
- Serampore was their headquarters in India.
- However, they failed to strengthen themselves and were forced
to sell all their settlements of India to the British in 1845.
THE FRENCH
- The French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert, a

minister under Louis XIV.
- The first French factory in India was established at Surat by
Francis Caron
- Francois Martin founded Pondicherry in 1673.
- Francois Martin was the first governor of Pondicherry
- The arrival of Dupleix as the French Governor in India in 1742
saw the beginning of Anglo-French conflict.
ELIMINATION OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS

FIRST CARNATIC WAR (1746-48)
- Austrian war of succession (1740-48)
- British captured French ship in 1745
- French under Dupleix captured Madras
- Anwaruddin, Carnatic Nawab ordered to release Madras
- Battle of St. Thome / Battle of Adyar (1746). Nawab was
defeated.
- Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle (1748)
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ELIMINATION OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS THIRD CARNATIC WAR (1756-63)

SECOND CARNATIC WAR (1749-54) - Seven Years War in Europe (1756)
- Defeat of French under Count de Lally by
- Battle of Ambur (1749) – French defeated Anwaruddin. the British under Eyre Coot in the battle of
- French placed their candidate in both – 1749 Wandiwash – 1760
- Clive captured Arcot and successive defeat of French - Replacement of French by British as
- Chanda Sahib was killed. Muhammad Ali was placed on the throne 1752 Nizam’s protector.
- Treaty of Pondicherry / Treaty by Godehu - 1754 - Surrender of Pondecherry by French(1761)
- Treaty of Paris - 1763
CAUSES FOR DECLINE
- English navy was superior

Nasir Jung (British) - French company was poorly organized
Mujaffar Jung (French) - The French army had only one important
fortified settlement – Pondechery; English
had three – Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
Anwar-ud-din (British)
- Lack of support from the home govt.
Chanda Sahib (French)
ELIMINATION OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS

What helped the British?
- Nature of the Company.
- Naval superiority
- Industrial Revolution.
- Military skill and discipline
- Stable government
- Lesser zeal for religion
SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS
Successor states:
Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad
Independent Kingdoms:
Rajput, Mysore, Travancore, Ahom
New States / Rebel states:
Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Afghan, etc.
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BENGAL
Murshid Quli Khan (1717 – 1727)
- Bengal became completely independent of Imperial control in 1717
- Murshid transferred the capital from Decca to Murshidabad
- He was given the Governorship of Orissa also
Farukhshiyar issued a farman to EIC.

 It gave EIC privilege to trade duty free in Bengal in lieu of an annual
payment of Rs. 3000, to settle wherever it pleased, and to rent thirty
eight villages in the vicinity of Calcutta.
Shujauddin (1727-1739)
- Got the governorship of Bihar by Mughal emperor
Sarfaraz Khan (1739-40)
- Killed by Alivardi Khan, the deputy governor of Bihar
Alviradi Khan (1740 – 1756)

BENGAL
Siraj-ud-Daula (1756-57)
Grievances against the British
- Englishmen had built strong fortifications contrary to the
laws of the land
- English had Abused the privilege of the Dastak/Farman
- English had given asylum to Nawab’s offenders Krishna
Ballabh. Battle of Plassey, June 23, 1757
- English had insulted and expelled Siraj-ud-Daula’s - Arrival of strong force under Rober Clive strengthened
messenger. the British in Bengal.
Conflict with the British - British captured French settlement Chandranagore
- Seized English factory at Kasimbazar and Calcutta – June, (March 1757)
1756 (Balck hole episode) - Robert Clive made secret agreement with the traitors of
- Defeat of Siraj and treaty of Alinagar – Jan, 1757 the Nawab – Mir Jafar (commander), Rai Durlabh, Jagat
Treaty of Alinagar Seth, Omichand etc.
- Trade rights and factories were restored to the British - In the Battle of Plassey on June 23, 1757, Siraj-ud-Daula
- Nawab paid compensation was defeated and Mir Jafar was placed on the throne by
- British were given permission to fortify Calcutta. the British.
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Mir Qasim
- Shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Mungher (Bihar)
BENGAL - Reorganized the bureaucracy with the men of his choice.
Significance of Battle of Plassey - Abolished duties altogether (for native traders also)
- Mir Jafar was a puppet ruler. Indirect rule of the British. - Battle of Buxar – 1764 (Mir Qasim – Shujauddaula – Shah
- Mir Jafar gave large sum of money plus the zamindari of Alam II)
24 parganas to the English.
- Stopped import of bullions. Treaty of Allahabad – 1765 (Dual Government)
- Starting point of British rule in India. - Diwani Right – British
- Established the military supremacy of English in Bengal. - Nizamati Right – Indian Ruler
- Their main rival, the French, ousted from Bengal. Dual government
- English posted a resident in the Nawab’s court. - Company had all authority, Indian ruler had all responsibility
- Ruler was dependent on the British for fund and force.
Mir Jafar - Deputy Nazim / Deputy Subahdar was also appointed
- Irritated by the interference of Clive. by the company.
- Mir Jafar failed to make payments due to the company
- Entered into a conspiracy with the Dutch at Chinsura. But
the Dutch were defeated in the battle of Bedara in 1759. THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE 1770
- Mir Jafar was replaced by his son-in-law Mir Qasim.

MYSORE
Haidar Ali
- Haidar Ali Started his career as a soldier in Mysore state
(Woodyear Dynasty)
- Overthrew Nanjaraja and assumed power in 1761. (de
facto ruler during Chikka Krishna Raja I)
- Haidar Ali took the help of the French to set up an arms
factory at Dindigul (now in Tamil Nadu), and also
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
introduced Western methods of training for his army
- Conflict between Maratha and Haidar. British did not help.
First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-69) - American war of independence (French with the rebels)
- The war continued for a year-and-a-half without any - British captured Mahe.
conclusion. - Haidar forged an anti-English alliance with the Marathas and
- Treaty of Madras 1769. the Nizam, but by 1782, British detached Nizam and
- Exchange of prisoners and mutual restitution of conquests. Marathas from Haidar.
British promised to help Haider in case he was attacked by - Haidar died out of cancer in 1782, and succeeded by his son
any other power Tipu Sultan.
- Treaty of Mangalore – each party gave back the territories it
had taken from the other
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MYSORE
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)
- Maratha and Nizam aided British. Cornwallis captured
Bangalore.
- Treaty of Seringapatam – 1792
- Nearly half of the Mysorean territory was taken over by
the victor and was divided between Nizam, Maratha and
the British.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)
- Tipu Sultan strengthened his army.
- Tipu fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam
and got his sons released were taken hostage).
- In 1796, when the Hindu ruler of Wodeyar dynasty died,
Tipu declared himself Sultan.
- British, with an intention to force Tipu to submit
attacked, and Tipu Sultan died.
- Restoration of a small part to Krishnaraja-III
- Signing of subsidiary alliance – 1799.

SHIVAJI
MARATHA
SAMBAJI
•GAEKWAD - BARODA RAJARAM
•BHONSLE - NAGPUR
HOLKARS - INDORE
•SCINDIAS – GWALIOR
•PESHWAS - POONA
SHIVAJI-II (TARABAI)
SHAHU
PESHWA
Background
- Balaji Viswanath (1713 – 1720) made peshwa position powerful and hereditery
- Baji Rao - I (1720 – 1740) initiated the system of confederacy among the Maratha
chiefs.
- Balaji Baji Rao (1740 – 1761) gave assurance to the mughal emperor that he would
protect the Mughals.
- Maratha power declined after the Third Battle of Panipat.
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MARATHA
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) BALAJI VISWANATH (1713 – 1720)
- Treaty of Surat signed between Raghunath Rao and
British authority in Bombay – 1775 BAJI RAO (1720 – 1740)
- The British Calcutta Council, on the other side of
India,
- condemned the Treaty of Surat.
- Treaty of Salbai (1782) concluded the war. RAGHUNATH RAO BALAJI BAJI RAO (1740 – 1761)
- Sawai Madhab Rao became peshwa, Raghunath
Rao pensioned off. BAJI RAO II (1796-1818)
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) NARAYAN RAO MADHAB RAO (1761 – 1772)
- Baji Rao –II became Peshwa in 1795 NANA SAHEB (Adopted) (1772-1773)
- Maratha chiefs under Holkar attacked Peshwa.
- Baji Rao-II signed Treaty of Bassein with British – SAWAI MADHAB RAO (1773 – 1796)
1802
- Bhonsle, Scindia, Holkar attacked British. All are
defeated.
SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS SINDH

MARATHA
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818)
- British attacked Maratha chiefs on the pretext of
suppressing pindaris
- Treaty of Poona signed in 1817
- Peshwaship was abolished; Maratha was confederacy.
- a lineal descendant of Shivaji, was made ruler of a small
principality, Satara.
The origin of Pindaris is lost in
obscurity. The first reference about
them is during the Mughal invasion
of Maharashtra. They did not belong - Because of the threat from superior forces (especially
to any particular caste or creed. They Sikh), Sindh signed subsidiary alliance with the British.
used to serve the army without any - When Amirs rose to revolt, The whole of Sindh
payment but instead were allowed to plunder. It is worth capitulated within a short time, and the Amirs were
mentioning here that they never helped the British. Their made captives and banished from Sindh.
leaders belonged to both the Hindu as well as the Muslim - In 1843 Sindh was merged into the British Empire and
communities. Lord Hastings determined to suppress the Charles Napier was appointed its first governor.
Pindaris.
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SIKH
Maharaja Ranjit Sing (1792 – 1839)
- At the time of the birth of Ranjit Singh (November 2, 1780), there were 12
important misls ruling over Punjab.
- Ranjit Singh (Sukerchakia Misle) succeeded in carving out for himself a
kingdom in the central Punjab.
- Occupied Lahore in 1799 and made it his capital. Conquered Amritsar in 1802
followed by Ludhiana, Kangra, Attok, Multan, Kasmir, Hazara etc.
- Treaty of Amritsar (1809) – Sutlej river was decided the border between
Ranjit Singh and the company.
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)

