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Issue 8 May - Volume 2706, Issue 1
PRELIMINARY
Preface: Advancing the Innovation to Recover Our Planet: A Preface of 3rd Borobudur International
Symposium on Science and Technology 2021 
AIP Conference Proceedings 2706, 010001 (2023) doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/12.0013684
View article  PDF
ARTICLES
A simulation approach with computational fluid dynamics analysis for optimization of heat flow on
herbal drying machine 
Agri Suwandi; Hendra Wijaya; Farhan Zulfikar; Eka Maulana; Rudi Hermawan; Deny Juniansyah ×

Abstract  View article  PDF
Technology engagement in English reading skills: A study on social media 

Athia Fidian; Agrissto Bintang Aji Pradana; Zulfikar Bagus Pambuko; Agus Triyogo; Aulia Hanifah Qomar
Recent patents for handling Covid-19: Snapshot from Indonesian patent database 
Chrisna Bagus Edhita Praja; Zulfikar Bagus Pambuko; Muji Setiyo; Fitriana Yuliastuti; Agus Setiawan; Veny Soraya Dewi;
Lintang Muliawanti; Hary Abdul Hakim
Formulation and evaluation of physical properties of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L merr) leaf
extract tablets using wet granulation method as antioxidant and antibacterial 
Nikmah Nuur Rochmah; Elisa Issusilaningtyas; Yusuf Eko Nugroho; Imam Agus Faizal; Dewi Reza Utami
Stability and hedonic test of liquid soap extract of jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus lamk)
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
Renny Amelia; Husnul Khotimah; Lela Sulastri; Indah Setyaningsih
Optimization of garlic (Allium sativum) inhibitory activity against Propionibacterium acnes 

Aan Kunaedi; Nur Rahmi Hidayati; Iin Indawati; Ine Suharyani; Sulistiorini Indriaty; Nina Karlina; Siti Anggi Angraeni
Classification of public opinion on news presentation at lapor website using Naïve Bayes classifier
(NBC) algorithm method 
Tien Rahayu Tulili; Damar Nurcahyono; Syamsul Rijal; Andri Kurniawan; Muhammad Taufiq Rahman Saleh
A narrative review of people’s interests in gold investment 

Amelia Wahyu Pratama; Azizatul Islamiyah; Fahmi Muhammad Hafidh; Zulfikar Bagus Pambuko
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Design of air conditioning simulator equipment with H-block expansion valve type and maintenance

Faisyal; Mangkona; Mustafa; Martin Surya Putra
Conflict resolution in citizenship education in elementary schools 

Sari Yustiana; Muhamad Afandi
Relaxation of business competition law enforcement and its existence in the Indonesian business
competition law system 
Rhido Jusmadi; R. Wahjoe Poernomo
E-hights: Hate speech detection system to guarantee freedom of expression 

Wita Setyaningrum; Khusnul Nur Vaizi; Retno Damarina; Sakti Oktasari; Son Ali Akbar; Aldi Febriyanto
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Journal Development Team
Director, Publishing Development: Bridget D’Amelio
Manager, Conference Proceedings: Emily Prendergast
Editorial Assistant, Conference Proceedings: Francesca Tangreti
For journal related inquiries, please contact: confproc@aip.org
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Forthcoming Proceedings
About our schedule of forthcoming proceedings
All events are listed in date order. Authors wishing to receive an update on progress for their proceedings
are asked to contact their conference organizer(s) for further information. Authors needing assistance in
contacting their editor can write to the AIP Proceedings team.
Proceedings are not in date order.
2024 Proceedings
The 10th International Symposium on Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry
Anaheim, US
4/3/2023
SolarPACES 2023: Solar Power & Chemical Energy Systems

Online
9/27/2023
15th Regional Conference on Energy Engineering and the 13th International Conference on Thermofluids
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
10/25/2022
12th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences and its Application
10/19/2022
Modern problems of applied mathematics and information technology

5/11/2022
×
×
International Conference on Multidimensional Role of Basic Science in Advanced Technology
12/9/2022
International Conference on Mathematical Sciences and Emerging Applications in Technology (ICMSEAT)

9/9/2022
International Conference Series on Science, Engineering, and Technology

6/22/2022
2nd International Conference on Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences (ICAMCS-2022)

10/12/2022
The 8th International Conference on Technology and Vocational Teachers 2022

10/6/2022
6th International Conference on Engineering Sciences: ICES2022

12/21/2022
International Conference on Applied Physics, Simulation and Computing

6/20/2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FLUID FLOWS AND ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS

3/17/2023
International Conference Engineering and Computer Science

12/13/2022
International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST-2022)

9/28/2022
×
×
International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology(ICAST?2022)
9/17/2022
The 5th International Conference on Life Science and Technology (ICoLiST)

8/30/2022
The 4th of Materials Research Society Indonesia (MRS-id) Meeting 2022

9/26/2022
International Conference on Upstream Energy Technology and Digitalization

12/6/2022
International Conference on Digital Transformation in Manufacturing

4/7/2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, MODELING AND COMPUTATIONAL

INTELLIGENCE
9/29/2022
The 8th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Materials
10/28/2022
5th International Conference on Mathematical Sciences

5/16/2023
THE 2nd YOUNG SCHOLAR SYMPOSIUM ON SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION, AND
ENVIRONMENT 2022
10/25/2022
×
×
Third International Conference on Advancements in Automation, Robotics and Sensing
12/9/2022
2022 6th International Conference on Engineering and Applied Technology (ICEAT)

10/19/2022
ADVANCEMENTS IN SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING (ICASEME-2022)
10/12/2022
The International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology (ICCST) 2022

