Participle clauses

There are two types of participles, the present and the past
participles. The present participle is used for ACTIVE and the
past participle is used for PASSIVE.
We can use them to make sentences more concise.

1. Present participle (-ing) ACTIVE

The two actions happen at the SAME time.
I opened the door. I saw him standing there.
Opening the door, I saw him.......

We can use words like before, after, while etc to make it

clearer.
She travelled through India. She met many people.
While travelling through India, she......

You can also use a participle clause to talk about cause

and results.
I didn’t know anyone at the party. I left.
Not knowing ........, I left.

this
The university was free. Therefore it resulted in a high
uptake of students.
The univeristy was free resulting in a high uptake of students.

2. Past participle (-ed) PASSIVE

The two actions happen at the SAME time. (cause/results)

He was arrested by the police. He went to jail.

Arrested by the police, he went to jail.

3. Having + p.p ACTIVE
These two actions do NOT happen at the same time. We
use this to emphasis that one action happens before
another.
I finished my dinner. I went outside.
Having finished my dinner, I went outside.

4. Having been + p.p PASSIVE

She was diagnosed with cancer. She decided to travel
the world.
Having been diagnosed with cancer, she decided ......

5. Relative clauses
The woman who was sitting beside me lives in Germany.

The languages which are taught in our school are

English, Spanish and Valencian.