- After the death of Ranjit Singh, there was a situation of - The Sikhs tried to avenge their humiliating defeat.
anarchy in Punjab. - But defeated decisively by the British in the battle of Gujrat
- Sikh were anxious after annexation of Sindh and about in 1849.
British stationing large number of troops near the border - Punjab was annexed by British.
of Sikh kingdom. Sikhs started to revolt.
- Sikh armies were defeated in various parts and finally
Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846.
[UPSC 1995] [UPSC 2003]

1. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? 2. With reference to the entry of European powers into
India, which one of the following statements is not
a. Battle of Buxar – Mir Jafar Vs Clive correct?
b. Battle of Wandiwash – French Vs East India Company
c. Battle of Chillianwala – Dalhousie Vs Maratha a. The Portuguese captured Goa in 1499.
d. Battle of Kharda – Nizam Vs East India Company b. The English opened their first factory in South India at
Masulipatnam
c. In eastern India, the English Company opened its first
factory in Orissa in 1633.
Answer: (b) d. Under the leadership of Dupleix, the French occupied
Madras in 1746
Battle of Chillianwala – British Vs. Sikh (1849)
Battle of Kharda – Nizam Vs Maratha (1795) Answer: (a)
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[UPSC 2004] [UPSC 2004]

3. Consider the following statements 4. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
1. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmed Shah Abdali 1. AD 1767-69 : First Anglo Maratha War
defeated Ibrahim Lodi 2. AD 1790-92 : Third Mysore War
2. Tipu Sultan was killed in the Third Anglo-Mysore War 3. AD 1824-26 : First Anglo-Burmese War
3. Mir Jafar entered in conspiracy with the Enghlish for 4. AD 1845-46 : Second Sikh War
the defeat of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah in the Battle of
Plassey. a. 2 and 4
b. 3 and 4
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? c. 1 and 2
a. 1, 2 and 3 d. 2 and 3
b. Only 3
c. 2 and 3
d. None of the above
Answer: (b) Answer: (d)
[UPSC 2005] [UPSC 2006]

5. Which of the following is the correct chronological 6. In the year 1613, where was the English East India
order of the battles fought in India in the 18th century? Company given permission to set-up a factory (trading
post)?
a. Battle of Wandiwash, Battle of Buxar, Battle of Ambur,
Battle of Plassey. a. Bangalore
b. Battle of Ambur, Battle of Plassey, Battle of b. Madras
Wandiwash, Battle of Buxar. c. Masulipatnam
c. Battle of Wandiwash, Battle of Plassey, Battle of d. Surat
Ambur, Battle of Buxar.
d. Battle of Ambur, Battle of Buxar, Battle of Wandiwash,
Answer: (d)
Battle of Plassey.
Answer: (b) [UPSC 2006]
7. Who among the following Europeans, were the last to
come to pre-independent India as traders?
a. Dutch
b. English
c. French
d. Portuguese
Answer: (c)
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POLICY OF ANNEXATION
Policy of Ring Fence
- Warren Hastings followed a policy of ring-fence which aimed at creating
buffer zones to defend the Company’s frontiers.
- it was the policy of defence of their neighbours’ frontiers for safeguarding
their own territories.
- This policy of Warren Hastings was reflected in his war against the
Marathas and Mysore.
- The states brought under the ring-fence system were assured of military
assistance against external aggression—but at their own expense.
- Wellesley’s policy of subsidiary alliance was, in fact, an extension of the
ring-fence system which sought to reduce the Indian states into a position
of dependence on the British government
Buffer
Core
Subsidiary Alliance Stages of Development
- Any Indian ruler who entered into the subsidiary alliance - The first stage: the Company offered to help a friendly
with the British had to maintain a contingent of British Indian state with its troops to fight any war the state
troops in his territory. The Indian state was called ‘the might be engaged in.
protected state’ and the British hereinafter were referred - The second stage: Making a common cause with the
to as ‘the paramount power’. Indian state now made friendly and taking the field with
- The protected state should cut off its connection with its own soldiers and those of the state.
European powers other than the English - The third stage: Indian ally was asked not for men but for
- The ruler of the protected state should keep a British money. The Company promised that it would recruit,
Resident at his court and disband his own army train, and maintain a fixed number of soldiers under
- The paramount power should not interfere in the internal British officers, and that the contingent would be
affairs of the protected state available to the ruler for his personal and family’s
protection as also for keeping out aggressors, all for a
fixed sum of money.
Awadh (1765) - The fourth stage: When the state failed to pay the money
Hyderabad (1798) in time, it was asked to cede certain parts of its territories
Mysore (1799) to the Company in lieu of payment.
Peshwa of Maratha (1802)
LORD WELLESLEY
(1798-1805)
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Doctrine of Lapse
According to the Hindu Law, one can adopt a son in case of
no male heir to inherit the property. The question arose
whether a Hindu ruler, holding his state subordinate to the
paramount power, could adopt a son to succeed his
kingdom. It was customary for a ruler without a natural heir
to ask the British Government whether he could adopt a son
to succeed him. According to Dalhousie, if such permission
was refused by the British, the state would “lapse” and
thereby become part of the British India. This principle
was called the Doctrine of Lapse
Satara (1848)
Jaipur & Sambhalpur (1849)
Bhagat (1850)
Udaipur (1852)
Jhansi (1854)
Nagpur (1854)
LORD DALHOUSIE
(1848-1856)
RELATION WITH NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

Anglo-Bhutanese relation:
- Frequent raids by Bhutanese into adjoining territories in Assam
- In 1865, the Bhutanese were forced to surrender the passes in return for an annual subsidy.
Anglo-Nepalese relation
- In 1816, “treaty of Sagauli” was signed through which, the Grokhas accepted a British resident.
Anglo-Burmese relation
- First Anglo-Burmese war ended with the “Treaty of Yandaboo”, where the Burmese king accepted a British resident.
- The second Burmese war in (1852). The British control over lower Burma was established.
- After third Burmese war (1885), Burma was completely annexed by the British.
Anglo-Tibetan relation:
- Anglo-Russian convention of 1907 provided that the two great powers would not negotiate with Tibet, except through the
mediation of the Chinese government.
Anglo-Afghan relation:
- First Anglo-Afghan war (1839-42): British attempt to replace Dost Mohammad by Shah Shuja failed.
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1870-80): Afghans were defeated and the Treaty of Gandamak (1879) was signed. Afghans
accepted British control over foreign policy and British resident at court.
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BACKGROUND OF POLITICAL CONTROL BY EIC
Charter to EIC to trade in East by Queen (1600) - Growing concern about misgovernance of the Indian
affairs.
Battle of Buxar, 1764 – EIC got Diwani rights (Dual Govt.) - Jealousy of the English elite
- Financial crisis of the Company. (applied to
Direct control taken by EIC in 1772 parliament for a financial loan of 10,00,000 pounds).
Then EIC was controlled through series of Charter acts

passed by British Parliament.
ADMINISTRATION
Regulating Act, 1773
- It designated the Governor of Bengal as the Governor-General (of Bengal).

- Executive Council of the Governor-General was established (Four members).
- Subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the Gov.-General of Bengal.
- The Supreme Court was established at Fort William as the Apex Court in 1774.
- It prohibited servants of the company from engaging in any private trade or
accepting bribes from the natives.
- Court of Directors (the governing body of the company) should report its revenue.
Pitt’s India Act, 1784
- It Distinguished between commercial and political functions of the company.

- Court of Directors for Commercial functions.
- For civil, military and revenue affairs, Board of Control was formed with six members appointed by the government.
- The companies territories in India were called “the British possession in India”.
- No. of members in the Governor General’s council was reduced to 3.
- Governor’s councils were established in Madras and Bombay.
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ADMINISTRATION The Charter Act, 1833

The Charter Act, 1793 - End of monopoly over tea and trade with China.
- Governor-General (of Bengal) became the Governor
- The Act renewed the company’s commercial privileges for General of India. William Bentick was first governor
20 years. general of India.
- Company was to pay 5 Lakh pounds annually to the British - Beginning of a Central legislature for India as the act took
government. away legislative powers of Bombay and Madras provinces.
- The Home Government members were to be paid out of - No Indian citizen was to be denied employment under
Indian revenue. - the Company on the basis of religion, colour, birth,
The Charter Act, 1813 descent, etc.
- EIC monopoly abolished except tea and trade with China. The Charter Act, 1853
- Christian Missionaries were allowed to propagate, profess - The Company was to continue possession of territories
Christianity in India. unless the Parliament provided otherwise.
- A sum of Rs. 1 Lakh was set aside for promotion of - Competitive examination for Civil Service.
education. - The legislative and executive functions of the Governor
General’s Council were separated.
- Additional 6 members in Central legislative council. Four
out of six members were appointed by the provisional
governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra.
AGRICULTURAL REVENUE POLICY

Governor General of Bengal Governor General of India
- Warren Hastings (1773 – 1785) - Zamindari / Permanent settlement system.
- Lord Bentick (1828-1835)
- Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) - Lord Metcalfe (1835-36) - Ryotwari system.
- John Shore (1793 – 1798) - Lord Auckland (1836-42) - Mahalwari system.
- Richard Wellesley (1798-1805) - Lord Ellenborough (1842-44)
- Lord Cornwallis (1805-1806) Zamindari / Permanent Settlement
- William Wilberforce (1844)
- Lord Minto (1807 – 1813) - Henry Hardinge (1844-1848) - Started by Cornwalis in 1793 (Bengal, Bihar, Odisha)
- Lord Hastings (1813-1823) - Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
- Lord Amherst (1823 – 1828)
- Zamidars were recognized as the owner of the land
- Lord Canning (1856-1858)
- Lord Bentick (1828-1835) - Revenue was fixed.
Aims:
1773: - To ensure a regular income for the company.
Executive Council – 4 members - Reduce the scope of corruption.
- Zamindars were expected to invest in land improvement.
1784: - Administrative convenience.
Executive Council – 3 members - Loyalty of the zamindars.
1833: Results:
Executive Council – 3 members + 1 law member. - Peasants lost occupancy rights.
1853 - Burden of over estimation passed on to the peasants.
Executive council – 4 members - Exploitation because of sub-infeudation.
Legislative council – 4 (Ex. Council) + 6 Additional members - Zamindars lost lands under “Sun-set” law.
- Zamindars not interested in investment.
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AGRICULTURAL REVENUE POLICY Mahalwari