12/7/2022
The 7th International Conference on Science and Applied Science (ICSAS 2022)
10/31/2022
International Conference on Mathematics and its Applications in Technology

3/24/2023
International Conference on Applied Science and Mathematics 2023

5/3/2023
Application of Mathematics in Engineering and Economics (AMEE)

6/7/2022
International Conference on Advancements in Construction Materials (ICACM 2023)

4/28/2023
The 7th Engineering Science and Technology International Conference (ESTIC)

11/16/2022
×
×
International Conference on Research Advances in Engineering and Technology
12/1/2022
IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM ON COMPUTER AND ENERGY SCIENCES (WFCES II 2022)

11/17/2022
Proceedings of 31st Russian Conference on Mathematical Modelling in Natural Science (RuMoNaS 2022)
10/5/2022
4th National Conference on Recent Advancement in Physical Sciences

12/19/2022
International Conference on Electronics, Engineering Physics and Earth Science (EEPES 2023)
6/21/2023
International Conference on Green Engineering & Technology 2022 (IConGETech 2022)

11/17/2022
International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Developments in Engineering and Technology

5/5/2023
4th International Conference on Pure Sciences (ICPS)

3/15/2023
12th International Advances in Applied Physics & Materials Science Congress & Exhibition (APMAS)
10/13/2022
Second International Conference on Innovations in Electronics and Communication Systems (ICIECS 2022)
11/24/2022
×
×
2023 International Conference on Computer Science and Mechatronics (ICCSM 2023)
3/10/2023
II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC & PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "TECHNOLOGIES, MATERIALS

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING"
4/5/2023
International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2022

11/23/2022
2nd International Conference on engineering and science to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
5/10/2023
5th International Conference on Applied Sciences (ICAS)

4/26/2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABILITY ENGINEERING EDUCATION 2023

6/24/2023
2023 4th International Conference on Information Technology, Advanced Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering
8/9/2023
XVII Mexican Syposium on Medical Physics (XVIIMSMP)

9/7/2022
Problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry
5/3/2023
×
×
10th International Scientific Conference of Iraqi Mathematical Society
10/23/2022
International Interdisciplinary Conference on Energy, Nanotechnology and IoT (ENT 2023)

2/2/2023
The 5th Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Technology and Engineering
8/25/2022
2nd International Conference on Engineering Research and Application 2023 (ICERA 2023)
5/24/2023
The 2nd International Conference on Heat Transfer, Energy and Mechanical Innovations (2nd ICHTEMI)
8/25/2022
Annual Conference on Science and Technology Research (ACOSTER) 2022

12/16/2022
The Basic Science International Conference (BaSIC 2022)

9/13/2022
18th Annual Nuclear Safety Seminar (ANSS) 2022

8/24/2022
INTELLIGENT BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

SUBSTANCES
10/5/2022
V INTERNATIONAL YOUTH APPLIED RESEARCH FORUM "OIL CAPITAL"

3/23/2022
×
×
Fourth International Conference on Advances in Physical Sciences and Materials 2023 (ICAPSM 2023)
8/10/2023
2023 Proceedings
15th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy
Taiwan
6/19/2022
ICNPAA World Congress 2020

Prague, Czech Republic
6/27/2023
32nd International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics

Seoul, South Korea
7/4/2022
Polymer Processing Society-38 (PART OF 3 YEAR CONTRACT)

St Gallen, Switzerland
5/16/2022
Mechanics of Hearing 2020

Helsingor, Denmark
7/24/2022
5th International Conference on Frontiers of Biological Sciences and Engineering

China
12/14/2022
×
×
2nd International Symposium on Plastics Technology
Aachen, Germany
9/5/2022
SolarPACES 2022: Solar Power & Chemical Energy Systems

Online
9/27/2022
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

2022
Gadong, Brunei
10/17/2022
The 5th International Conference on ICT Integration in Technical Education

Aizuwakamatsu, Japan
1/24/2023
International Scientific Session on Applied Mechanics XI

Bydgoszcz, Poland
11/18/2022
18th International Conference of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering (ICCMSE 2022)
Crete, Greece
10/26/2022
International Conference on Innovations in Robotics, Intelligent Automation and Control

Coimbatore, India
10/14/2022
×
×
VI International Scientific Convention
Portoviejo, Ecuador
10/26/2022
2nd International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2022 (SERiES2022)

Langkawi, Malaysia
10/18/2022
3rd International Recent Trends in Technology, Engineering and Computing Conference (IRTTEC) 2022
Penang, Malaysia
8/29/2022
Science and Mathematics International Conference 2022

Jakarta, Indonesia
9/7/2022
14th Conference for Promoting the Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences
Black-Sea resort of Albena, Bulgaria
6/22/2022
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE WORLD

COMMUNITY
Stavropol, Russia
6/22/2022
2nd Intl Conference on Advances in Signal Processing, VLSI, Communications and Embedded Systems
Hyderabad, India
7/29/2022
×
×
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM ON COMPUTER AND ENERGY SCIENCES (WFCES 2022)
Almaty, Kazakhstan
5/20/2021
2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Computing for Smart Cities
Greater Noida, India
12/21/2022
3rd International Recent Trends in Engineering, Advanced Computing and Technology Conference 2022
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
11/28/2022
22nd Biennial Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter
Anaheim, United States
7/10/2022
2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Material Science and Computational Techniques
Jaipur, India
5/30/2022
International Conference on Research Innovations: Trends in Science and Technology

11/11/2022
2nd INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(ISST)

Jakarta, Indonesia
10/31/2022
The 27th International Polish - Slovak Conference on Machine Modelling and Simulations 2022
Rydzyna, Poland
×
×
9/5/2022
International Conference on Automation, Signal Processing, Instrumentation and Control (iCASIC 2022)
11/28/2022
The 9th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization

4/26/2023
4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

12/23/2022
The First International Conference on Food and Agricultural Sciences 2022

11/24/2022
The 7th International Conference on Science and Technology

11/14/2022
4th SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022

11/23/2022
The 6th International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education

9/3/2022
TMREES23-Fr: Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability
2/6/2023
Transdisciplinary Symposium on Engineering and Technology

9/21/2022
The International Conference on Mathematical Sciences and Technology 2022

Penang, Malaysia
×
×
9/13/2022
International Conference on Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline

10/12/2022
International Conference on Environmental, Mining and Sustainable Development

5/25/2022
International Seminar on Chemistry V

10/12/2022
International Radiation Symposium

Greece
7/4/2022
International Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing, Materials and Technologies

Coimbatore, India
6/11/2023
The 5th International Conference on Informatics Engineering, Science & Technology (The 5th INCITEST)
Bandung, Indonesia
10/20/2022
International Conference on Robotics, Automation & Communication for Industry 4.0

Faridabad, India
2/4/2022
Sustainable & Integrated Engineering International Conference 2022

Langkawi, Malaysia
12/12/2022
×
×
International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICSET 2022)
Rajkot, India
11/25/2022
International Conference on Mathematics, Computational Sciences and Statistics 2022

Surabaya, Indonesia
10/3/2022
International Conference on Applied Science, Technology, and Engineering (ICASTE) 2022

Jakarta, Indonesia
2/1/2022
THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS: EDUCATION, THEORY & APPLICATION

Surakarta, Indonesia
7/26/2022
Third International Conference on "Materials and Communication and Computing Technologies"

Kanyakumari, India
6/10/2022
The 5th International Conference on Automotive Innovation & Green Energy Vehicle (AiGEV) 2022
Langkawi, Malaysia
12/5/2022
2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING (ICoSAE-

2)
Jakarta, Indonesia
11/23/2022
×
×
Premiere International Seminar on Engineering, Chemical and Biological.
Tegal, Indonesia
7/20/2022
International Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering Sciences(RTIMES-2022)

Mangalore, India
6/10/2022
2nd International Conference on Sciences, Research in Engineering and Technology (ICSRET-2022)

Warangal, India
7/29/2022
The 2nd International Conference of Lignocellulose (ICON-LIG)

Bogor, Indonesia
11/24/2022
The 3rd International Conference on Mathematics and its Applications

Malang, Indonesia
8/23/2022
The 9th International Symposium of Innovative Bioproduction Indonesia on Biotechnology and

Bioengineering
Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
11/23/2022
The 7th Seminar Nasional Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

Semarang, Indonesia
11/26/2022
×
×
The 4th International Conference on Applied Sciences, Mathematics, and Informatics (ICASMI)
Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
9/8/2022
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information and Communication Technologies

Virudhunagar, India
5/14/2022
ISBE 2022
10/2/2022
International Conference on Artificial Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Solutions (AIS3 2022),
1/20/2023
ICONSTA 2022
11/23/2022
International Workshop on Machine Learning and Quantum Computing Applications in Medicine and
Physics
9/13/2022
4th International Scientific Conference of Alkafeel University (ISCKU 2022)

12/20/2022
The 14th International Symposium of IWoRS

Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia
8/3/2022
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ADVANCES IN RENEWABLE

TECHNOLOGIES
×
×
Thoothukudi, India
2/15/2022
4th International Conference on Separation Technology

Malaysia
2/18/2023
TSME-ICoME 2022
Phuket, Thailand
12/14/2022
Digitalisation and Sustainability for Development Management

London, United Kingdom
9/15/2022
The 5th Sriwijaya University Learning and Education International Conference 2022
Palembang, Indonesia
10/5/2022
The Fourth Al-Noor International Conference for Science and Technology

Istanbul, Turkey
8/17/2022
Emerging Materials and Technology (ICEMT-2022)"

Hyderabad, India
12/9/2022
International Seminar on Advances in Metallurgy and Materials/iSENAMM 2022

12/8/2022
×
×
14th Int. Sci. Conf. BulTrans-2022
9/10/2022
The 6th International Conference on Computing and Applied Informatics

11/8/2022
Tegal International Conference on Applied Sciences (TICAS)

1/26/2022
The first international Conference on Quantum Sciences and Technology (ConQuest 2022)
11/22/2022
The 66th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium (DAE SSPS 2022)
12/18/2022
3rd International Conference on Robotics, Intelligent Automation and Control Technologies

9/23/2022
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical infrastructure

12/16/2022
The 2nd International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends in Internet of Things and Computing
12/11/2022
2nd International Conference for Engineering Sciences and Information Technology (ESIT 2022)
8/17/2022
The Symposium on Biomathematics 2022

7/31/2022
×
×
The 9th International Seminar on Aerospace Science and Technology - ISAST 2022
11/22/2022
International Conference on Research Frontiers in Sciences -2023

7/21/2023
MMM2023 - MODERN MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING

4/18/2023
The 4th International Conference of Mathematics and Sciences (The 4th ICMSc)
10/10/2022
International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education (ICoMSE) 2022

8/9/2022
International Conference on Mathematical Analysis and Its Applications

10/14/2022
International Conference on the Application of Science and Mathematic 2022 (SCIEMATHIC 2022)
10/17/2022
The 8th International Conference on Science and Technology

9/7/2022
BioAsia 2021: Third International Forum on Biotechnology: Science, Education, Industry

9/23/2021
10th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application (ICSEEA) 2022
11/22/2022
×
×
Intl Conf & Exposition on Advancement in Materials Processing, Behaviour & Characterization
11/26/2022
Solar Wind 16: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Solar Wind Conference
6/12/2023
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MACHINE LEARNING AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

