:

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES
• Logic is regarded as the indispensable
foundation for all types of knowledge.
• This is so because it is used not only in
the acquisition and interpretation of
knowledge but also in the expansion and
application of knowledge.
• People of ancient times considered logic
as preparatory to the study of all sciences
which explains why they called it the
ORGANON, or instrument, of science
• To the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.),
logic is not only a requirement for the study of
science but an instrument which facilitates the
knowing of "intelligible connections in concepts and
in things."
“LOVE OF WISDOM”
• The beginning of formal philosophy is traced to
Thales of the Greek colony in Miletus in the late sixth
century B.C.
• Early thinkers up to Socrates were primitive scientists
whose interests were focused on knowing the nature
of the universe and the meaning of human
experience.
• They came up with theories concerning the stuff with
which the world is made of.
• Some of them believed that the world and everything
therein are made of one or more of the four elements,
namely, air, earth, fire and water.
• Others thought that the basic elements of everything
are special substances which the human eye cannot
see.
• The development of philosophy had its great turning
point at the time of Socrates (470-399 B.C.) and his
most famous pupil Plato (428-348 B.C.).
• Socrates put much value on the study of man's inner
life over the external world around him.
• His main interest was not knowing the basic
elements of nature but finding out what constituted
truth, beauty, justice and goodness.
• In other words, he was concerned with the human being's
awareness of himself, his life, his values, and his
reasoning and attainment of wisdom, not with things
outside of him.
• The interests of Plato were on ethics, politics,
psychology, sociology, mathematics and
science.
• He attempted to show how the individual
should develop himself and how to have a
perfect social and political order.
• He introduced a view that integrates the
material and the psychological and social
aspects of human life, emphasizing the
interrelatedness of the individual and society.
• With the coming of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.),
considered as the brightest pupil of Plato, the
concern for the external world and nature was
brought back to focus.
• This was so probably because Aristotle was history's
first great marine biologist and research scientist.
• He, however, blended his philosophy of the external
world with the philosophy that deals with the nature
of human being, an indication of the influence of
Plato on his star pupil.
• The interests of Aristotle include creating a complete
world view which motivated him to write about nature,
the supernatural, the poetics as well as ethics and
politics.
• The word " " was coined by Pythagoras
(580-497 B.C.), an early Greek scholar who
formulated a practical, ethical and religious
philosophy which stress the value of intellectual
pursuits.
• The term was derived from two Greek words:
which means "love of or "friendship for," and sophia
which means "wisdom" (Thiroux, 1985)
• Philosophers are unlike the physical and
social scientists who are engaged in the
pursuit of knowledge only; their aim goes
beyond the acquisition of knowledge because
the ultimate goal of their analytic and reflective
inquiry is wisdom.
• Unlike scientists, philosophers make value
judgments; they analyze, evaluate and render
value judgment on individual's behavior, and
on policies and programs of social entities.
• At this point, the distinction between
"knowledge" and "wisdom" is in order.
• It has been said that "we can know many
things but we cannot always be wise."
• We can know how to develop certain
technology like weapons of any kind but do
we know how or when to use or not to use
them?
• The knowledge about weapons does not necessarily
include the wisdom of how to use them.
• Wisdom requires more than just knowledge.
• It involves understanding the implications of that
knowledge and its uses for oneself and others with some
purpose or value in mind.
• Philosophy, then, should be interpreted to mean the "love
of wisdom" rather than the "love of knowledge."
• Philosophy has been defined as the "science of
beings in their ultimate reasons, causes and
principles acquired by the aid of human reason
alone"(Bittle, 1984).
• It is a because it is a systematic body of
knowledge, not mere opinion, belief or theory.
• It is a science of as it covers all things which
the human mind can apprehend or know, that is,
anything that exists, will exists, can be thought of or
is known.
• Philosophy is a science of beings
because it delves into
the whys of the existence of things and the general
truth or law from which other truths about the
existence of things proceed.
• Unlike other sciences which seek the immediate
cause and principle of things, philosophy seeks the
ultimate or final cause or principle from which things
follow or arise.
• Finally, that the goal of philosophy can be
means that philosophy based its
knowledge solely on the reasoning power of the human
mind, not on any authority.
• Faith and Divine Authority have no place in a philosophical
inquiry.
• These, however, are needed by the believer in God to guide
his reasoning so as not to go astray from the Truth which is