Ryotwari settlement - Introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 and reviewed under
- Introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820 (Madras, Bombay, William Bentick in 1833 (NW Frontier, Agra, Punjab etc.)
Parts of Assam) - The land divided into Mahals
- Ownership to the peasants. - Ownership rights vested with the peasants, Village
committee responsible for revenue collection
Aims:
- Ownership to the peasants.
- Authority to the state.
- Greater revenue income.
Results:
- Excessive rate of revenue made agriculture
unremunerative
- The methods of collection was very harsh
- Gave birth to the class of moneylenders
- The measurements were faulty and the estimate of
produce was wrong (Putcat system)
- There was no provision for an appeal to the court of law
against over assessment.
[UPSC 2000]
Q1. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists
List I List II
A. Land allotted to big feudal loandlords 1. Jagirdari system
B. Land allotted to revenue farmers of rent 2. Ryotwari system
collectors
C. Land allotted to each peasant with the right to 3. Mahalwari system
sublet, mortgage, transfer, gifr or sell
D. Revenue settlements made at village level 4. Zamindari system
Codes (A-B-C-D)
a. 1-3-2-4
b. 1-4-2-3
c. 3-4-1-2
d. 2-1-3-4
Ans. (b)
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[UPSC 2002]
Q2. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists
List I List II
A. Charter Act, 1813 1. Set up a Board of Control in Britain to fully
regulate the East India
B. Regulating Act 1773 2. Company’s trade monopoly in India was ended
C. Act of 1858 3. The power to govern was transferred from the
East India Company to the British Crown
D. Pitt’s India Act 4. The Company’s Directors were asked to present
tot the British Government all correspondence and
documents pertaining to the administration of
company.
Codes (A-B-C-D)
a. 2-4-3-1
b. 1-3-4-2
c. 2-3-4-1 Ans. (a)
d. 1-4-3-2
[UPSC 2003]
[UPSC 2002]
Q4. Which of the following provisions was not made in the
Q3. Which one of the following Acts of British India
Charter Act of 1833?
strengthened the Viceroy’s authority over his executive
council by substituting ‘portfolio’ or departmental system for
a. The trading activities of the East India Company were to be
corporate functioning?
abolished.
b. The designation of the supreme authority was to be
a. Indian Concils Act, 1861
changed as the Governor General India in Council
b. Government of India Act, 1858
c. All law-making powers to be conferred of Governor
c. Indian Councils Act, 1892
General in Council.
d. Indian Councils Act, 1909
d. An Indian was to be appointed as a law member in the
Governor General’s Council.
Ans. (a) Ans. (d)
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REVOLT OF 1857 Prevailing causes
Economic causes
- Peasant class suffered due to high taxation
- Zamindar class suffered under permanent settlement
- Artisans suffered because of destruction of cottage
industry.
Political causes
- Subordination of rulers under subsidiary alliance.
- Annexation under doctrine of lapse.
- All rulers were suspicious of the British intention
Administrative causes
Causes - Social legislations
Influence of other event
Immediate Cause - British defeat in the first Afghan War, crimean wars,
- Introduction of Enfield Rifle Santhal rebellion, etc.
- Doubt over British invincibility.
The greased wrapping paper of the cartridge of the new rifle Discontent among sepoys
had to be bitten off before loading and the grease was - The system contradicts religious beliefs and prejudices.
reportedly made of beef and pig fat. - Rumours of proselytizing.
- discrimination
REVOLT OF 1857 Main centres of the Revolt
Course
29 March 1857: Mangal Pandey (a sepoy of
34th Native Infantry) refused to use the greased
cartridges and single-handedly attacked his
officer. He was overpowered and executed on
6th April.
May 1857, 85 sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry regiment were sentenced to long
terms of imprisonment for refusing to use the greased cartridges.
10 May the sepoys broke out in open rebellion, shot their officers,
released their fellow sepoys and headed towards Delhi. Delhi
- Bahadur Shah was the nominal and symbolic
12 May 1857, The city of Delhi fell into the hands of the rebellious head.
soldiers - Main leader was General Bakht Khan.
- Emperor Bahadur Shah II was arrested and
Soon, the mutineers proclaimed the aged nominal king, Bahadur Shah II deported to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.
of the Mughal dynasty as the Emperor of India. Delhi became the centre - Thus the great House of Mughals was finally
of the revolt and Bahadur Shah its symbol and completely extinguished.
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REVOLT OF 1857
Main centres of the Revolt
Kanpur
- Leaders – Nana Saheb and his lieutenant Tantia Tope
- Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the last peshwa, Baji Rao
II, was refused the family title and banished from Poona.
- Result - Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal; Tantiya Tope was
captured and executed
Jhansi
Lucknow - Leaders – Rani Laxmibai
- Leader – Begum Hazrat Mahal - Her adopted son was not allowed to succeed and Jhansi
- Wants her son, Birjis Qadir, to be proclaimed the nawab was annexed under the “Doctrine of Lapse”.
- Result - Begum Hazrat Mahal escaped to Nepal - Result - Rani Laxmibai died a soldier’s death on 17 June,
1858.
Bareilly
- Leader – Khan Bahadur Bihar
- He was a descendant of the former ruler of Rohilkhand - Leaders – Kuer Sing
and was not happy about the pension being granted by - A deposed zamindar.
the British. - Kuer Sing was wounded and died on 26 April 1858
REVOLT OF 1857 The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big
and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding
Causes of Failure
hundred years of British rule.
- The revolt failed to embrace whole of India
- Soldiers were poorly equipped Tribal uprisings
- No proper coordination among the leaders • Bhil Rebellion (1818)
- No common cause • Khasi Rebellion (1829-32)
- Not supported by all Indians • Kol Rebellion (1831-32)
Nature of the Revolt • Santhal Revolt (1855-56)
- Disraeli, Karl Marx – national rebellion. Peasant uprisings

- V.D. Savarkar – first war of independence. • Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion (1763-1800)
- Colonial historians – mere sepoy mutiny (no nationalism, • Rangpur Rebellion (1783)
no proper leadership, no mass support) • Velu Thampi Revolt (1805)
- War of fanatic people against Christianity. • Paika Rebellion (1817)
- Conflict between civilization and barbarism. • Pagal-Panthi Revolt (1825-33)
- conspiracy of Hindu and Muslims against the English. • Mysore Rebellion (1830-31)
- SR Sen and Mazumdar – violence of the mob.
- Metcalf – more than a sepoy mutiny, less than a national (These uprisings will be discussed later)
revolt.
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Government of India Act, 1858

- It changed the designation of the Governor-General of India to REVOLT OF 1857
that of Viceroy of India. Lord Canning thus became the first
Viceroy of India. Participated Not participated
- Abolished the Board of Control and Court of Directors.
- It created a new office, Secretary of State for India, vested with
complete authority and control over Indian administration.
- It established a 15-member Council of India to assist the Peasants, Artisans, Middle class
secretary of state for India (an advisory body. ) Zamindars, Princes intelligentsia
Indian Council Act, 1861
- The no. of additional legislative members was increased
from 6 to 10. Rather they involved
- Indians could be added to the council through nomination in Social Reform
by the Viceroy. In 1862, Lord Canning three Indians to his Movements
legislative council—the Raja of Benaras, the Maharaja of
Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.
- Legislation making power of the provinces were returned.
Provinces now had Provincial Legislative Councils.
- It also gave a recognition to the ‘portfolio’ system.
- It empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances.
SOCIO – RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
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SOCIO RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

Direction of Social Reform
Factors behind these Social Movements
- Religious and social ills. Betterment of Position of Women
- Impact of western thought and English Education.
- Response to the challenge posed by colonial intrusion. • Female infanticide
- Criticism by Christian missionaries and colonial masters. • Child marriage
• Sati
• Widow remarriage
Types of movements
• Women education
Radical Reformist Revivalist

Brahmo
Arya Samaj,
Samaj, Struggle against caste based exploitation
Young Bengal Deoband
Aligarh
Movement Movement,
Movement,
etc.
etc.
Reformers and movements Swami Vivekananda and Ramkrishna Mission

- Fundamental oneness of God.
Raja Rammohan Roy
- Emphasis on social action
- First modern man of India.
- Service of jiva is the worship of shiva.
- Set up Atmiya Sabha in 1815.
- Schools, hospitals, dispensaries under the mission.
- Founded Brahmo Sabha (Samaj) in 1828.
Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj
- Denounced polytheism and idol worship;
- Revivalist movement
- Discarded faith in divine avataras (incarnations);
- A classless and casteless society free from foreign rule
- Emphasis on human reason and conscience;
- Slogan – “Go back to Vedas”
- Criticised the caste systems
- attack on Hindu orthodoxy, caste rigidities,
- Against Sati practice
untouchability, idolatry, polytheism, belief in magic,
- Against subjugation of women, polygamy, degraded
charms and animal sacrifices, taboo on sea voyages,
state of widow
feeding the dead through shraddhas, etc.
- Western education
- Promoted intercaste marriages, widow remarriage,
Devendra Nath Tagore
equal status for women, etc. and against child marriage.
- Formed Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839
- Suddhi movement.
- Joined Brahmo Samaj in 1842
Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar
Keshab Chandra Sen
- Woman empowerment
- Succeeded Devendra Nath Tegore in 1858
- Founded first girls’ school with JED Bethune – 1849
- Formed Brahmo Samaj of India in 1866
- Became principal of Sanskrit College - 1850
- Formed Indian Reform Association in 1870
- Contribution towards Native Marriage Act of 1872
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SOCIO RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT Sir Syed Ahmed Khand and Aligarh Movement
Reformers and movements - Ahmed Khan wanted to reconcile Western scientific education with
the teachings of the Quran.
Young Bengal Movement and Henry Vivian Derozio - Advocated a critical approach & freedom of thought.
- Taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831. - Promotion of western education among Muslims.
- Derozio inspired his pupils to think freely and - Founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (Aligarh
rationally, question all authority, love liberty, Muslim University) at Aligarh in 1875.
equality and freedom, and oppose decadent Wahabi/Walliullah Movement
customs and traditions. - Return to the true spirit of Islam.
- Supported women education. - Initially, the movement was directed against the Sikhs, later the
- Failed to have long term impact because of movement was directed against the British.
radicalism. Ahmaddiya Movement
- Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889.
- Based on the principles of universal religion of all humanity,
opposing jihad
- called for Hindu Muslim unity
Deoband movement
- Revivalist movement
- Organised by the orthodox section among the Muslim ulemas
- Supported INC and issued fatwa against Syed Ahmad Khan
SOCIO RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT Features of these reforms