2/25/2023
5th International Seminar on Metallurgy and Materials (ISMM) 2022

11/22/2022
4th Borneo International Conference on Applied Mathematics and Engineering (BICAME 2022)
8/5/2022
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronics and Communication Engineering

4/15/2023
ISCMMSTIAI-2022
8/4/2022
International Conference on Organic and Applied Chemistry

10/14/2022
International Conference Earth Science, Mineral, and Energy 2022

11/9/2022
1st International Conference on Advanced Optimization Techniques and Application (AOTA)-2023

1/21/2023
×
×
The 9th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics & Science
7/29/2022
Materials Processing and Characterization

3/24/2023
Science and Technology Research Symposium (SiRes 2022)

10/18/2022
International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering 2022

12/20/2022
First Euro-Mediterranean Conference on Materials, Devices and Systems

10/26/2022
The Second International Conference on Scientific Research and Innovation 2023

3/16/2023
Modern Concrete and Composites 2022

10/12/2022
International Conference on Smart Grid and Electric Vehicle

4/3/2023
The 2nd International Conference on Oil & Gas Industry, Technologies & Applications 2022
9/14/2022
International Conference on Recent Innovations in Science & Technology (RIST 2022)

7/8/2022
×
×
International Conference & Exposition on Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing Technology
10/28/2022
5th RSRI Conference on Recent trends in Science and Engineering

8/25/2022
II INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: AGRICULTURE, VETERINARY

MEDICINE AND ECOLOGY"
4/21/2023
The IV International Scientific Forum "Nuclear science and Technologies"

9/26/2022
International Conference on Physical Chemistry

10/29/2022
3rd International Conference on Engineering and Science

3/15/2023
3rd International Conference on Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Applications, Research and Technology
6/3/2022
Sixth International Conference on Analysis and Applied Mathematics

10/31/2022
The 4th International Conference on Chemistry and Material Sciences

9/8/2022
4th International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering

12/30/2022
×
×
2nd International Conference on Machine Construction, Advanced Material, and Energy Conversion
9/24/2022
NOVEL TRENDS IN RHEOLOGY IX

7/26/2023
The 12th Annual International Conference on Sciences and Engineering (AIC-SE 2022)
10/12/2022
Advances in Science, Engineering and Digital Education (ASEDU-III 2022)

10/28/2022
The 17th Joint Conference on Chemistry 2022

9/10/2022
Construction Mechanics, Hydraulics & Water Resources Engineering

8/22/2022
Thermophysics 2022
Dalesice, Czech Republic
10/4/2022
International Conference on Material Science and Computational Engineering 2022

Kollam, India
11/17/2022
TRANSPORT, ECOLOGY- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT EKO VARNA 2022

Varna, Bulgaria
5/19/2022
×
×
International Conference on Built Environment and Engineering (IConBEE) 2022
Putrajaya, Malaysia
10/18/2022
The 5th International Conference On Science

5/27/2022
International Conference on Heat Transfer, Energy and Mechanical Innovations (ICHTEMI) 2022
5/31/2022
Applied Data Science and Smart Systems

Punjab, India
11/4/2022
International Symposium on Advanced Materials and Processing 2022 (ISAMP 2022)

7/20/2022
II International scientific and practical symposium "Materials science and technology" (MST-II-2022)
10/24/2022
International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering

11/18/2022
The 2nd International Conference on Mathematics and Learning Research (ICOMER)

9/14/2022
3rd-National Conference on Recent Advancement in Physical Sciences

Uttarakhand, India
12/19/2021
×
×
International Symposium on Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2021
10/13/2021
TIM20-21 Physics Conference

Timisoara, Romania
11/11/2021
3rd Intl Conf on Information Technology, Advanced Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Bantul, Indonesia
7/20/2022
International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education

Yambol, Bulgaria
11/3/2021
Applied Physics of Condensed Matter (APCOM 2022)

Strbske Pleso, Slovakia
6/22/2022
3rd International Conference on Nanomaterials, Nanofabrication and Nanocharacterization (NANOMACH)

4/22/2022
The 3rd Conference on Innovation in Technology and Engineering Science 2022

8/9/2022
10th National Conference on "Recent Developments in Mechanical Engineering"

9/15/2022
×
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3rd Intl Conference on Industrial Electronics, Mechatronics, Electrical and Mechanical Power
11/17/2022
International Conference on Computing and Communication Networks

11/19/2022
The 7th Progressive and Fun Education International Conference

9/8/2022
International Conference on Battery for Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles (ICB-REV) 2022
6/21/2022
International Conference on Recent Advances in Industry 4.0 Technologies

9/14/2022
2nd International Conference on Technology, Informatics, and Engineering (ICon-TINE 2022)

8/23/2022
Advances in Composites Science and Technologies 2021 (ACST 2021)

12/2/2021
Physical mesomechanics of condensed matter: Physical principles of multiscale structure formation

9/5/2022
Conference on Advanced Materials Characterization Techniques 2022

3/23/2022
The 8th International Symposium on Applied Chemistry 2022

11/22/2022
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×
×
RESEARCH ARTICLE | MAY 08 2023
Formulation and evaluation of physical properties of katuk

(Sauropus androgynus L merr) leaf extract tablets using wet
granulation method as antioxidant and antibacterial
Nikmah Nuur Rochmah  ; Elisa Issusilaningtyas; Yusuf Eko Nugroho; ... et. al
AIP Conference Proceedings 2706, 020225 (2023)

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122019
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Downloaded from http://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0122019/17412722/020225_1_5.0122019.pdf

