OF

AND

COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

• Concepts are mental realities.
• They are present only in the mind.
• They represent the things we know.
• The material world and everything on it are object of
our mind.
• They are what we know, the things we can possibly
understand.
• Knowledge begins when the mind fully grasps the
essence of a thing.
IDEOGENESIS
(the intellectual evolution of concept)
• Object
• Sense perception
• The phantasm is a sort of mental picture of the thing,
bearing all the physical qualities, such as color and
size, of that thing in that exact condition as
impressed on the senses.
• The phantasm is the raw material, so to speak, from which
the intellect evolves a concept.
• Abstraction
IDEOGENESIS
(the intellectual evolution of concept)
• The intellect has the dual function of abstraction and
understanding.
• The power of abstraction is called AGENT
INTELLECT and the power of understanding, the
POSSIBLE INTELLECT.
• The agent intellect works on the phantasm, abstracts
or separates from it only those forms or species
which reveal the essence of the thing, leaving aside
those material qualities which make up the physical
appearance of the thing.
TERMS AS VERBAL CONCEPTS
• Thought is invisible and imperceptible to the senses.
• We cannot take it and put it in someone's mind in the manner we
may drop a coin in a piggy bank.
• We won't know what somebody has in mind unless we understand
his gestures or signs.
• Speech is the primary means by which we communicate with one
another.
• The language we use is a body of symbols with which we articulate
our feelings and ideas.
• The basic unit of a language is the word.
• We call it — term, from the latin terminus.
The Definition of the Term
• A term is .
• For Bachhuber, it is primarily an oral sign and he
defines it as "an articulate sound that serves as a
conventional or arbitrary sign of a concept".
… sensible
• A term is sensible, because, being material, it is
perceptible to the senses, such as, our sense of
hearing or sight.
• As verbal symbol, a term is made up of the letters of
the alphabet, arranged in a manner that we can
reproduce in guttural sound.
… conventional
• A term is conventional because it is a sort of
"name" or "label" coined by men and its usage
depends upon convention or tradition.
• For this reason, terms are not constant or
unchanging like the concept they represent.
• Some terms are rendered obsolete and are
dropped as they are no longer "fashionable".
… sign
• A term is a sign because it represents a concept and,
through the concept, it represents reality.
• What constitutes a term as such is its meaning.
• The meaning of a given term is the concept which it
represents.
• A term without a concept to back it up is literally
"meaningless".
• But such term has a function in a language and is not
entirely useless.
Comprehension and
Extension
COMPREHENSION
• It is the sum total of notes by which a thing is known.
• "Notes" refer to those essential attributes which
constitute the nature of a thing.
• Comprehension then is the totality of all those
qualities by which a thing is known to us.
• A partial or incomplete presentation of these qualities
or notes renders a concept vague.
EXTENSION
• It is the sum total of real things or individuals to which the
concept applies.
• The individuals, falling within the comprehension of a concept,
are said to be the inferiors of that concept.
• The inferiors of "man" would be all men, taken individually as
Rick, Anthony, Rex, Eva and Tina, or taken as collectively as
Filipino, Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, American, etcetera.
• It would, in fact, include all actual and possible men.
INVERSE RATIO OF COMPREHENSION AND
EXTENSION
• Comprehension and extension are reciprocal.
• They are also inversely proportional to each other.
• This means that increasing the number of notes in
comprehension necessarily decreases the numbers
of inferiors in the extension.
• Thus, the greater the comprehension, the lesser the
extension, and vice-versa.
CLASSIFICATION OF
TERMS
LOG101 LOGIC & CRITICAL THINKING
ACCORDING TO
COMPREHENSION
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 CONCRETE
• It expresses something that has attributes that can
be perceived through the senses.
EXAMPLE:
Pen, Chalk, computer, table, Chair, hair, apple, book,
whiteboard, etc
 ABSTRACT
• It expresses something separated from any single
object.
• It is a pure idea expressed in words.
EXAMPLE:
Truth, happiness, height, knowledge, perfection
ACCORDING TO
EXTENSION
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 SINGULAR
• It Represents a single object only.
EXAMPLES
EDSA Revolution 2
That table
Those students
My School
 UNIVERSAL
• It represents not only a class as a whole but also
each member of the class.
EXAMPLES
Motorcycle
Computer
Television
School
 PARTICULAR
• It represents only a part of the universal whether it is
definite or indefinite.
EXAMPLES
Many books
Few students
Some women
Several parents
 COLLECTIVE
• It represents a number of things constituting a unit,
group or whole.
EXAMPLES
Family
Choir
Band
Team
ACCORDING TO ORIGIN
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 IMMEDIATE
• It is formed from the direct perception of things.
EXAMPLES
Chair
Hair
Wind
Fart
 MEDIATE
• It is formed through the mediation of other ideas.
EXAMPLES
God
Human soul
Mystery
Philosophy
ACCORDING TO
RELATION
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 COMPATIBLE
• Terms that can co-exist in a subject.
EXAMPLES
hot and spicy
BEAUTY AND BRAIN
Bread and butter
Tall, dark and handsome
 INCOMPATIBLE
• Terms that can not co-exist in a subject.
• They exclude each other.
• There are four kinds of it:
1. CONTRADICTORY
2. CONTRARY
3. PRIVATIVE
4. CORRELATIVE
 INCOMPATIBLE-CONTRADICTORY
• Terms that are mutually exclusive such that the
affirmation of one is the denial of the other.
• Between two terms, there is no middle ground.
EXAMPLES
Existence; Non-existence
Dead; alive
 INCOMPATIBLE-
CONTRARY
• Terms that express extremes belonging to the same
class.
• Between these two terms, there is middle ground.
EXAMPLES
rich; poor
Fast; slow
 INCOMPATIBLE-
PRIVATIVE
• Two oppose ideas, one of which expresses
perfection, the other is lack of it.
EXAMPLES
SIGHT; BLINDNESS
Truth; error
Sane; insane
Hearing; deafness
 INCOMPATIBLE-
CORRELATIVE
• Two opposed terms that bear mutual relation to one
another such that one cannot be understood without
the other.
EXAMPLES
Cause; effect
Husband; wife
Whole; part
ACCORDING TO
MEANING
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 UNIVOCAL
• A Term that carries only one meaning in its several
uses.
EXAMPLES
Human person
Astronaut
Pencil
Whiteboard
 EQUIVOCAL
• A Term that carries different meanings in the different
uses.
• A term may be equivocal:
• Only in PRONUNCIATION;
• IN PRONUNCIATION and SPELLING.
 EQUIVOCAL
Only in PRONUNCIATION
EXAMPLES
Mary and Merry
Cue and Queue
Blue and Blew
Jeans and Genes
 EQUIVOCAL
IN PRONUNCIATION and
SPELLING
EXAMPLES
March and March
Deer and Dear
Strike and Strike
Son and Sun
Hat, Hut, Hot
 ANALOGOUS
• A term that carries meaning in some ways the same
and in other ways different.
EXAMPLES
DEAD END
Sweet sixteen
Dirty jokes
Face lift
ACCORDING TO QUALITY
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 POSITIVE IN FORM, POSITIVE IN
MEANING
EXAMPLES
JOY
Victory
Liberation
charity
 POSITIVE IN FORM, NEGATIVE IN
MEANING
EXAMPLES
Crazy
Idiot
Crisis
Despair
Arrogant
 NEGATIVE IN FORM, NEGATIVE IN
MEANING
EXAMPLES
IMMATURE
Unprepared
Disgrace
shameless
 NEGATIVE IN FORM, POSITIVE IN
MEANING
EXAMPLES
Uncorrupted
SELFLESS
Unrivalled
Stainless
ACCORDING TO OBJECT
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
 REAL
• It expresses something that has existential actuality,
whether positive or negative.
EXAMPLES
Table
Chairs
Actors
Stage play
 LOGICAL
• It is used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning.
EXAMPLES
Classification
Enneagram
Genera
Philia
 IMAGINARY
• It has no correspondence in reality but is merely a
fabrication of the mind.
EXAMPLES
Darna
Captain Barbel
Iron man
Batman