Reformers and movements Emphasis on Modernisation and not Westernisation.
- Although looked towards the colonial state for support and
Theosophical society direction but never totally rejected Indian tradition.
- Madam HP Blavatsky and Sir Olcott began this movement Common Themes
in 1875 in America. In 1882 it shifted to Adyar near - Uplift of women, end of superstition, elimination of caste
Madras. distinctions, etc.
- In 1907 Annie Besant became its president. Reformation and not Revolution
- Annie Besant came to India in 1893. - Did not ordinarily mean a reorganisation of the entire
- She established Central Hindu College at Benares in 1898. structure of society.
- She became first woman president of INC in 1917. - Infusion into the existing social structure of newer ways of
Some Caste movements of South India life.
- Satya Sodhak Samaj Intellectual premise
- Self Respect Movement - Rationalism
- Justice Party Movement - Religious universalism
Some Temple entry movements: Urban phenomenon and filtration theory
- Aravipuram Movement 1888 - The filtration of attitudes and modes of behaviours from the
- Vaikom Satyagrah 1924 upper layers of society to the lower ones.
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INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Cause of the rise of Nationalism
- Economic exploitation by the British

- Socio-religious causes
- Revolt of 1857
- The rapid means of transport and
communication
- A centralized system of administration
- Modern system of education Theory of “Drain of Wealth”
- Development of local languages
- The Indian Press
- Art and literature
- Some immediate factors
- Arms Act of 1878
- The vernacular press act, 1878
- Reduction in maximum age for Civil
Services Exam from 21 to 19 in 1876
- Delhi Durbar (1877)
- The Ilbert bill controversy
Year Organization Founder

REVOLT OF 1857
1837 Landholders Society Dwarka Nath Tegore
Participated Not participated 1839 British India Society William Adam
1851 British India Association Devendra Nath Tegore
Peasants, Artisans, Middle class 1852 Madras Native Association C.Y. Mudaliar
Zamindars, Princes intelligentsia 1852 Bombay Association Jagannath Shankar Seth
1866 East India Association Dadabhai Naoroji
Rather they involved 1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose

in Social Reform
1875 Indian League Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Movements
Surendra Nath Bannerji,
1876 Indian Association
Anand Mohan Bose
They had faith in British administration Surendra Nath Bannerji,
1883 Indian National Conference
But slowly they demanded some Anand Mohan Bose
political reforms also in British Bombay Presidency Feroz Shah Mehta,
Administration 1885
Association Badarudding Tayabji
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Indian National Congress Facts

- Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume
INC was the first national organization. A common - First conference - First session at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College,
believe is that INC was formed with an intention to Bombay in December, 1885. (first choice was poona)
make India free from the British. It is not correct. - First President – W.C. Banerjee
- Number of delegates – 72
INC was formed to present the issues faced by the - Viceroy of India during the formation of INC – Lord Dufferein (1884-88)
Indians to the British Government. The earlier - First Muslim President : Badarudding Tayebji – Madras Session, 1887
organizations were formed with the same intention - First Woman President – Annie Besant – Calcutta Session – 1917
but they were all regional organizations and they - First Indian Woman President – Sarojini Naidu – Kanpur Session – 1925
were mainly dominated by elite class. There was - First European President – George Yule – Allahabad Session - 1888
no mass participation.
Theories behind a British being founder of Indian Counter arguments of “Safety valve theory”
National Congress(INC): - Basis of safety valve theory – William Wedderburn’s biography of
- Theory 1- AO Hume was sympathetic to Indian Hume published in 1913.
cause. - No reference in any other source.
- Theory 2- Safety valve theory- Lord Dufferin got - British information system was so efficient in 1870s that existence
INC set up through AO Hume. He thought that a of seven volumes of secret reports is highly unlikely.
political platform to register their grievances will - “Congress represented a microscopic minority” – Lord Dufferin.
avoid any situation like revolt of 1857. This will
safeguard the British rule like a safety valve.
Moderate Phase (1885-1905) Initial demands of INC

- Congress politics during the first twenty years of its history 1. Expansion of the Imperial Legislative Council
is roughly referred to as moderate politics. 2. Inclusion of more Indians in Imperial Legislative Council
through some sort of election
3. To reduce the land tax
4. To reduce the expenditure in Army
Indian Council Act, 1892
- Additional Legislative members in Imperial legislative
council were increased from 10 to 16.
- Members were also increased in Provincial Legislative
Nature / Approach Councils.
- Indirect election was introduced for election of some
- Faith in the British administration. Considered contact
additional members. These members were to be elected
with England is a boon.
by local bodies like Calcutta corporations. Other members
- Constitutional methods – Prayer, Petition, Protest.
were nominated by the Viceroy.
- Believed in reasoned and emotional appeals, irresistible
- Official majority was maintained.
statement of facts, lucid presentation of the case,
- Non official members were given the right to discuss the
irrefutable arguments.
budget but could not vote for budget.
- Did not believe in the power of the masses. Indians were
- Non official members could ask questions. But they
still unfit for self rule
couldn’t ask supplementary questions
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Moderate Phase (1885-1905) Rise of Militant Nationalism
Achievements of Moderates The spread of knowledge regarding political and economic

questions gradually undermined the belief of many early
- Creation of a wide national awakening nationalist that British rule could be reformed from within.
- Popularization of the ideas of democracy and nationalism
- Exposed the exploitative character of British imperialism. Gradually, an increasing number of Indians were getting
- Providing a solid base and foundation for INM. convinced that self-government was essential for the sake
- Indian Councils Act of 1892 passed. of the economic, political, and cultural progress of the
Failures of Moderates country and that political enslavement meant stunting the
growth of the Indian people.
- Failed to realize the importance of mass struggle
- Failed to realize the nature of the British Limited success of Moderates gave rise to a new brand of
- Failed to get anything substantial from the British. leaders , who did not plead before the British but mobilized
the masses against the British. They are called Extremists or
“It will, no doubt, be given to our countrymen of future Militant Nationalists.
generations to serve India by their successes; we, of the present
generation, must be content to serve her mainly by our failures.
For, hard though it be, out of those failures the strength will
come which in the end will accomplish great tasks.”
– G.K. Gokhale
Extremists phase (1905-1917) Nature / Approach
Achievements
Reason for the of
rise
Moderates
of Extremists - They had no faith in British administration.
- Considered contact with England is a curse.
- Recognition of true nature of the British - Believed that constitutional methods will lead nowhere.
- Growth of confidence and Self-Respect. - Believed in passive resistance.
- Growth of Education - Believed in the power of mass. Indians were fit to rule themselves
- International influence - They were of the definite view that salvation of India was not possible
- Progress of Japan. without sufferings and self sacrifice.
- National movement in Ireland,
Russia, Egypt, etc.
- Famines
- Socio-cultural reasons
- Dissatisfaction with achievements of Extremists came to the
moderates. mainstream politics of India
- Lord Curzon’s policies. after December 1903 when
- The Official Secrets Act, Lord Curzon announced
- Indian Universities Act, Partition of Bengal
- Calcutta Corporation Act in- East Bengal with capital
- Bengal Partition at Dhaka and Bengal
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Bengal Partition
In December 1903, Bengal Partition proposal became publicly known
- Hindu majority. - Muslim majority.

- Majority of Hindi - Majority of
speaking people. Bengali speaking
people.
Lord Curzon
(1899-1905)
Anti-Partition Struggle and Swadeshi Movement Swadeshi Movement
Achievements
Under Moderates
of Moderates
(1903-1905) On August 7, 1905, with the passage of the Boycott Resolution in a
massive meeting held in the Calcutta Townhall, the formal
- Leaders – Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra and proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made.
Prithwishchandra Ray.
- Methods – petitions to the government, public - October 16, 1905 – Bengal was officially partitioned.
meetings, memoranda, and propaganda through - The day was observed as a day of mourning.
pamphlets and newspapers like Bengalee, hitabadi - People fasted, bathed in the Ganga and took out processions
and Sanjibani. singing Bande Mataram.
- Objective – to exert sufficient pressure on the - ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ was composed by Rabindranath Tagore,
government through an educated public opinion in and was sung by huge crowds marching in the streets.
India and England to prevent the partition. - People tied rakhis on each other’s hands as a symbol of unity of
the two halves of Bengal.
Government Response - Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed
- The Government of India, however, remained huge gatherings.
unmoved.
- Despite the widespread protest voiced against the Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the country
partition proposals, the decision to partition - Poona and Bombay under Tilak,
Bengal was announced on 19th July, 1905. - Punjab under Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh,
- It was evident that the moderate methods were - Delhi under Syed Haider Raza
not working and a new strategy was needed. - Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.
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Growing differences between Moderates and Extremists

New forms of struggle
Benaras session of INC,1905
- Boycott of foreign goods.
- Public meetings and processions. President- Gopal Krishan Gokhle
- Volunteer corps. Overall, still INC was dominated by Moderates. INC took decision to support anti
- Traditional festivals and melas. partition movement and Swadeshi movement.
- Emphasis on atma-shakti Extremists put 2 demands- 1. Take movement outside Bengal. 2. Demand of Swaraj
- Promotion of swadeshi from British. (Note- This was the first time the term Swaraj was used by INC. But
- Promotion of education Swaraj was not defined). Moderates refused the two demand put by Extremist
- Mass participation – students and leaders.
women
Calcutta Session of INC,1906
President – Dada Bhai Naroji
In this session the INC accepted the Swaraj or the Self Govt.
This emboldened the Extremists. They widened the scope of boycott. Government
schools, colleges, services were now boycotted.