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Formulation and Evaluation of Physical Properties of Katuk
(Sauropus Androgynus L Merr) Leaf Extract Tablets using
Wet Granulation Method as Antioxidant and Antibacterial
Nikmah Nuur Rochmah1, a), Elisa Issusilaningtyas1, Yusuf Eko Nugroho1, Imam
Agus Faizal1 and Dewi Reza Utami1

1
Universitas Al-Irsyad Cilacap, Cilacap, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: nikmah.nuur@gmail.com
Abstract. Katuk plant is a plant that is often found in the community, this plant contains compounds containing alcaloids,
triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, glycosides and flavonoids. This katuk plant has considerable benefits, namely
to increase breast milk, overcome constipation, lose weight, anti hypertension, anti hyperlipidemia, constipation, and can
treat infections. This plant has not been widely used by the community in the field of medicine as an antioxidant and
antibacterial, so this study aims to make the best formulation of katuk leaf extract more widely used by the community as
an antioxidant and antibacterial. This type of research is purely experimental. The method used in the manufacture of tablets
is wet granulation, tablet formulations are made with various concentrations of PVP 5% (F1), 7.5% (F2), and 10% (F3).
The evaluation of lozenges included organoleptic test, weight uniformity test, friability test which was analyzed
descriptively and flow time test, angle of repose and tablet hardness test which were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.
The result of this research is that the best formulation of leaf extract tablets is formula 3 which contains PVP with a
concentration of 10%. Katuk leaf tablets are proven to be effective as antioxidants that can counteract free radicals with an
IC50 value of 106,91μg/mL which is a moderate antioxidant. Katuk leaf extract tablet which has an inhibitory power against
Staphylococcus aureus is the third formula with an average inhibition zone of 31.5 mm.
INTRODUCTION
Weight, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, constipation, and can overcome infections caused by bacteria
which proves that the positive katuk plant contains alkaloid compounds, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols,
glycosides and flavonoids [2]. Antioxidants are compounds that in small amounts compared to the substrate are able
to delay or prevent the oxidation of easily oxidized substrates. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that are unstable,
free radicals have 1 or more unpaired electrons so that to become stable they tend to take electrons from other
molecules which then cause abnormal compounds and start chain actions that can damage tissues [2]. Antibacterial is
a substance that can interfere with the growth or even kill bacteria by interfering with the metabolism of harmful
bacteria [13].
Katuk leaves contain seven active compounds, namely five groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are a group
of eicosanoids, including octadecanoic acid; 9-eicosine; 5,8,11- heptadecatrienoic acid; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid;
and 11,14,17- eicosatrienoic acid which acts as a precursor and is involved in the biosynthesis of eicosanoid
compounds (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, lipoxins and leukotrienes). In addition, there are also
compounds from the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, namely Andostran-17-one and 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-5alpha
which act as precursors in the synthesis of steroid hormone compounds (progesterone, estradiol, testosterone and
glucocorticoids. Katuk is a variety of phytochemical compounds that are useful as drugs, such as progesterone,
estradiol, testosterone and glucocorticoids. Katuk leaves also contain elcosanoids, prostaglandins, and prostacyclin,
thromboxane, lipoxin and leukotriene compounds [1].
3rd Borobudur International Symposium on Science and Technology 2021

AIP Conf. Proc. 2706, 020225-1–020225-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122019
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4447-8/$30.00
020225-1
Granules are lumps of small particles. Generally, granules are made by moistening powder or a mixture of ground
powder and passing the moistened dough through a sieve slit with a sieve hole size corresponding to the desired
granule [6].
METHOD
Equipment
The tools used in this research are rotary evaporator, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, water bath, incubator
(memmertR), oven (memmertR), analytical balance, electric stove (maspionR), blander (miyakoR), filter paper, granule
sieve no. 16 and 18, single punch tablet machine, hardness tester, friability tester, disintegration tester, mortar and
stamper, pan, stand and clamp, ruler, funnel, stirring rod, aquadest, beaker, measuring cup (pyrexR), micro pipette
(socorexR) ), knife, glass jar, porcelain cup, watch cup, test tube and dropper, mask (sensi maskR) and gloves (sensi
gloveR).

Material Used
Plants used are Katuk Leaf extract tablets, methanol solution, katuk leaves, lactose, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium starch glucolate (SSG), and Avicel.
Sampling
Katuk leaves were obtained from plantations in Kroya District, Cilacap Regency. Katuk leaves were washed and
dried without direct sunlight so that the compounds contained in the sample were not damaged by the sun's UV rays.
The dried samples were mashed with a blender.
Preparation of Extracts of Katuk Leaf

A total of 1000 g of dried katuk leaf powder was extracted with 3000 mL of 96% ethanol by maceration method
for 3 days. The residue obtained was then repressed 2 times using 2000 mL of 96% ethanol each. The filtrate obtained
was combined, the solvent was evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40˚C then continued
using an oven at the same temperature to form a thick extract. The viscous extract obtained was then weighed [6].
Test the Moisture Content in Katuk Leaf Extract

Determination of Moisture Content The sample is taken and weighed as much as 1 gram, then put into a porcelain
dish, dried in an oven for 3 hours at a temperature of 150º, SNI requirements 01-3391-1994 Determination of water
content is a maximum of 17,0% [11].
Phytochemical Screening of Katuk Leaf Extract

Flavonoids
Flavonoid test which aims to determine the chemical content in the form of secondary metabolites of a sample or
as an antioxidant test DPPH free radicals will oxidize flavonoids to form radicals with low reactivity. red or orange In
plant extracts it can be seen if there are flavonoid compounds when adding Mg and HCl will form flavilium salts,
these salts can give a red or brownish red color [12].
Tannin
Tannin test aims to determine the antibacterial compounds in the sample. The tannin test on the ethanolic extract
of katuk leaves with FeCl3 produced a green-black color, because the reaction between tannins and FeCl3 formed a
020225-2
complex compound. The results obtained produce a blackish green color which means that it contains tannin positive
[12].
Saponins
The saponin test aims to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial compounds, a positive test for the presence
of saponins is evidenced by the formation of permanent foam and does not disappear with the addition of 2 mL 0.1 N
HCl [12].
Terpenoids
The terpenoid test is as an anti-cancer. In the terpenoid test, the fraction was reacted with chloroform and H2SO4,
showing positive results with a change in color to brownish red. This reaction is based on the ability of triterpenoid
and steroid compounds to form color by H2SO4 in acetic acid solvent. The reaction results obtained produce a blue
ring which means there is no terpenoid reaction.

