Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam

Kolej Pengajian Kejuruteraan

Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam

LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE ENGINEERING SURVEY

COURSE CODE ECG422

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 2 HOURS
TACHEOMETRY – APPLICATION OF STADIA
TITLE
OBSERVATION

Introduction
Requirement for partially open-ended laboratory activity level 1,is
emphasized in enhancing independent learning activities inculcating
creativity and innovation of students. It is now a required element in an
accreditation exercise as stipulated in the EAC Manual 2012. The
Objectives
This partially open-ended laboratory activities is created to provide a
platform for students (as a group) to determine the objectives and scopes of
the laboratory assignment, identify the necessary apparatus and prepare
step by step methodology to carry out the task to address the given
PREAMBLE
problem. The group will be required to analyze all the technical data
obtained and present them in a technical format.
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:

1. Determine the suitable laboratory tests to be conducted to address
the given problem
2. Work in a group to produce the relevant technical report.
3. Analyze data and present the solution to the open-ended problem.
An open area within the Engineering Complex of UiTM, is required to be
surveyed from a given staff station representing the BM for a particular
closed-loop traverse using theodolite instrument. The data is indirect
measurement and computation is by stadia method to obtain reduced level
PROBLEM STATEMENT
and to determine heights of all stations and distances between each station.
All data has to be recorded according to Survey Regulations by Jabatan
Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM). The reference BM is at Pusat
Islam UiTM with 44.562 m MSL.

©PKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2022

Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
Kolej Pengajian Kejuruteraan
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam

LABORATORY MANUAL

In this stadia tacheometry work, several requirement need to be tackled

prior to pegging out the points on the ground.
1. Suitability of the instrument to be used for the task.
2.Instrument set-up on station to obtain angle and distances between
stations.
3.Data from stadia reading is expected to be recorded accordingly.
Computation is required to confirm the allowable error for leveling.
4. Plot the plan and longitudinal section.
Each group is assigned with a task to be carried out. The group is required
to conduct a survey work using six (6) existing control points (CP) to obtain
essential details for a close loop traverse of the site located within the
vicinity of the acquired area near the Engineering Complex of UiTM. The
data evaluation is by indirect measuring and computed by applying stadia
method in the form of distance and reduced level where the points will then
be plotted on a detail location plan for the proposed development.
The practical work is to be conducted in succession 4 hours.

1. Principle of Stadia Tacheometry

The theodolite can be used to measure distance by means of stadia lines

engraved upon the telescope diaphragm or sighting a bar of levelling staff.
In a typical theodolite configuration, the two additional horizontal hairs or
lines engraved on the diaphragm are known as stadia lines, which intersect
the image of a staff. The measurement involves observing the staff
intercepts subtended by the fixed angle over the required distance and the
normal levelling staff is used. Fig 1 shows a view of staff from a typical
telescope.
WAYS & MEANS

Upper Reading

Mid Reading

Lower Reading

Fig 1: Typical View of the Staff from a Telescope

The basic principle of the stadia reading is shown in Fig 2, which assumed
that the staff is vertical. Considering the rays that pass through the optical
centre of the object to form an image in the plane of the diagram, then by
similar triangles:

©PKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2022

Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
Kolej Pengajian Kejuruteraan
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam

LABORATORY MANUAL

OX = u = AB = s
Ox v ab i

If OF = f = focal length of objective

1+1=1
u v f
The horizontal distance D from the vertical axis of the tacheometer to the
staff is obtained by adding the small distance c between the object glass
and the vertical axis u.

Therefore, D = f.s + (f + c)
i

In most digital theodolites, the additive constant (f + c) can be made to

vanish and the requirements of f and i shown such that f/i = 100. With
modern internal focusing telescope is set horizontally, horizontal distance D
can be established using the formula:

D = Cs + K

Where, C is the multiplying constant, s is the staff interval intercept by the

stadia lines and K is the additive constant. The manufacturers quoted that C
and K are 100 and 0 respectively.
Staff Objective Vertical Axis
A
b
s X O x

a
Diaphragm
B u f
c v
D

Fig 2: Stadia Principle

For inclined sights, to determine the horizontal distance and the vertical
distance, the formulas are as follows:

Horizontal distance, HD = Cs cos² θ

Vertical distance, VD = Cs sin 2θ
2
To determine the level position at a point measured:

Height of Point = Height of Station + Height of Instrument  VD – Mid

Reading

©PKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2022

Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
Kolej Pengajian Kejuruteraan
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam

LABORATORY MANUAL

Equipments for Tacheometry Survey

1. Theodolite with Tripod

2. Staff (At least two (2) units)
3. Plum bob and staff rods
4. Tape (For linear measurement)
5. Pegs and hammer (If necessary)

Procedures

1. The instrument is set up and temporarily adjusted at any control

points from the closed-loop traverse executed previously.
2. The instrument is oriented by back sighting and fore sighting the
control points of the closed traverse to obtain the previous bearing
and distance based on the booking done from previous laboratory.
3. Reasonable detail points must be observed from the control points
by positioning the staff to the detail points. (Note: The points must
be visible from the control points and are stationary points which can
be remarked).
4. Procedure (3) is repeated to accomplish the traverse closed
throughout each station observation. The points are recorded in
Sheet 4 given.

The groups are required to prepare technical report of the leveling work and
plot plan and longitudinal section tohighlight results of data acquisition
process, calculation and analysis and address the problem given.
Each group is given 30 minutes to present the findings in field during the
RESULTS
evaluation after the start of the project.
In the presentation each group must present solutions and analysis to the
problems that may arise in the polygon shape closed traverse on the data
recorded and analysis during the laboratory tests.

©PKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2022

 Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
Kolej Pengajian Kejuruteraan
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam

LABORATORY MANUAL

SHEET 4: STADIA TACHEOMETRY SURVEY

Instrument Staff Horizontal Vertical Stadia Mid Horizontal Vertical  VD – Height of Reduced Remarks
Station and Station Angle / Angle Readings Reading Distance Distance Mid Instrument Level at
Height of Forward Upper Reading Station Staff
Instrument Bearing and
Axis Bottom

©PKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2022