By 1908, the open phase of the Swadeshi and Boycott
Surat Session of INC,1907 (SURAT SPLIT) movement was almost over.
President – Rash Behari Ghosh(Moderate)
Now the Moderates were told by British government that a new Reasons for failure
Council reform is to come in 1909. Moderate leaders decided to - Severe government repression
withdraw Swadeshi. When it was announced in the meeting, - Failed to use the techniques of passive resistance in a
many extremists protested and someone also hurled shoe at disciplined way.
Rash Behari Ghosh. The extremists leaders were expelled from - Movement became leaderless.
INC for this unruly behavior. It is known as Surat Split. - Surat split
- Failed to reach the masses – especially peasants
Carrot and Stick policy of British
The moderates were shown the carrot of reforms to be brought in Significance

1909. While extremists who were expelled were given stick by - Participation of women, students, workers.
Britishers. British government brought massive crackdown on - Shift from moderation to political extremism
extremists. Brought some new laws like Seditious meeting Act, - Importance of passive resistance was realized.
India Newaspaper Act, Indian Press Act, Criminal Law (Amendment - Undermine the hegemony of colonial ideas/institutions
) Act. Tilak was sentenced to six years and sent to Rangoon in - Provided the base for future movements.
Burma jail. Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal were fabricated
in Manikatala conspiracy case .They gave in undersigned that they
will now not remain active in politics then Britishers left them. This
suppressed overall extremist leaders. Lajpat Rai left for abroad.
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Muslim League Indian Council Act, 1909

- There was a mass participation in Swadeshi - This Act is also known as the Morley- Minto Reforms.
movement. But Muslims did not participate as - The member of Central Legislative Council was increased to 60
partition would give Muslims a majority province from 16.
in East Bengal. - Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by
- So majority of the Muslims were supporting the accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. (Official 37, Non-
partition under Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. official 32 (27+5), (Muslim-8, British-4, General -13, landlords-2).
Muslim League was founded by Nawab Sallimullah - The elected members were to be indirectly elected. The local
in 1906. bodies were to elect an electoral college, which in turn would elect
- In October 1906, a group of Muslim elites called members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect
the Simla Deputation, led by the Agha Khan, met members of the central legislature.
Lord Minto and demanded separate electorates - Indians for the first time in Viceroys executive council. (Satyendra
for the Muslims in return for their loyalty towards Prasad Sinha, as the law member)
the Empire. - The power of Legislative council was enlarged. Now they could
- The same group quickly took over the Muslim vote on some items of budget. They could ask supplementary
League. questions.
- The Muslim League intended to preach loyalty to
the empire and to keep the Muslim intelligentsia
away from the Congress.
Revolutionary Nationalism
Some revolutionary activities
- Suppression of Extremists leaders led to rise of
Revolutionary Nationalism. Revolutionary Nationalists - The Chapekar brothers killed the plague commissioner
conducted underground activities to disrupt British Rand in 1897 in Pune.
administration through violent means. - Abhinava Bharat was established by V.D. Savarkar in 1904
- Finally in 1911 partition of Bengal was annulled mainly - Anushilan Samiti (Calcutta) – Promotha Mitra, Barindra
because of the Revolutionary activities. Bihar and Odisha Kumar Ghosh, etc.. Anushilan Samiti (Decca) – Pulin
taken out of Bengal. Assam was made a separate province Behari Das. The Samiti established 116 headquarters and
enrolled nearly 9000 members.
First Phase (Before World War) - Khudiram Bose and Prafull Chaki threw bomb at judge
Kingsford.
Methods - Maniktala Garden was raided and a small bomb factory
- Individual heroic was found. This is known as Alipore conspiracy case or
actions, such as Maniktala conspiracy case. Prafulla Chaki was arrested but
assassinations of he shot himself dead. Khudiram Bose was tried and
unpopular hanged.
officials and - District Magistrate of Nasik was shot dead by Anant
traitors. Laxman Kanhere.
- swadeshi - Sachin Sanyal and Rash Bihari Bose threw bomb at Viceroy
dacoities Hardinge in 1912.
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Revolutionary Activities abroad
• The revolutionaries set up their societies in several foreign countries like USA, Germany,
Indo China, Singhapore, Middle east, etc.
• In London Shyamaji Krishna Verma founded ‘India House’ and it became an important
centre for secret conspiracies.
• Two important associates of Shyamaji Krishnna Verma was Madam Bhikaji Cama and
Sardar Singh Rana.
• The most important act of this group was the murder of Sir William Curzon Wyllie by
Madan Lal Dhingra in England.
• Tarak Nath Das and others formed Indian Independent League in California.
• The most renowned among the societies formed

abroad was the Ghadar Party
Ghadar Party • Formed at San Francisco in America in 1913 by Lala
Hardayal
• The Party started a weekly paper ‘Ghadar’ in English,
Urdu, Gurumukhi, Marathi and Hindi.

Komagata Maru incident, 1914
It was a Japanese ship. It was going from Singapore to Vancouver(Canada). It

had 370 Sikh and Muslim Punjabi passengers. It was returned from Canada
because of new Canadian immigration laws that did not allow Asian people to
enter it. This law was brought by Canada on insistence of the British. Britishers
issued this order for safety during World War I. The ship returned to Budge
Budge port in Calcutta. The British officials were forcefully sending the
passengers back to Punjab. This led to clash and 22 passengers died
Ghadarites decided to take revenge of Komagata Maru incident. Kartar Singh Saraba and
Raghubir Dayal Gupta were sent to India by Lala Hardayal. In India they were supported
by Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. A revolt was planned on 21st February 1915 at
Lahore and Rawalpindi garrison.
But the revolt was foiled due to treachery. Rash Behari Bose escaped to Japan while
Sachin Sanyal was deported to Rangoon. In March 1915 the government passed the
Defence of India Act,1915 to handle any further revolt by Ghadarites.
All the Revolutionary activities during World War I were suppressed by Britishers.
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Home Rule movement – 1916-17
Factors leading to the movement Two leagues were formed Aims and objective
- To create popular pressure for - By B.G. Tilak – April 1916 - Demand of home-rule (self
concession. - By Annie Besant – September 1916 government)
- Moderates were disillusioned. - Promotion of political education.
- Price rise and high taxation. - Carrying out propaganda through
- Return of Tilak newspapers, pamphlets, etc.
- Initiative of Annie Besant.
“The policy of his Majesty’s Government…. Is that of the

increasing association of Indians in every branch of the
administration, and the gradual development of self-
governing institutions, with a view to the progressive
realization of responsible government is India as an
integral part of the British Empire”
- Montagu declaration (August, 1917)
Lucknow session (1916)

President- Ambika Charan Mujumdar.
• In this session extremist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak
and Lala Lajpat Rai formally rejoined INC.
Lucknow Pact- Between INC and Muslim League

Muslims were unhappy with the British due to 2 reasons-
1. Annulment of Partition of Bengal
2. Britain mistreatment to Turkey during World War I.
Provisions of Lucknow Pact
• INC accepted separate electorate.
• Muslim League agreed to put joint demand with INC for
Self Government in next reform that was to come in 1919.
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Government of India Act,1919 (Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms)
- Provincial government
- Dyarchy was introduced - Subjects were divided as reserved and transferred.
- The reserved subjects (law and order, finance, revenue, etc.) were to be administered by the governor through his
executive council of bureaucrats, and the transferred subjects (education, health, agriculture, etc. ) were to be
administered by ministers nominated from among the elected members of the legislative council.
- Provincial council expanded.
- Direct election introduced and women were given voting rights.
- Separate electorate extended to Sikh and Christians.
- Central government
- Two lists of administration – central and provincial.
- Three out of eight members of executive council were to be Indians
- Bicameral legislature introduced – Central Legislative Assembly and a Council of States.
- Tenure – Central Legislative Assembly – 3 years and Council of States – 5 years.
Criticism
- Limited franchise
- At centre, no control of legislature over Viceroy and his executive council.
- Allocation of seats to the provinces was made on the basis of importance of the province
- Dyarchy was unworkable
- Provincial ministers had no control over the bureaucrats.
Gandhian Phase (1917 – 1947)
Mahatma Gandhi - introduction
- Original name – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

- Born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar in the prinely state of Kathiawar in Gujarat.
- Father’s name – Karamchand Gandhi, Mother’s name – Putli Bai, Wife – Kasturba
Gandhi (Marriage in May, 1883).
- Political guru – Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Private secretary – Mahadev Desai
- Literary influence – Johm Ruskin’s “Unto this Last”,Emerson, Thoreau, Leo Tolostoy,
the Bible and the Gita.
- Other names: Mahatma – by Rabindranath Tegore (1917), Half naked Saint – by
Winston Churchil, 1931, Rashtrapita – by Subhash Chandra Bose, 1944.
- Studied law in England, went to South Africa in 1893 in connection with a case.
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Life in South Africa
Moderate phase of struggle (1894 – 1906)

- Sent petitions and memorials to the authorieties in Sourth Africa and in Britain.
- Founded Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1894 to fight against discrimination.
- Founded Indian Ambulance Corp in 1899. Awarded Kaisar-i-Hind in 1914.
Phase of Passive Resistance (1906-1914)