Katuk Leaf Extract Tablet Formulation
TABLE 1. Tablet formulation
Concentration (%)
Ingredient
F1 F2 F3
Katuk Leaf Ethanol Extract 0,1 0,1 0,1
PVP solution 5 7,5 10
Mg stearate 1 1 1
SSG 2 2 2
Avicel 10 10 10
Lactose 1,5 1,5 1,5
Preparation of Katuk Leaf Extract Tablets

The tablets were made into 3 formulations with different variations of binder (PVP) with different concentrations
of F1 (5%), F2 (7,5%), and F3 (10%). The different PVP variations aim to determine the effect of PVP concentration
on the quality of the tablet's physical properties. Other ingredients used in the formulation include thick extract of
katuk leaves 10 mg, Avicel 10%, SSG (Sodium Starch Glycolate) 2%, lactose 47,95%, and Mg stearate 1%. Each
ingredient is weighed according to the calculation of taking the ingredients, then mixing the active substance of the
thick Katuk leaf extract, the binder (PVP) lactose as a filler and sweetener. The method used is the wet granulation
method, wet granulation is a method that is widely used in producing compressed tablets. To make granules so that
warm aquadest is added to the material, after a granule and homogeneous mass is formed, then it is sieved with sieve
number 16. Next, the granules are dried using an oven at a temperature of 40˚ - 50˚C until dry or no longer moist [9].
After the dry granules were sieved again with sieve number 18. Before printing, Mg stearate was added as a lubricant.
The granules are then compressed using a tablet press machine.
Antimicrobial activity of extraction preparations.

Antibacterial compounds are chemical or biological compounds both natural and synthetic that can inhibit the
growth and activity of bacteria [13]. In the antibacterial test of katuk leaf extract using the maceration method which
was carried out for 3 × 24 hours, then weighed 50 grams of dry simplicia powder macerated with 100 mL of 96%
ethanol into a glass jar then closed properly and stored at room temperature. Then macerated for 3 × 24 hours, every
24 hours filtered with filter paper. The filtrate is then evaporated over a water bath at a temperature of 50°C, with a
concentration of 50% or equal to 50 grams of simplicia powder in 100 mL sailors [13].
020225-3
Evaluation
Granule’s evaluation
a. Flow Time Test

A total of 100 grams of granules were put into the funnel contained in the tool. Prepare a container to accommodate
the granules at the bottom of the funnel, open the funnel lid so that the granules begin to slide through the funnel,
record the time it takes for all the granules to have passed through the funnel holes. The flow rate was calculated by
dividing the weight of the granules (100 grams) by the time required for the granules to pass through the funnel
(grams/second). Granule flow is good when less than 10 seconds [11].
b. Angle of Repose Test
Angle of repose is done by inserting the granules into the tool and flowing it so that the granules will fall to the
bottom to form a cone. If the angle of repose is less than 30°, it indicates that it can flow freely, and if the angle is
greater than or equal to 40°, the flow is not good [6].
c. Tap density test

Tap density test of granule was carried out by placing the granules into a measuring cup and recording the volume,
then tapping with a volumenometer (mechanical tapping device). Volume at 10th, 50th, and 500th beats is measured
(V1 ). Powder has good flow properties if the compression index is less than 20% [6].
d. The flowability test of granules
The flow properties of the granules can be searched by using the Hausner ratio. To determine whether the flow
properties of the granules are good or not, the calculated value obtained is adjusted to the Hausner ratio index versus
flow properties [8].
Tablets evaluation
a. Organoleptic Test
The organoleptic test was carried out by direct observation of the shape, color, smell, and taste of the tablets.
b. Weight Uniformity Test
The weight uniformity test was carried out by weighing 20 tablets one by one, calculating the average weight of
each tablet. There should be no more than 2 tablets, each of which deviates from the average weight [4].
c. Hardness Test
The tablet hardness test was carried out using a hardness tester on 20 tablets taken at random, then placed one by
one horizontally on the hardness tester tool, then the clamp will move towards the tablet and press the tablet until it is
crushed and the tool will display the hardness measurement on the display. The results are then calculated on average.
The tablet hardness test was determined using the Carr Index. The Carr index is a fast indirect method for measuring
the relative strength between particles and the frictional forces of bulk powders.
TABLE 2. The Carr Index
Index Carr Score
5 – 15 Excellent
16 – 18 Good
19 – 21 Fair
22 – 35 Poor
36 – 40 Very Poor
> 40 Worst
d. Friability Test
The tablet friability test was carried out by weighing 20 tablets that had been cleaned of dust particles attached to
the analytical balance, then inserted into the friabiliator tester at a speed of 25 rpm for 100 rotations for 4 minutes.
Then the tablet is removed and cleaned of loose dust. Calculate the percentage of weight loss before and after treatment
[4].
e. Disintegration Test
Disintegration time test was carried out using a disintegrator tester. Six tablets were prepared and then put in each
tube as many as one tablet in the basket, one disc was inserted in each tube and the device was run. Aquades is used
020225-4
as a medium with a temperature of 370C. After 15 minutes, the basket was removed and all tablets were observed
[10].
Antioxidant Activity
In this study, an antioxidant effectiveness test was conducted using the DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2
pikrylhydrazil) is a nitrogen radical compound DPPH will take up hydrogen atoms contained in a compound, for
example flavonoid compounds. Quantitative measurement of antioxidant activity is by measuring DPPH radical
capture by a compound that has antioxidant activity using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 517 nm
[7].
According to Hartanto's research, the reason for being incubated for 30 minutes was because the reaction was slow
and samples containing antioxidants were optimum in reducing DPPH free radicals at that time and to obtain stable
results. The incubation process was also carried out at 37°C because it was the optimum temperature so that the
reaction between DPPH radicals and antioxidant compounds was faster and optimal. This can be seen from the
relationship between temperature and reaction rate, where temperature is one of the factors that can accelerate the

reaction rate during the incubation process at 37°C, a color change occurs [5].
Nurdianti [7] states that a substance has a very strong antioxidant if the IC50 value is <50 μg/mL, strong if the IC50
value is between 50-100 μg/mL, while if the IC50 value is between 100-150 μg/mL, weak if the IC50 value is between
100-150 μg/mL. IC50 values range from 150-200 μg/mL and are inactive when IC50 is above 250 μg/mL.
Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial power is the ability of a substance or compound to kill bacterial production, this antibacterial works
in four ways, namely the first inhibition of cell membrane function, the cytoplasmic membrane which acts as a
selective permeability barrier, functions as active transport. If the functional integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane is
disturbed, macromolecules and ions can leave the cell and cause cell damage [14].
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

To formulate and develop two algorithms, a new iterative algorithm (NIA) and a modified NIA, based on methods
proposed elsewhere [11, 12, 13]. MAPLE 18 software is used to develop and execute a fast and steady step-by-step
algorithm to obtain a numerical solution for Eq. (1), along with the initial and boundary conditions given in Eq (2).
Three materials (air, water, and soil) are being studied for numerical solutions using 3D plots coded on the MAPLE
18 software environment. There are several:
Ethanol Extract of Katuk leaf (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr)

The extract was obtained by maceration for 3x24 hours with 96% ethanol as solvent. The simplicia maceration of
Katuk leaves was obtained as much as 10372 grams of extract, with the yield obtained was 20.74%. From the test the
moisture content in katuk leaf extract, the results obtained from the water content test of 96% ethanol extract of black
mangrove leaves are 5%. With a range of <5% water dry extract, 5-10% thick extract, >20% liquid extract. Based on
the analysis carried out, it is known that the positive Katuk leaves contain flavonoid compounds, tannins, saponins,
terpenoids (Figure 1).
FIGURE 1. Phytochemical screening test results
020225-5
Evaluation of Granules
Flow Time Test
From the research data, it can be seen that F1 produces a flow time of 6.51 seconds, F2 produces a flow time of
6.46 seconds. Meanwhile, F3 has a faster flow time of 6.36 seconds. The difference in the results of the flow time test
can be caused by several factors, namely the difference in the granule surface of each different formula. This test
shows that all formulations meet the flow time requirements of not more than 10 seconds.
Angle of Repose Test
From the research data, it can be seen that formula I has an angle of repose of 27,36° and formula II has an angle
of repose of 27,16°, and formula III has an angle of repose of 23,43°. meet the requirements of <30°.
Compression Test

The results obtained from the calculation of the compressibility index, formula I obtained a result of 20%, for
formula II of 10% and while formula III with a result of 2%.
The flowability test of granules
Based on the table shows the results of the Haunser ratio, namely formula I with a yield of 0.94, formula II 0.94,
and formula II 0.98, in formula III is different because the binder used more so affects the flow properties of the
granules, the three formulas meet the condition that is less than 1.25, it is said that the calculated value obtained is
adjusted to the Hausner ratio index versus flow properties.
Evaluation of Tablets
Organoleptic observation
The organoleptic test showed that, in F1 it was mottled green which was caused by damage to the manufacture of
tablets, the uneven color of the tablets had light or dark spots protruding on the surface of the tablet walls, while in F2
and F3 they had the shape, taste, smell, and taste. the same color is light green because when mixed evenly, the tablet
is green because the katuk leaf extract is green.
FIGURE 2. Organoleptic Test
Weight Uniformity Test
From the results obtained, it is known that the tablets in formulas I, II, and III have good weight uniformity and
meet the weight uniformity test according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV because they have CV values below
5% [4].
020225-6
Hardness Test
Based on the Carr Compressibility Index (Table 3), it was found that the tablets F2 and F3 which met the standard
of tablet hardness were very good. In general, the higher the Carr index value, the worse the powder flow. PVP is a
binder that is often used in the manufacture of tablets. Granules with polyvinylpyrrolidone have good flow properties,
minimum angle of repose, produce fewer fines and have better compactibility. PVP as a binder can be used in the
form of an aqueous solution or alcohol. PVP is also capable as a dry binder. The use of PVP at a concentration of 0.5-
2% in the manufacture of plant extract tablets can produce tablets that have sufficient hardness, low friability and long
disintegration time.
TABLE 3. Hardness test results
Formula Tablet 1 Tablet 2 Tablet 3 Tablet 4 Tablet 5 Average
F1 5 4.8 5 4.9 4.8 4.9
F2 6 5 6.5 6.8 7.9 6.4
F3 7.8 8 7.9 7.8 8 7.9

Friability Test
The tablet friability test showed that the three formulas met the requirements for the friability of lozenges, namely
friability less than 1%. Friability values greater than 1% are considered less good [4].
Disintegration Test
Disintegration time test on formulation 1 with the result that is 5 minutes 11 seconds, formulation 2 is 6 minute 72
seconds, formulation 3 that is 9 minutes 2 seconds, The results show that all three formulas meet the requirements of
disintegration time which is less than 15 minutes.
Antioxidant Activity
Test of Antioxidant Activity of Katuk Leaf Extract Tablets with DPPH Method. Based on the IC50 results table,
it shows that based on the IC50 value, katuk leaf extract has antioxidant activity of 106,91 μg/mL while katuk leaf
extract tablets have antioxidant activity of 107,66 μg/mL which means moderate anti-free radical compounds, Vitamin
C tablets as a comparison because Vitamin C is already known as an antioxidant, as an antidote to free radicals with
antioxidant results of vitamin C showing 4,88 μg/mL which is categorized as very strong so it is used as a comparison.
According to Nurdianti (2017), states that a substance has a very strong antioxidant if the IC50 value is <50 μg/mL,
strong if the IC50 value is between 50-100 μg/mL, while if the IC50 value is between 100-150 μg/mL, weak if the IC50
value is between 100-150 μg/mL. IC50 values range from 150-200 μg/mL and are inactive when IC50 is above 250
μg/mL.
TABLE 4. Antioxidant Test results
Sample Concentration (%) Inhibition (%) IC50 (µg/mL) Antioxidant Activity
Katuk Leaf Extract 40 19.2 106.91 medium
80 47.88
120 60.68
160 62.4
Katuk Leaf Extract Tablets 40 32 108.66 medium
80 43.2
120 56.34
160 60.8
Vitamin C tablets (Comparison) 40 28.99 4.88 high
80 38.93
120 52.89
160 83.31
020225-7
Antibacterial activity
In this study, using the extract of Sauropus androgynus katuk leaf as a test material and using Agar media which
is a medium commonly used in antibacterial tests where all bacteria can live in the media. The antibacterial test method
used is the paper disc method. The results of this study were an inhibition zone for the growth of Staphylococcus
aureus bacteria which was marked by a clear zone around the paper disc. The clear zone was measured using a ruler
in millimeters (mm) [13].
In the antibacterial test the katuk leaf extract showed the magnitude of the antibacterial activity as evidenced by
the diameter of the clear zone increasing with the increase in the concentration of the katuk leaf extract, namely a
concentration of 50% which showed a clear zone, thus proving that the katuk leaf extract contains flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, and alkaloids. This is because at high concentrations it means the ability of the inhibition zone is getting
bigger [3]. The antibacterial activity test aims to determine whether the tablet preparations of katuk leaf extract have
greater antibacterial activity than the antibacterial test results of pure katuk leaf extract with a concentration of 50%,
the results obtained in the study can be seen in table 5 and 6.
TABLE 5. Antibacterial result pure katuk leaf extract

No Concentration Diameter Description Standard resistance requirements
1. 50% 20 mm very strong < 5mm = weak
2. 50% 20 mm very strong 5-10 mm = currently
3. 50% 20 mm very strong 11-20 mm = strong
>21mm = very strong
TABLE 6. Antibacterial result katuk leaf extract tablets

Sample (disc paper) Diameter Description Standard resistance requirements
F1 (1) 25 mm very strong <5 mm = weak
F1 (2) 25 mm very strong 5-10 mm = currently
F2 (1) 26 mm very strong 11-20 mm = strong
F2 (2) 28 mm very strong >21 mm = very strong
F3 (1) 32 mm
F3 (2) 31 mm
The results of the antibacterial power test of pure extract of katuk leaf with 96% ethanol solvent with a
concentration of 50%, namely 20 mm, were carried out using the paper disc diffusion method, the results showed the
presence of inhibition with Staphylococus aureus bacteria and was characterized by the presence of a clear area or
inhibition zone around the paper disc. at a concentration of 50% it can be seen compared to the area of the inhibition
zone. The resulting katuk leaf extract tablets are F1 paper disc 1 which produces an inhibition zone of 25 mm, paper
disc 2 is 25 mm, F2 paper disc 1 is 26 mm, paper disc 2 is 28 mm, F3 paper disc 1 is 32 mm paper disc 2 is 31 mm.
According to Mukhriani, the higher the concentration of antimicrobial substances, the greater the ability to kill
microorganisms. In the positive control, the inhibition zone area was 35 mm, categorized as very strong. The
antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin positive control was stronger than the three tablet formulas used in this study.
This is because ciprofloxacin is an antibacterial drug belonging to the quinolone class which is used for the treatment
of various types of bacterial infections [3]. Binders and disintegrants in the manufacture of tablets that can affect the
area of inhibition in the antibacterial test.
CONCLUSION
The results of the evaluation of the 3rd tablet formula, tablets from katuk leaf extract formulas 3 which had good
tablet evaluation test results. Katuk leaf tablets are proven to be effective as antioxidants that can counteract free
radicals with an IC50 value of 106.91μg/mL which is a moderate antioxidant. Katuk leaf extract tablet which has an
inhibitory power against Staphylococcus aureus is the third formula with an average inhibition zone of 31.5 mm
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5th International Conference on Applied Sciences (ICAS)

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABILITY ENGINEERING EDUCATION 2023

XVII Mexican Syposium on Medical Physics (XVIIMSMP)

International Interdisciplinary Conference on Energy, Nanotechnology and IoT (ENT 2023)

Annual Conference on Science and Technology Research (ACOSTER) 2022

The Basic Science International Conference (BaSIC 2022)

18th Annual Nuclear Safety Seminar (ANSS) 2022

INTELLIGENT BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

V INTERNATIONAL YOUTH APPLIED RESEARCH FORUM "OIL CAPITAL"