the ultimate goal of the philosopher.
• There are various fields in philosophy which are
products of man's speculations.
• Each field provides invaluable insights into certain
realities.
• These philosophical fields can be grouped into two
major categories, namely, theoretical and practical
categories.
• The , also known
as pure or speculative, is made up of fields the
main concern of which is the acquisition of
knowledge without any thought of applying it for
any practical use.
• Here the learner reflects or analyzes things in
order to know, to understand and to gain
wisdom about the subject of interest to him.
• the is composed of fields which
are studied not only to gain knowledge and wisdom but to use
that knowledge and wisdom for practical purposes such as
acquiring the things man needs, eliminating or reducing his
difficulties and anxieties, and improving the prevailing social
and economic conditions.
• Defining what is right and proper behavior in a certain social
setting is in the realm of practical philosophy because people
are given bases or guide on how to act and interact with each
other.
 is the field of philosophy that tries to
understand the nature of reality, of being and of
existence in their most general aspect.
• The term "metaphysics" was derived from Greek
words which means "beyond," and
which means "nature."
• Thus, etymologically, the term metaphysics means
"beyond the physical."
 is regarded as the philosophical field which
belongs to metaphysics.
• The term was derived from the Greek words
which means "the really existing things," and
which means "the study of."
• The major interest of ontology is knowing the
essential characteristics of particular existing things.
 is the philosophical field which is
concerned with the soul spirit, mind or
consciousness — its nature or constitution,
characteristics and role or influence on the behavior
of an individual person and social groups.
• The term "psychology" originated from the Greek
words which means "soul," "mind," or "spirit,"
and which means "the study of."
 is the field of philosophy that examines
the origin, presuppositions, nature, extent and
veracity (truth, reliability, validity) of knowledge.
• The word "epistemology" was derived from the Greek
which means "knowledge," and which
means "the study of."
• Epistemology is also known as the theory of
knowledge.
 is the field of philosophy that inquires into
the nature, being, goodness and justice of God;
relationship between God and man; and doctrines
related to divinity.
• "Theodicy" originated from the Greek words
which means "God," and which means "justice,"
or "right."
• the is composed of fields which
are studied not only to gain knowledge and wisdom but to use
that knowledge and wisdom for practical purposes such as
acquiring the things man needs, eliminating or reducing his
difficulties and anxieties, and improving the prevailing social
and economic conditions.
• Defining what is right and proper behavior in a certain social
setting is in the realm of practical philosophy because people
are given bases or guide on how to act and interact with each
other.
 is the field of philosophy that examines the
right and wrong in man's behavior as well as the
pursuit of the good life.
• The word "ethics" was derived from the Greek word
which means "customs," "character,"
"manners," or "disposition."
• Ethics is sometimes used synonymously with the
term "morals" which was derived from the Latin, term
which means "custom "or "way of life."
 is the field of philosophy that studies the
meaning of words and linguistic forms, their functions
as symbols, and the role they play in relation to other
words, to human thoughts and behavior.
• The term "semantics" was derived from the Greek word
which means significant, or
which means "to signify," or which means "a
sign," "a mark," or "a token of identity."
 is the field of philosophy that deals with
beauty and the value of works of art.
• The term "aesthetics" has its origin in the Greek word
which means "one who is perceptive of
things through his sensations, feelings and
intuitions."
 is the field of philosophy that studies the
origin, nature, types, meaning, criteria and
knowledge of values.
• The term "axiology" was derived from the Greek
which means "worthy" and which
means "the study of."
• Also known as the theory of value, axiology
examines the reasons or bases that make a person,
an object or an act valuable or desirable.
 is the philosophical field that study the nature
and problems of clear and accurate thinking and
systematic or orderly argument or reasoning.
• The term "logic" was derived from the Greek word
or which means "ordered" or
"systematized" and "intelligible."
 Epistemology knowledge

Cosmology physical world

Metaphysics reality, being, existence

Theoretical
Ontology particular existing things

Psychology mind, consciousness

Theodicy God, divine doctrines

Aesthetics art, beauty

Axiology values

Practical Ethics behavior, good life

Logic thinking, reasoning

Semantics linguistic meanings

Philo. of Education Education

Philo. of History History

Philo. of Literature Literature

Philo. of Politics Politics

Philo. of Religion Religion

WHY DO WE NEED
TO STUDY
PHILOSOPHY?
Dios Mabalos po!
As a God-fearing institution respecting multi-faith of people,
PnC adheres to the following core values:
● Personal Dignity
● Nurturing Community
● Commitment to Excellence