- Satyagraha against Registration Certificates (1906)
- A new legislation in South Africa made it compulsory for Indian to carry at
all times certificates of registration with their fingerprints.
- Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration
- A new legislation imposed restrictions on Indian migration from one
province to another.
- Campaign against invalidation of Indian Marriages
- By implication, Hindu, Muslim and Parsi marriages were illegal and
children born out of such marriages, illegitimate.
- Protest against Transvaal Immigration Act
- The Indians protested by illegally migrating from Natal into Transvaal.
Swaraj
SATYAGRAHA Self rule in all spheres of life. It is much more
than freedom from all restraints, it is self-rule,
o Based on truth and non-
self-restraint and could be equated with
violence.
moksha or salvation.
o Not to submit to what one
considered as wrong, but was to
always remain truthful, non- Swadeshi
violent and fearless. It is the focus on acting within and from
o A satyagrahi should be ready to one’s own community, both politically
accept suffering in his struggle and economically. It’s self-sufficiency.
against the wrong-doer.
o Even while carrying out his Trusteeship
struggle against the wrong-doer, It provides a means by which the
a true satyagrahi would have no wealthy people would be the trustee of
ill feeling for the wrong-doer; trusts that looked after the welfare of
hatred would be alien to his the people in general.
nature
o Only the brave and strong could Sarvodaya
practice satyagraha; it was not Universal upliftment
for the weak and cowardly.
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Champaran Satyagraha, 1917 – first Civil Disobedience Rowlatt Satyagraha

A farmer Raj Kumar Shukla invited Gandhiji to Champaran to - The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries
see the status of Farmers. Here tinkathia system was under or even imprisoned without trial.
operation. Planters exploited the farmers. Gandhiji asked the - It allowed arrest of Indians without warrant on the mere
farmers to not follow tinkathia system. He was joined by Dr. suspicion of ‘treason’.
Ranjendra Prasad. This was his first Civil Disobidience in - Suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to
India. Government finally accepted the demand of Gandhiji legal help.
and abolished Tinkathia system. - The panel could even accept evidence not acceptable
under the Indian Evidences Act.
Ahmedabad Mill strike, 1918 – first hunger strike - The wartime restrictions on freedom of speech and
assembly were re-imposed in India.
Workers Satyagraha in 1918. The plague bonus was not given
- There was strict control over the press.
to the workers.Hunger strike was used for the first time as a
weapon.
Gandhi called for a mass protest at all India level. The forms
Kheda Movement, 1918 – first Non-cooperation` of protest included observance of a nationwide hartal (strike)
First non-cooperation movement by Gandhi. No-tax if 1/4th of accompanied by fasting and prayer, and civil disobedience
the crops were damaged. Other leader – Sardar Vallabh Bhai against specific laws, and courting arrest and imprisonment.
Patel
- Arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919 under Rowlatt act.
- A public meeting was held on 13 April, 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre - Indiscriminate firing on the mass ordered by General R.E.H. Dyer
(April 13, 1919) - At that time the lieutenant governor of Punjab was Michel O’Dwyer, who was later
shot down in London by Sardar Uddham Singh in 1940.
- Gandhi returned ‘Kaisar-i-Hind’.
Gandhi was overwhelmed by the atmosphere of total violence and withdrew the movement on April 18, 1919
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Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement, 1920 Non-Cooperation Movement

Reasons:
Khilafat movement
- Post war economic hardship
- Muslims were angered by the treatment meted out to
- The Rowlatt Act
Turkey by the British after the First World War.
- Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
- In early 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed under the
- The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
leadership of the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and
Muhammad Ali)
INC Session, Calcutta (Special session in September)
- August 31, 1920 The Khilafat Committee officially
- Congress approved a non-cooperation programme.
launched a non-cooperation movement.
INC Session, Nagpur
- The programme of non-cooperation was endorsed.
Congress stand
- congress working committee (CWC) of 15 members
- Gandhi wanted to support Khilafat.
- Provincial congress committees on linguistic basis
- Tilak was opposed to it.
- Later, however, Gandhi was able to get the approval of the
Congress. (Tilak died on 1st August, 1920)
Khilafat - Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22)

Demands:
- Annulment of the Rowlatt Act and the British should express the regret on the happenings in the Jallianwala Bagh
- British should adopt lenient attitude towards Turkey
- Swaraj
Programmes of NCM
Positive
Negative - Establishment of National schools and colleges, private
- Boycott of government schools, colleges, courts, elections, arbitration courts
foreign goods - Popularization of Swadeshi and Khadi
- Surrender of titles and honorary offices, resignation from - Development of Hindu-Muslim unity
nominated seats in local bodies - Removal of untouchability
- Refusal to attend govt. functions. - Emancipation and upliftment of women
- 800 national schools opened. Subhash Chandra Bose became Principal of National College of Calcutta.
- Other national colleges opened during NCM were- Jamia Milia Islamia, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujrat Vidyapeeth, Bihar
Vidyapeeth.
- In Maharashtra Gandhiji started Tilak Swaraj fund. 1 crore was collected in it.
- In Bengal and Assam strike by tea plantation workers. Bengal protest was led by JM Sengupta.
- In November 1921, the visit of the Prince of Wales to India invited strikes and demonstrations.
NCM was called off by Gandhi in 1922 because of Chauri Chaura incident. (S-T-S)
In March 1922 Gandhiji was arrested and sent to jail for 6 years for launching Non Cooperation movement. The period of
1922 to 1930 was passive phase of movement. Many small events will happen that will again intensify INM in 1930.
Khilafat movement also dissipated in 1922. As in November 1922 Turkey rose under Mustafa Kemal Pasha as secular state.
Turkey itself abolished Caliphate in 1924.
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What to do after NCM?
CR Das, Motilal Nehru, Ajmal Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, M

Khan wanted to end boycott of A Ansari, etc. suggested no
election to the legislative change and continue boycott of
council and contest election. council and do constructive
(PRO -CHANGERS) work. (NO CHANGERS)
- non-cooperation within the system. - It would lead to neglect of

- It will enthuse the masses and keep constructive work.
up their morale. - Loss of revolutionary zeal.
Gaya Session 1922 (C.R. Das)
CR Das and Motilal Nehru

formed Swarajist Party within Achievements:
congress on 1st January, 1923 - With coalition partners, they outvoted the government several times.
- Agitated through several speech
- Vithalbhai Patel was elected president of Legislative Assembly in 1925
- Defeat of Public Safety Bill in 1928.
Responsivist Non - Responsivist
- Exposed the hollowness of Montford scheme
Rise of revolutionaries in after world war I

Factors responsible
- Failure of NCM Gradually two separate strands of revolutionary
- Upsurge of working class trade unionism. nationalism developed
- Russian Revolution (1917)
- Communist groups with their emphasis on Marxism,
socialism
- Journals publishing memoirs & articles extolling the self- In Punjab, U.P and Bihar In Bengal
sacrifice of revolutionaries, e.g. Atmasakti, Sarathi & Bijoli
- Novels and books such as Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal
and Pather Dabi by Sharatchandra Chatterjee
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Hindustan Republican Association (or Army) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (or Army)
- Founded by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjea and - Founded by Bhagat Singh, Sukhdeo, Bhagwati Charan
Sachindranath Sanyal in Kanpur in October 1924. Vora and other revolutionaries under the leadership of
- Objective – to organize armed revolution to overthrow Chandra Sekhar Azad in Firoz Shah Kotla Ground at Delhi
colonial rule and establishment of a Federal Republic of the in September 1928.
united States of India. - Major activities
Kakori Robbery (August 1925) - Saunders’ Murder (Lahore, December 1928)
- Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly (April 1929)
- The men held up a train at Kakori (Lucknow) and looted
- Azad was involved in a bid to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s
its official railway cash.
train near Delhi in December 1929.
- Government crackdown after the Kakori robbery led to
- Consequence
arrests of many, of whom 17 were jailed, four
- Azad died in a police encounter in a park in Allahabad
transported for life.
in February 1931. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru
- Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri—
were hanged on March 23, 1931.
were hanged.
Ideological rethinking Revolutionary activities in Bengal

Chittgong Armoury Raid by Surya Sen (master da) and his 65
comrades. They were captured and hanged in 1934.
- Revolution - no longer equated with militancy & violence.

- Objective —along with freedom a new socialist order was
to be achieved, ending “exploitation of man by man”.
- Bhagat Singh opined that revolution could only be “by the
masses, for the masses”.
- That is why Bhagat Singh helped establish the Punjab
Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1926) as an open wing of
Revolutionaries. New aspects
- Bismil, during his last days, appealed to the youth to give - Large scale participation of young women.
up pistols and revolvers, not to work in revolutionary - Pritilata Waddedar died during the raid.
conspiracies and instead work in an open movement. - Kalpana Dutt was given life imprisonment.
- Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri shot dead the DM
- Bina Das fired point blank at the governor
- Emphasis on group action in stead of individual action.
- Some of the earlier tendency towards Hindu religiosity
was shed and this facilitated participation by Muslims.
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Constitutional development in 1920s Nehru Report

Simon Commission In the meanwhile, the Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead,
- On November 8, 1927, the British government announced challenged the Indians to produce a Constitution that would
the setting up of the Indian Statutory Commission under be acceptable to all. The challenge was accepted by the
Sir John Simon (Chairman + 6 members) Congress, which convened an all-parties conference at Delhi
- Its objective was to recommend whether India was ready in February, 1928. At the Bombay meeting in May 1928, the
for further constitutional progress and on which lines. All Parties conference appointed a committee with Motilal
- The Indians protested as it was a all-white commission. Nehru as its chairman to consider and determine the
- Lajpat Rai died after lathi charge in one of the protests principles of the constitution for India.
- The commission submitted its report in 1930. Main Recommendations
- Dominion status
- Rejection of separate electorate(give reservation to the
Muslims wherever they are in minority)
- Linguistic provinces
- 19 fundamental rights were given.
- Responsible government at Central & provincial level.
- Full protection of cultural and religious interest of
muslims
- Make India a secular state i.e. dissociate the state from
religion.
Earlier in 1927, Muslim League put 4 demands to be incorporated in the Even Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhash
draft constitution. It is known as Delhi proposal. Chandra Bose rejected Moti Lal Nehru
- 1/3rd seats reserved for Muslims in Central Legislative Assembly. report as it demanded only dominion status.
- Reservation in Punjab and Bengal province should be in direct They demanded complete independence.
proportion with the population of Muslims. They together formed Independence of
- Three new Muslim majority province should be created in Sindh, India League in 1929.
Baluchistan, North West Frontier Province.
- Joint electorate in place of separate electorate.
Hindu Mahasabha opposed these proposals.
Muslim League stuck to its demands in All Party Conference

- 1/3rd seats reserved for Muslims in Central Legislative assembly.
- Reservation in Bengal and Punjab province be directly proportional to
the population of Muslims in the provinces.
These demands were not incorporated in Nehru Report.
Muslim League, in March 1929 gave fourteen points which were to

become the basis of all future propaganda of the Muslim League.
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INC LAHORE SESSION 1929
INC CALCUTTA SESSION 1928
(ML NEHRU) - President – JL Nehru
- Demand of Purna Swaraj
- 26 January 1930 will be our
first Independence Day.
DOMINION STATUS COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE - INC will launch CDM against
British rule.
GANDHI AND MOTILAL NEHRU SC BOSE AND JL NEHRU
- INC will reject RTC.
we must give 1 year grace period to the British government. And if even Dominion status is
not given in 1 year then we will launch full scale Civil Disobedience Movement to attain December 31, 1929
Purna Swaraj or complete Independence. At midnight on the banks of
River Ravi, the newly
LORD IRWIN INC (DELHI MANIFESTO – 1929) adopted tricolour flag of
- Dominion status was implicit in Montagu - Purpose of RTC will be to give freedom was hoisted by
statement dominion status to India. Jawaharlal Nehru amidst
- There will be a Round Table Conference in - INC should be given majority slogans of Inquilab Zindabad.
London after submission of Simon Commission stake in RTC.
report
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT 1930

- Simon commission
- Nehru Report
- Bardoli Satyagrah (1928)
- Great depression
- Industrialist (FICCI)
- Workers issue
Gandhi along with his 78 followers started his march from sabarmati on
12th march and reached dandi on 5th april. Gandhi launched civil
disobedience movement by breaking the salt law on 6th April 1930
Why salt satyagraha?
In every Indian household, salt was indispensable, yet people
were forbidden from making salt even for domestic use,
compelling them to buy it from shops at a high price. So -
- It taxes the nation’s vital necessity “In eighteen years of my reporting in twenty countries, during
- It deprives the people of a valuable easy village industry which I have witnessed innumerable civil disturbances, riots,
- It involves wanton destruction of property that nature street fights and rebellions, I have never witnessed such
produces in abundance harrowing scenes as at Dharasana”
– Webb Miller (American journalist)
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FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE NOV.,1930- JAN.31 KARACHI SESSION 1931

- President: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
- Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha And Princely Class
- INC endorsed Delhi Pact or Gandhi- Irwin pact
participated. Failed as INC din not participate.
- Second RTC will be attended by INC.
- In January 1931, Gandhiji and other INC leaders were
- But INC will put demand of Purna Swaraj in RTC.
released unconditionally. Then an agreement was signed
- A resolution on Fundamental Rights and National
between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin. It is known as GANDHI-
Economic Programme was adopted
IRWIN PACT OR DELHI PACT.
GOVERNMENT Black Flag was shown to Gnadhiji by volunteers of Punjab
- Immediate release of all political prisoners.(But not those Naujawan Bharat Sabha on his way to Karachi.
who were involved in violence.)
SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE NOVEMBER 1931
- Common people could make salt for personal use.
GANDHI (INC) - Gandhiji represented INC
- INC will suspend CDM - Ambedkar represented depressed class
- INC will participate in RTC - Demand of poorna swaraj was rejected
- Ramsay McDonald (British PM) announced two new Muslim
majority province North West Frontier Province(NWFP) and
Sindh on insistence of Muslim league.
BHAGAT SING, RAJGURU AND SUKHDEV WERE HANGED ON
23RD MARCH 1931 Gandhiji returned to India on 28th December 1931. Again
launched CDM on 29th December 1931
COMMUNAL AWARD
- Ramsay McDonald declared communal award also known
as McDonald award.
- Now separate electorate will be given to backward classes
of Hindu community also. Gandhiji realized that it was an
attempt to weaken national movement and bring division
in the Indian society. But INC did not oppose it directly.
- In September 1932 Communal Award was officially
declared by McDonald Ramsay.
- On its official declaration Gandhiji went on hunger strike
till death in Yerwada jail of Poona.
POONA PACT (1932) Gandhiji - Separate electorates to the “Untouchables” will

ensure them bondage in perpetuity.
Poona pact was signed between Ganhiji and Ambedkar.
Backward class will get reservation of 18% in central Ambedkar – for a community so handicapped to succeed
legislative assembly and in Provincial assemblies reserved in the struggle for life against organized tyranny, some
seats were increased from 71 to148 share of political power in order that it may protect itself is
a paramount necessity
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Gandhiji withdrew CDM and decided again to strengthen the country. He decided to focus on removing untouchability before
getting Purna Swaraj. From Jail he launched All India anti-untouchability League. In August 1933 he was released from jail. He
started to publish newspaper Harijan from Wardha ashram in Maharashtra. In Harijan he focused on removing untouchability.
he Passive phase of the movement had begun after

withdrawal of CDM.
Focus on nation building work-Gandhiji supported it.

Contest the council election of 1934
Continue revolution- The Leftist or socialist leaders of INC like In the meanwhile third Round Table Conference (RTC III) was
JL Nehru and SC Bose propounded it. held in London. It was again inconclusive as it was not
attained by INC.
Gandhi reconciled
- “Parliamentary politics cannot lead to freedom but those
Congressmen who could not, for some reason, offer
satyagraha or devote themselves to constructive work
should not remain unoccupied and could express their
patriotic energies through council work provided they are
not sucked into constitutionalism or self-serving.”
- “Withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement did not
mean bowing down before opportunists or compromising
with imperialism.”
Government of India Act, 1935
- All India Federation with provinces and princely states as All India federation never came into existences as Indian
units. princely states didn’t agree. But a responsible government
- Power division between the Centre and units – Federal was brought at the provincial level. Provincial assembly
List, Provincial List and Concurrent List election was held in 1937.
- Abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced
provincial autonomy in its place INC - Bombay, Madras, Central Province, United Province,
- Introduced dyarchy at the Centre Bihar, Orissa, Assam, NWFP
- Bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces – Bengal,
Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam, UP Muslim League performed very badly in the 1937 election.
- Separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled They could not form government even in Muslim majority
castes), women and labour (workers) province like NWFP. After it they became very aggressive for
- Abolished Council of India, established by Government of separate state of Pakistan.
India Act 1858.
WORLD WAR – II, 1939
British announced India’s participation in the war from British side. This led to protest among INC ministers and they resigned
from the ministry in 1939. Muslim league celebrated “Day of Deliverance”
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Gandhi: SC Bose : Nehru :

Britain was fighting against Both Germany and He was in favor of
Germany. Germany was a Nazi Britain are imperialist. supporting Britain but
state(anti- democratic). So to No one is fighting for on one condition that
protect democracy in the world INC democracy. So we must India is set free by
must give unconditional support to launch CDM against Britain.
Britain. British now.
CWC Resolution
- India could not be party to a war being fought, on the face of it, for democratic freedom, while that freedom was being
denied to India;
- If Britain was fighting for democracy and freedom, it should be proved by ending imperialism in its colonies and
establishing full democracy in India;
- The government should declare its war aims soon and, also, as to how the principles of democracy were to be applied to
India after the war.
RAMGARH SESSION OF INC, 1940 (MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD)

INC launched Individual Satyagrah. Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi, Jawaharlal Nehru was the second.
August Offer, 1940 – Linlithgow offer

- Expansion of Executive council. 8 out of 12 posts in executive councils will be given to Indians.
- A constituent assembly will be constituted after the war that will have mainly Indian members.
- Dominion status to India is long term goal of British government. (Similar to Mantague statement)
- Rights of the minority will be protected. (It gave some sort of veto rights to Muslim League)
In December, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbour of USA.

Japan was on Germany side in WWII. By March 1942 Japan
had acquired almost entire South east Asia upto Rangoon
from the British. Now many INC leaders were anxious to
defend India from the attack of Japan. So they decided to
support Britain in WWII against the wishes of Gandhiji and
Nehru.
INC put two conditions to the British-
•Full independence after the war for India.
•Some immediate power transfer to India.
Due to Japanese threat British government put another proposal to INC in March,1942. It is known as Cripps Mission.
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CRIPPS MISSION 1942

- A union of India with dominion status to be set up after
war.
- A constituent assembly will be constituted solely by
Indians for making of Indian constitution. It will have
representatives from both British province and princely
states. But there will be 2 conditions on this constituent
assembly-
- Any Princely province not willing to join will have
separate constitution.
- Minority rights especially Muslims rights will be
protected.
INC rejected it because
•It talked just of dominion status not Purna Swaraj.
•It gave the right to provinces to secede.
•It talked of no immediate power transfer.
•Muslim League rejected it on grounds that it did not talk
about Pakistan.
“A post dated cheque on a crumbling bank” – Gandhiji on

Cripps Mission
Quit India Movement This unwise act of the government unleashed an

unprecedented and country-wide wave of mass fury.
- By April,1942 Cripps Mission was rejected.
Left leaderless and without any organization, the
- By June 1942 Japan attack on India had became almost evident.
people reacted in any manner they could
- British forces had completely retreated from South East Asia.
- There was huge price rise in India especially salt and rice.
For the first six/seven weeks after 9th August there was
In such scenario on 8 August,1942 AICC(All India Congress huge mass upsurge all over the country. Crowds
Committee) met at Gowalia tank Bombay. It was decided that a attacked police stations, post offices, courts, railway
Non Cooperation movement should be launched against Britishers stations and other symbols of Government authority.
to get Purna Swaraj. So this movement is known as Quit India National flags were forcibly hoisted on public buildings
Movement. And in case of Japanese Invasion a non violent non in defiance of the police. At other places, groups of
cooperation Satyagrah shall be launched against Japanese. Here satyagrahis offered arrest. Crowds of villagers physically
Gandhiji gave the mantra of “Do or die”. removed railway tracks. Elsewhere, small groups of
individuals blew up bridges and removed tracks, and
cut telephone and telegraph wires. Students went on
strike in scholls and colleges all over the country and
busied themselves in taking out processions writing
and distributing illegal news-sheets. They also became
couriers for the emerging underground networks
It was launched on 8th August 1942. And on 9th August 1942 all
important INC leaders were arrested. The movement became
leaderless.
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According to official estimates, in the first week after the A significant feature of the QIM was the emergence of
arrests of the leaders, 250 railway stations were damaged or parallel governments in some parts of the country.
destroyed, and over 500 post offices and 150 police stations • First one in Ballia in East UP under Chittu Pande
were attacked. • Tamluk (Mednapur district in Bengal) – Jatiya Sarkar
Leaders of underground activities – • Satara (Maharashtra) – Prati Sarkar
Achyut Patwardhan Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, After failure of Cripps Mission there was a deadlock between
Sucheta Kripalani, Chootubhai Puranik, Biju Patnaik, R. P. INC and ML over draft constitution-
Goenka, Jaiprakash Narayan etc.
C Rajagopalachari formula
Gandhiji started his 21 days fast on 10th February 1943. this ML should support INC for demand of independence. After
was his answer to the government whcich had been independence Plebiscite in North West and North
constantly exhorting him to condemn the violence of the East(regions of high Muslim population). If they vote for
people in the Quit India Movement. partition then Pakistan will be created. But even in case of
partition defence and finance will be joint between two
states.
Desai – Liaqat Pact.
Bhulabhai Desai of IN and Liaqat Ali Khan of Muslim League
devised a plan. According to an interim government should
be made with 40% seats to INC, 40% seats to ML and rest
20% to other minorities. Thus indirectly INC gave ML equal
status to it.
INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY (INA) / AZAD HIND FAUJ

Indian National Army was formed by Mohan Singh, a
- Born in 1897 Jawan of British army in Malaysia, with some Indian
- Graduated from Calcutta University prisoners of War handed over to him by the
- Studied philosophy in Cambridge Japanese. Later, due to some differences with Mohan
- Qualified Indian Civil Service, but resigned Singh, Japanese took him in custody. Ras Behari Bose,
from service the great Indian revolutionary who was settled in
- Accepted Chittaranjan Das as his political Japan at that time formed Indian Indipendance
guru during the NCM. League and INA came under the control of
- He was a leader of the left leaning young Independence League. Behari Bose subsequently
generation of anti-colonial nationalists. transfer the control to Subhash Chandra Bose in
- INC president of 1938 (Haripura) and 1939 1943, after his arrival in Japan.
(Tripuri) session.
- Resigned from INC and formed Forward Bloc He set up two provisional government of India at Singapore
- Arrested by the British government in 1940. and Rangoon. INA launched Imphal Campaign against British in
- Undertook fast unto death, put under home vigilance 1943. Imphal campaign was headed by Shah Nawaz Khan. But
from January 1941. it lost there. Reason behind their loss was mistreatment to
- Escaped from police vigilance and travelling secretly Indian soldiers by Japanese. Subhash Chandra Bose then went
through Peshawar and Russia, reached Berlin and then underground while many INA soldiers were brought in India
he went to Japan. and put under trial. INA trial in India is known as “edge of
Volcano”
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INA TRIAL 1945 Participation was of many kinds – some contributed
In November ( 12th funds, others attended or organized meetings,
November now shopkeepers downed shutters and political parties and
celebrated as INA organizations raised the demand for the release of the
day),1945 first trial of INA prisoners. Municipal Committees, Indians abroad and
was held against- Prem Gurdwara committees subscribed liberally to INA
Kumar Sehgal, Shah funds. Students held meetings and rallies and
Nawaz Khan, Gurbaksh boycotted classes. Demands for release were raised at
Singh Dhillon. Kisan conferences . The Muslim League, the Communist Party of India, the Unionist Party, the
Akalis, the Justice Party, the Hindu Mahasabha, all supported the INA cause in varying degree.
The defence of the INA
prisoners was taken up by RIN REVOLT, 1946
the Congress and On ship HMIS Talwar Indian soldiers revolted against their British officers. Main reason for revolt
Bhulabhai Desai, Tej was- racial discrimination and INA trials. Then Royal Indian Air Force also revolted. This is known
Bahadur Sapru, K.N.Katju, as last nail in the coffin of British empire. Later Sardar Patel and Md. Ali Jinnah persuaded the
Nehru and Asaf Ali armed forces to give up violence.
appeared in court at the
historic Red Fort trials. “The mutiny opened the eyes of the British to the fact that Indian Nationalism could no longer be
contained in the ring drawn with armed forces as Indian personal in the forces were beginning to
succumb to the attraction of Nationalism and there was not enough British personal to go to the
full round”
- V. K. Menon
SHIMLA PLAN, 1945 CABINET MISSION, 1946

After failure of Rajagopalchari formula and Desai- Liaqat pact In 1946, the government of labour party was formed in
another attempt was made by Lord Wavell. It is known as England. The PM Atlee sent three members of his cabinet –
Shimla Plan. Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and AV Alexander to
- Form a government as per Government of India Act.1935 have negotiations on the condition of handing over the
(Diarchy at the centre responsible government in the power to India. This mission presented a plan known as
provinces). Cabinet Mission Plan.
- Only defense department will remain with the British rest
all will be taken by Indians. - It rejected the demand of Pakistan outrightly.
- Both Hindu and Muslim will be given equal representation - It divided the provinces in three groupings-
in the government. Sec A- Hindu majority provinces
- Constituent Assembly will be created after the war to Sec B- Muslim majority provinces
make constitution of India. Sec C- Assam and Bengal
ML demanded that all the Muslim representatives in the - There will be a government at the centre formed on the
government should be nominated by Muslim League only. basis of result of the election held in 1946.
INC rejected this demand - The Centre will be common for these three groupings.
Centre will have defense and external affairs.
Election – 1946 - The princely states could join either group A, B, C or join
- Centre- INC won 57/102 seats. ML won 30/30 seats Britain.
reserved for Muslims.
- Provinces- INC majority in all except Bengal, Punjab, Sindh
45
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Both ML and INC agreed to the plan. But they had different understanding about the
grouping. INC thought grouping was optional. That means it could be reversed later. ML
thought grouping was permanent and it is first stage toward formation of Pakistan.
Both formed the government at the Centre. JL Nehru became the PM and Liaqat Ali Khan of
ML became finance minister. But soon when Nehru ji released a statement that grouping
was optional since NWFP( Sec B) and Assam (Sec C) both had INC government, so there is
no point in keeping them outside Sec A. After this statement ML again became aggressive
and on 16th August, 1946 they called Direct Action day for having separate state Pakistan.
So they started playing obstructionist approach in policies of government. They did not
allow passage of bills. On 9 December the Central Assembly met as Constituent Assembly.
But ML didn’t participate.
On 20th Feb 1947 Clement Atlee declared that British will quit
India on 30th June 1948. Lord Wavell was replaced by Lord
Mountbatten as Viceroy. Mountbatten Plan
Wavell gave Wavell Breakdown plan - India will be set independent on 15th August 1947.
The British army should withdraw to Muslim majority province and - Hindu and Muslim members of legislative
leave rest of India independent. The plan was to keep Muslim assemblies of Bengal, Punjab will meet separately
majority province as British colony. But this was rejected by Lord and vote. If any of the group votes “yes” in majority
Mountbatten. He was sent to India by Clement Atlee with a then Pakistan will be created in that province by
purpose of transfer of power to the Indians. Lord Mountbatten partition.
first suggested Plan Balkan - Referendum will be conducted in Sindh, NWFP,
Sylhet. If they vote yes then they will join Pakistan.
Plan Balkan - Princely states will either join India or Pakistan.
The British administration should give independent power to all
provinces to either join India, Pakistan or remain independent. It All provinces decided to join Pakistan. Hence two
would led to many parts of India. So Nehruji resisted it and it was independent states India and Pakistan was created by
withdrawn. Nehruji insisted on united India. Indian Independence Act of 1947.
But because of the news of having a separate state Pakistan there

were many instances of riots in India especially Punjab and Bengal.
So on 3rd June 1947 Mountbatten declared Mountbatten plan.
46
09-02-2024
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947
1. It ended the British rule in India and declared India as an

independent and sovereign state from August 15,1947.
2. It provided for the partition of India and creation of two
independent dominions of India and Pakistan with the
right to secede from the British Commonwealth.
3. It abolished the office of viceroy and provided, for each
dominion, a governor-general, who was to be appointed
by the British King on the advice of the dominion cabinet.
British government was to have no responsibility with
respect to the Government of India or Pakistan.
4. It empowered the Constituent Assemblies of the two
dominions to frame and adopt any constitution for their
respective nations and to repeal any act of the British
Parliament, including the Independence act itself.
5. It granted freedom to the Indian princely states either to
join the Dominion of India or Dominion of Pakistan or to
remain independent.(This was not in Mountabatten Plan).
C Rajagopalachari became first Indian GG of Independent India. Later India adopted its constitution on 26th January 1950 and
abolished dominion status to Britain. It declared India a Republic.
47

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09-02-2024

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ANCIENT MEDIEVAL MODERN POST INDEPENDENCE

(3,00,000 BC (1200 AD (1600 AD (1947 AD

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

INDIA IN THE 18TH CENTURY

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

EUROPEANS WHO CAME TO INDIA

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

- Monopoly of the Portuguese was ended by the Dutch.

REASONS FOR DECLINE

- Emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt and Persia.

Portuguese gifts to India

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

THE DANES (DENMARK)

- The French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert, a

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ELIMINATION OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ELIMINATION OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS THIRD CARNATIC WAR (1756-63)

CAUSES FOR DECLINE

- English navy was superior

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

ELIMINATION OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

Farukhshiyar issued a farman to EIC.

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS SINDH

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN RULERS

First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

[UPSC 1995] [UPSC 2003]

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

[UPSC 2004] [UPSC 2004]

Answer: (b) Answer: (d)

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

[UPSC 2005] [UPSC 2006]

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

RELATION WITH NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY