LESSON 6 MATERIAL AND ECONOMIC
SELF 1. It is intrusive
Belk stated that “we regard our
possessions as part of our selves. We are
what we have and what we possess”. The
possessions that we dearly have tell
something about who we are, our self-concept,
our past and even our future.
William James wrote in his book that
understanding the self can be examined
through its different components. These
components are;
1. Its constituents
1.1. Material self – primarily is about our
bodies, clothes, immediate family
and home.
1.2. Social self
1.3. Spiritual self
1.4. The pure ego
2. The feelings and emotions they arouse
(self feelings)
3. The actions to which they prompt (self-
seeking and self-preservation)
As James described self; “a man’s self
is the sum total of all what he can call his”.
Possessions then become a part or an extension
of the self.
Main Features and Characters in Consumer
Culture
1. Consumer culture is a culture of
consumption
2. Consumer culture is the culture of market
society
3. Consumer culture is universal and
impersonal
4. Consumer culture identifies freedom with
private choice and life
5. Consumer needs are insatiable and
unlimited
6. Consumer culture is a privileged medium
for building personal identity and status
The Problem with Consumerism
2. It is manipulative
3. It cannot provide many of the things that
are important to us
4. It restricts our choices and lives
5. It affects our world view and characters
6. It is unsustainable
Avoid the Trap
1. Exercise intellectual independence
2. Consume less, live more
Consumerism – the consumption of material
goods and services in excess of one’s basic
needs.
Consumer Culture – a social system in which
consumption is dominated by the consumptionof
commercial products.
Consumerist Society – one in which people
spend a great deal of time, money and energy
to consume commercial products, goods and
services.
Materialism – refers to giving more importance
to material possession than intangible values.
PPTX NOTES
The material self consists of things that belong
to a person or entities that a person belongs to.
Thus, things like the body, family, clothes,
money, and such make up the material self.
According to William James, pertains to the
objects, places, or even people which have the
label “mine”. Such possessions are viewed as
extensions of individuals' identities. For
instance, your clothes reflect certain aspects of
your personality and you designate them as
“my wardrobe”
Economic Self
Defined as the study of things that a person is
lacking, of how people make use of the things
that they have, and of making the right
decisions. It is the condition of the person,
group or region as regards to material
prosperity.
WILLIAM JAMES
- Is an American Psychologist and Philosopher.
1.Constituents
2.Self-feelings
3.Self-Preservation
-According to William James, the core of the
material self was the body.
COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL SELF
Body
- The physical body is the innermost part of the
material self. -We strive to make sure that this
body functions well and good. -We do have a
certain preferential attachment to or intimate
closeness to certain parts because of its value
to us.
Clothing
- The second layer of our material self
-The fabric and style the brand of the clothes we
wear bring sensations to the body and can affect
our attitude and behavior.
- The material component of the self can include
books, a bed, money, a car, a house, and other
things that a person can call his own possession.
Immediate Family
- Our immediate family in the extension of
ourselves.
- these people are likely to shape and influence
the development of self-identity.
- WE place huge investment in our immediate
family when we see them as the nearest replica
of our self.
- When their lives in success, we feel victorious
as if we are the one holding the trophy. -When
an immediate family members dies, part of our
life lose.
HOME
- Home is where the heart is - It is the earliest
nest of our self-hood.
- Experiences inside the home were recorded
and marked on particular parts and things in our
home.
EFFECTS OF MATERIAL PROFFESIONS
• Motivated to work Harder
• Burned
• Self worth
-Material possession can be a reflection of hard
work and success.
-“People tend to measure success through
material possession”
Materialism is a tradition of thought in which all
things that exist are made up of matter in some
way
MATERIALISM
-To be materialistic means to have values that
put a relatively high priority on making a lot of
money and having many possessions, as well as
on image and popularity, which are almost
always expressed via money and possessions
Lack or loss of materials Possessions could
lead to:
1. Anxiety
2. Insecurity
3. Depression
Material Self
William James
• A Harvard psychologist in the late 19th century.
• Was an original thinker in and between the
disciplines of physiology, psychology, and
philosophy.
• Wrote a book entitled "The Principles of
Psychology" in 1890
- According to him, the understanding of the self
can be examined through its different
components.
1. Material Self - refers to the tangible element
of the self
2. Social Self - encompasses our interaction
with our self and other people
3. Spiritual Self - reflects our values, morals
and beliefs
 Material Self Investment
Body
-the whole physical structure that forms a person
or an animal
Clothes
-Mainly used to cover our bodies, make us look
more elegant and also to express where we are
going.
Immediate Family
-Basic social unit that shape our persona into
something positive and give us a sense of
direction
Home
Home is where our heart is. It is the earliest nest
of out selfhood.
“I Shop, Therefore I Am”
Two subclasses of the Material Self
1. The Bodily Self The components of this is
composed of the intimate parts of the person.
2. The Extracorporeal Self Also known as the
extended self. It includes the people of great
significance to us
William James wrote in his book that
understanding the self can be examined through
its different components. These components
are;
• Material self
• Social self
• Spiritual self
• The pure ego
Material self – primarily is about our bodies,
clothes,immediate family and home.
Social self - is a multifaceted analysis of the
self-concept based on the social nature of the
self. The emphasis is on self-esteem along with
self-centrality, self-complexity, social interest,
identification, power, marginality, openness, and
majority identification.
Spiritual self - is you in your most beautiful and
powerful form. It is the authentic self, the
unconditioned part, the you without patterns.
This is personal for each of us, so no need to get
caught up on the language.
The pure ego - a wholly subjective
phenomenon, and suggested that its perception
of continuing personal identity arises from the
continuity of the stream of consciousness:
"Resemblance among the parts of a continuum
of feelings(especially bodily feelings)
MATERIAL SELF
• Bodies
• Clothes
• Immediate Family
• Home
It is these four things that is according to James
we are most deeply affected, because of our
investments of self within these things, and that
the more we invest of ourselves in these objects,
the more attached we inevitably we are to them.
• Body - is the innermost part of our material
self, and that we are intentionally investing in our
body.
• Clothes – is said to be essential part of the
material self by James as he was influenced by
the “Philosophy of Clothing” by Hermann
Lotze.
Lotze in his book Microcosmus, stipulated that
“anytime we bring an essential part into the
surface of our body, we invest in that object into
the consciousness of our personal existence
taking in it’s contours our own and making it part
of the self” The fabric and style of the clothes we
wear bring sensations to the body, to which we
are directly affected through our attitudes and
behaviors.
• Immediate Family – includes our parents and
siblings as they hold a great importance to the
self.
• Home – it is said that home is where the heart
is. Our experience inside the home were
recorded and marked on particular parts and
things in our home. As the old cliché goes, “if
only walls can speak,” thus the home is an
extension of the self because, in it we can
directly connect our self.
Self-Worth and Self-Value are two related
terms that are often used interchangeably. The
differences between the two are minimal enough
that both terms can be used to describe the
same general concept.
HOW MUCH DO WE VALUE OUR SELF?
• Self-Value -having a sense of self-value
means that you are worthy. -self-value is “more
behavioral than emotional, more about how you
act toward what you value, including yourself,
than how you feel about yourself compared to
others” (Stosny,2014).
• Self-Worth -Having a sense of self-worth
means that you value yourself -Self-worth is
defined by Merriam-Webster as “a feeling that
you are a good person who deserves to be
treated with respect”.
-The self-worth theory posits that an
individual’s main priority in life is to find self-
acceptance and that self-acceptance is often
found through achievement (Covington & Beery,
1976). In turn, achievement is often found
through competition with others. Thus, the
logical conclusion is that competing with others
can help us feel like we have impressive
achievements under our belt, which then makes
us feel proud of ourselves and enhances our
acceptance of ourselves.
-Our self-worth is determined mostly
by our self-evaluated abilities
Five factors that people use to measure and
compare their own self-worth to the worth
of others
1. Appearance—whether measured by the
number on the scale, the size of clothing worn,
or the kind of attention received by others;
2. Net worth—this can mean income, material
possessions, financial assets, or all of the
above;
3. Who you know/your social circle—some
people judge their own value and the value of
others by their status and what important and
influential people they know;
4.What you do/your career—we often judge
others by what they do; for example, a stock
broker is often considered more successful and
valuable than a janitor or a teacher;
5.What you achieve—as noted earlier, we
frequently use achievements to determine
someone's worth (whether it’s our own worth or
someone else’s), such as success in business,
scores on the SATs, or placement in a marathon
or other athletic challenge (Morin, 2017).
Economic Self-Sufficiency
The ability of individuals and families to
consistently meet their needs.
Determinants of Economic Self-Sufficiency
Job Stability — Individuals have sustained
employment
Educational Attainment Individuals reach their
employment goal through academic or
vocational achievement
English Literacy—Individuals have the ability
to speak, read and write the English language
Family Structure—The stability of families and
attributes of parents influence development of
positive behaviors and healthy relationships
Health/Disability Status—Individuals with
physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional
or developmental capacity concerns participate
to the fullest extent possible at school at work or
through
Community Connections—Individuals have
community relationships to people or
organizations that bolster self-sufficiency, or in
the case of youth, future self-sufficiency
Economic Consciousness
The result of socialization and
professionalization of the subject that acquires a
particular significance in human affairs.
Economic Consciousness
Economic consciousness includes, according
to Zhuravlev, social. perceptions, attitudes,
relationships, opinions of person or social
groups about. different economic objects and
phenomena
Economic Identity A psychological
phenomenon that results from social
categorization. Is the subjective " Economic
Self", which is the result of self-determination in
the system of economic relations, especially in
the relations of the property (on the scale
"poverty - wealth").
Symbolic Motivation
1. Status- The extent to which people believe
they can derive a sense of recognition or
achievement from owning and using the
right kind of status
2. Materialism- The importance ascribed to
the ownership and acquisition of material
goods in achieving major life goals. It
involves a lifestyle whereby happiness is
achieved thorough the
AFFECTIVE MOTIVES
Affect (emotions) serves as a motivator of pro-
environmental behavior. In relation to the
economic self, affective motive, can be a basis
of the buying behavior.
ANTICIPATE D AFFECT
It is when a person is expecting to feel good or
guilty when doing something.
" Nowadays people know the price of
everything and the value of nothing"
Oscar Wilde
Consumerism
• The consumption of material goods and
services in excess of ones basic needs
• The preoccupation with and an inclination
towards the buying of role of consumer goods
Consumer goods
• States that increasing consumption of goods is
economically desirable
" I shop Therefore I am, I have Therefore I am"
• It describes the tendency of people living in a
capitalist economy to engage in a lifestyle of
excessive materialism which revolves around
wasteful or conspicuous overconsumption
difference of consumerism and materialism
• Materialism refers to a characteristic in an
individual while consumerism describes a
society as a whole
Consumerism
• Is the preoccupation with and the inclination
towards the buying of consumer goods
• Based on the theory that increasing
consumption of goods is economically desirable
• In most cases, how the consumers think
influences their decisions causing them to
behave in unpredictable.
" I have therefore I am"
Comparing ourselves with others will
lead us to constantly feeling dissatisfied and
never happy with what we have this is also what
"Consumerism" wants because it makes people
active consumers on a regular basis this
consumerism not only affects our behaviour it
also affects our thriving precess.
THE PROBLEM WITH CONSUMERISM
• It is intrusive
• It is a manipulative
• It cannot provide many of the things that are
important to us
• It restricts our choices and lives
• It affects our world new and characters
• It is unsustainable
List to avoid the trap
1. Exercise Intellectual Independence
2. Consume less, live more
3. Improved your financial management
I shop therefore I am: therefore I am?
• Trend to report we are looking into the world of
consumer culture
• Shopping has turned into a lifestyle
• Shopping us from finding true and sincere
happiness
• It says that shopping works as a substitute for
something taht we are missing in life, it is true?
• Concern about what we buy and what we
choose to interest in
 Consumer Culture
• A social system in which consumption is
dominated by consumption of commercial
products
• Consumer culture developed because people
may no longer consume goods and services
because its financial satisfaction
• Consumption has become more meaning-
based
• Brands and products are now being used by
many consumers to express their identity
Main features and characters in consumer
culture
• Consumer culture is a culture of consumption
• Consumer culture is the culture of market
society
• Consumer culture is universal and impersonal
• Consumer culture identifies freedom with
private choice and culture in the life
• Consumer needs are insatiable and unlimited
• Consumer culture is a privileged medium for
building personal identity and status
Consumerist Society
One in which people spend a great deal of time,
money and energy to consume commercial
products good and services
Consume
• Is defined as " use up to spend wastefully"
• Behind every consumption there is a
production consumes keeps companies alive
these companies pay people whose earning put
food on the table such as the pattern of
consumption thus it cannot be denied that
consumption is
Conscious Consumption
Consumers are often portrayed as victims
exploited by greedy companies. However, you
should take note that every person has "free will"
therefore choices are important and so as the
consumers responsibility and obligations to the
word "free will" according to their choices
whether to buy or not conscious consumption is
about practicing responsible buying habits
Psychological/ Sociological consumption
The psychological/sociological consumption of
consumption is about far more than a simple act
of purchase. It includes the range of emotions,
values, thoughts, identities, and behaviors that
circulate the purchase of goods and services,
and how we use them by ourselves and with
others.
LESSON 7. THE SPIRITUAL AND
RELIGIOUS SELF
Religion – a set of cultural beliefs and practices.
Spiritual – is defined as relating to or affecting
the human spirit or soul as opposed to material
or physical things.
Religious Person – is someone who believes in
a god or group of gods and consciously adheres
to the beliefs of his religion.
Spiritual Person – places little importance on
beliefs and traditions and is more concerned
with growing and experiencing the Divine.
Contemplative Practice – a method to develop
concentration, deepen understanding and
insight and cultivate awareness and
compassion.
Examples of Contemplative Practices
1. Meditation
2. Prayer
3. Yoga
4. Journaling
The Four Dimensions of Religion
1. Beliefs – are generalized system of
ideas and values that shape how
members of a religious group come to
understand the world around them.
2. Rituals – are the repeated physical
gestures or activities used to reinforce
religious teachings, elicit spiritual
feelings and connect worshippers with a
higher power.
Classification of Rituals
 2.1. Imitative
2.2. Positive and negative
2.3. Sacrificial
2.4. Life crisis
3. Spiritual Experiences – feeling of
immediate connection with a higher
power.
4. Unique Social Form of Community
The Major Religions
1.Judaism
It is characterized by belief in one
transcendent God. The oldest of the Abrahamic
religion and the predecessor of Christianity and
Islam. Torah is their sacred scripture or the Law.
Five Major Festivals
1.Rosh Hashanah – new year
2.Yom kippur – day of atonement
3.Pesach – Passover
4.Shavout – pentecost
5.Sukkot – tabernacles
2.Christianity
Is an Abrahamic monotheistic
religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus
Christ. Considered as the world’s largest
religion. The word of God is written in the Bible.
3.Islam
The religious faith of Muslims who worship Allah
as the sole deity and believe in Muhammad as
his prophet. Islam means willing submission to
God. The root word of Islam is Salam which
means peace. The holy scripture of Islam is the
Koran.
Five Pillars of Islam
1. Shahadah – statement of faith
2. Salat – The prayer that is practiced 5 times a
day
3. Zakat – the monetary offering
4. Hajj – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Sawn – the fasting
4. Hinduism
Considered as the world’s oldest
religion. Hindus believed that existence is a
cycle of birth, death and rebirth, governed by
Karma. Karma is a concept where the
reincarnated life will depend on how the past life
was spent. The oldest ancient sacred texts of
Hinduism are called the Vedas.
Festivals
1. Diwali – the festival of lights
2. Navrati – the festival of nine nights
5.Buddhism
Refers to the teaching of Sidharta
Gautama Buddha. Buddhism believes that life is
not a bed of roses. Buddhism does not believe
in Divine realm or God as a supernatural being,
but instead follows the wisdom of their founder.
Meditation Practices
1. Samatha – is practiced as
mindfulness of breathing and development of
loving- kindness.
2. Vipassana – aim at developing
insight into reality.
PPTX – DISCUSSION: LESSON 7
SPIRITUAL SELF
❖ Is the most beautiful and powerful version
of yourself. It’s your true self, your
unconditioned self, you free of habits.
There’s no need to get wrapped up in the
words because this is a personal matter for
everyone of us.
BELIEF: SPIRITUAL SELF
❖ Encompass a connection to a higher being
as well as an existential outlook on life,
death, and the nature of reality. Prayer or
meditation are examples of religious
beliefs, as are participation with religious
community members.
SPIRITUALITY
❖ Refers to a belief in something greater than
oneself. It might include religious traditions
centered on the belief in a higher power,
 but it can also include a holistic belief in an
individual’s connectedness to other and
the rest of the universe.
TYPES: SPIRITUAL SELF
❖ Meditation
❖ Going to a place of worship
❖ Be in nature
❖ Dedicate time for self-reflection
THE CONCEPT OF “DUNGAN”
Spirit or Soul
The Soul/Spirit in Different Regions of the
Philippines
- Kaluluwa by the Tagalog
- Gimokud by the Bagobos
- Makatu by the Bukidnon
- Dungan by the Ilonggos when the is alive,
“Kalag” or “detached”, “free” when he is
dead
- Ikararawa by the Ibanags
- Kadkadduwa by the Ilokanos when the
soul is in the physical body and it is seen
as a constant companion; karuruwa when
it departs
-Animism is one of the oldest beliefs which is
taken from the Latin word anima meaning breath
or soul. Animism is the belief that everything in
nature-living things like trees, plants and even
non-living rocks or streams have their own spirit
or divinity. Animistic beliefs are still present,
accepted and never entirely disappeared.
-The soul according to the indigenous Filipino is
known as kaluluwa, ikaruruwa or kakaruwa.
It’s taken from the root word duwa which means
two. The soul has two parts-one is the physical
part where it is connected to the body and its life,
and the other spiritual, where it exists on its own.
-For the Ibanags the Soul is the principle of life
in man. Body is the matter; Soul is the form. As
long as the body and soul are one unit, man is
alive. Death is the separation of the soul from the
body.
-For the Ilonggos, they call the Soul “Dungan”
which cannot be seen by the human eye.
According to Bisayans, the Dungan may leave
the body voluntarily while the person is asleep.
The Ilonggos concept of the “Dungan,” life is
seen as a constant battle for superiority between
and among people of varying levels of “Dungan”
The Bisayans believed that the Soul or Dungan
is not located in any specific part of the body.
Rather, it is believed to grow proportionately with
the person’s body. It is normally weak at birth,
that’s why babies are said to be susceptible to
‘usug’, that’s the unintentional transfer of
disturbing vapors of a strong body to a weak by
holding, talking or just looking at the weaker one.
It is for this reason that the Dungan needs
protection and nurture. Soul-nature, the folks
believe, means the performance of age-old spirit
rituals many of which are still followed in the
local provinces today.
FUNCTIONS OF RITUALS RITUAL
- Is a specific mode of behavior exhibited by
all known societies, and can be viewed as
a way of defining or describing humans.
- Is the performance of ceremonial acts
prescribed by tradition or by sacerdotal
decree in a particular society (i.e. human
behavior).
- The function of this in the community is to
provide proper rules for action in the realm
of the sacred as well as supply a bridge for
passing into the realm of the profane.
French sociologist Emile Durkheim and others
who use these terms, ritual is a determined
mode of action. According to Durkheim, the
reference, or object, of ritual is the belief system
of a society, which is constituted by a
classification of everything into the two realms of
the sacred and the profane. This classification is
taken as a universal feature of religion. Belief
systems, myths, and the like, are viewed as
expressions of the nature of the sacred realm in
which ritual becomes the determined conduct of
the individual in a society expressing a relation
to the sacred and the profane.
-The sacred is that aspect of a community’s
beliefs, myths, and sacred objects that’s set
apart and forbidden.
-What is profane for one culture may be sacred
to another. This may also be true, however,
within a culture.
Three further characteristics are generally
used to specify ritual action beyond that of
the dichotomy of sacred and profane
thought and action.
• The first characteristic is a feeling/emotion
of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in
relation to the sacred.
• The second involves its dependence upon
a belief system that is usually expressed in
the language of myth.
• Lastly, it is symbolic in relation to its
reference.
The function of ritual depends upon its
reference
-Ritual is often described as a symbolic
expression of actual social relations, status, or
the role of individuals in a society. Ritual is also
described as referring to a transcendent,
numinous (spiritual) reality and the ultimate
values of a community.
IMITATIVE
- Such rituals can be typed as imitative. The
ritual repeats the myth or its aspects.
Some of the best examples of this type of
ritual include rituals of the New Year, which
very often repeat the story of creation.
Rituals of this imitative type can be seen as
a repetition of the creative act of the gods,
a return to the beginning.
POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
- Most positive rituals are concerned with
consecrating or renewing an object, an
individual.
- While negative rituals are always in
relation to positive behaviour.
- Avoidance is a term that better describes
the negative ritual the Polynesian word
“Tabu” (English, Taboo) also has
become popular as a descriptive term for
this kind of ritual. Negative rituals focus on
rules of prohibition, which cover an almost
infinite variety of rites and behavior.
SACRIFICIAL
- The distinctive feature of a sacrificial act is
that its distinctive feature is to be found in
the destruction, either partly/totally, of the
victim. The victim need not be human or
animal; vegetables, cakes, milk, and the
like are also “victims” in this type of ritual.
Though sacrificial rituals are very complex
and diverse throughout the world, they can
be divided into two classes those in which
participants receive the benefit of the act
and that object receives the action.
LIFE CRISIS
- The basic characteristic of the life-crisis
ritual is the transition from one made of life
to another. Rites of passage have often
been described as rituals that mark a crisis
in individual or communal life. These rituals
often define the life of an individual they
include rituals of birth, puberty (entrance
into the full social life of a community).
Marriage, conception, and death. Many of
these rituals mark a separation from an old
situation or mode of life, a transition rite
celebrating the new situation, and a ritual
of incorporation. Rituals of passage do not
always manifest these 3 divisions: many
such rites stress only one or two of these
characteristics.
CEREMONY
- Ceremonies were used to help groups of
people return to harmony; but, large
ceremonies were generally not used for
individual healing.
Example:
When someone dies there is a ceremony similar
to a wake where people come to pay respects to
the departed. Sometimes an Offering Pipe is
placed in the casket for burial with the deceased.
Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft
- A religion is a set of beliefs and rituals
practiced by a group of people. It’s a way
of knowing about and understanding the
and humans place within it. Religion can
help answer some of the biggest questions
that human often have, such as “what is
the meaning of life?” “where did humans
 come from?” and “what will happen after I
die?” Religion appears to be one of the
most common attributes of human
societies almost all human cultures exhibit
some form of religious belief.
Religious Beliefs:
CHRISTIANITY
ISLAM
HUMANISM
BUDDHISM
MAGIC is a concept used to describe a mode of
rationality or way of thinking that looks to
invisible forces to influence events, effect
change in material conditions, or present the
illusion of change.
ELEMENT OF MAGIC SPELL
The performance of magic involves words (e.g.
spells, incantations, or charms) and symbolic
numbers. A spell or incantation is believed to
draw power from spiritual agencies to
accomplish magic. Knowledge of spells or
symbolic numbers is often secret (occult), and
can be revered or feared.
WITCHCRAFT traditionally means the use of
magic/supernatural powers to harm others. A
practitioner is a witch. In medieval and early
modern Europe, where the term originated,
accused witches were usually women who
were believed to hace attacked their own
community, and ofthen to have communed with
evil beings.
THREE WAYS TO DISCOVER THE
SPIRITUAL LIFE
1. Through our ACTIONS
Frankl observed that we frequently find
significance in our acts or the things we
accomplish. For example, Frankl was deeply
committed to helping others through
psychotherapy. During his time in the
concentration camps, however, Frankl never
ceased thinking about and composing his book
in his head. These activities aid in giving his life
significance.
2. Through our CONNECTIONS/ LOVE
Frankl stated that in addition to what we
accomplish, we discover significance through
our connections or whom we love. These ties
might include our relationships with our
spouses, families or friends. It can also refer to
our interactions with God or the holy. When
Frankl was imprisoned, his recollections of his
wife, as his relationship to God, helped him feel
a sense of significance.
3. Through our SUFFERING
People are sometimes put in circumstances
where they’re unable to take effective action or
they may be isolated from those they care about.
Frankl noticed that although some individuals
gave up others endured their agony with
courage and grace. In the midst of hardship how
a person lives their life may impart a feeling of
significance.
Lesson 8. THE POLITICAL SELF
Who is a Filipino?
According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Filipino citizens are “those whose fathers or
mothers are citizens of the Philippines, those
born before January 17,1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority and those who are
naturalizedin accordance with law”.
Strength of the Filipino Character
1. Pakikipagkapwa tao
2. Family orientation
3. Joy and humor
4. Flexibility,adaptability and creativity
5. Hardwork and industry
6. Faith and religiosity
7. Ability to survive
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
1. Extreme personalism
2. Extreme family-centeredness
3. Lack of discipline
4. Passivity and lack of initiative
 5. Colonial mentality 3. Support local products
6. Kanya-kanya syndrome 4. Speak the Filipino language
7. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection 5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in
engaging with dissent
Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan wrote that the
strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino PPTX NOTES
characterare rooted in the following.
POLITICS
1. The home environment
politiká (Πολιτικά; affairs of the cities) the art and
2. The social environment science of government the set of activities that
3. Culture and language are associated with making decisions in groups
4. History FILIPINO a native of the Philippines, or a person
5. The educational institution of Filipino descent the national language of the
6. Religion Philippines Who is a Filipino? According to the
Constitution, Filipino citizens are: Those who are
7. The economic environment citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
8. The political environment adoption of this Constitution; Those whose
9. Mass media fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
10. Leadership and role model Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and Those who are
Filipino Values and Traits
naturalized in accordance with law.
1. Hospitality
2. Respect for elders 2 Forms of Acquiring Philippine Citizenship
3. Close family ties
4. Cheerful personality 1. Filipino by birth
- Jus soli (right of soil) which is the legal
5. Self-sacrifice principle that a person’s nationality at birth
6. Bayanihan is determined by the place of birth (e.g., the
7. Bahala na attitude territory of a given state).
8. Colonial mentality - Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the
legal principle that, at birth, an individual
9. Manana habit
acquires the nationality of his/her natural
10. Ningas kugon parent/s. The Philippines adheres to this
11. Pride principle.
12. Crab mentality
13. Filipino time 2. Filipino by naturalization
- Is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner
and clothing him with the privileges of a
Filipino Markers native-born citizen. It implies the
1. Proverbs or salawikain renunciation of a former nationality and the
2. Superstitions fact of entrance into a similar relation
3. Myth and legends towards a new body politic.
4. Heroes and icons
History, culture, traits, and values are also
part of what makes one a Filipino:
How to be a Good Filipino
1. Be an active citizen Pakikipagkapwa Tao
2. Study the Philippine history - It simply means connecting oneself with
another

Family Orientation
- Never loses sight of the importance of their
family
Joy and Humor
- It sheds light on the optimism and positivity
of Filipinos in whatever situation they are
in to remain determined in going through
struggles or challenges
Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity
- Filipinos have a great capacity to adjust
and to adapt to circumstances and the
surrounding environment, both physical
and social.
Hard work and Industry
- Filipinos have the capacity for hard work
given proper conditions.
Faith and Religiosity
- Filipinos have a deep faith in God.
Ability to Survive
- Filipinos have an ability to survive, which is
manifested in our capacity for endurance
despite difficult times in our ability to get by
on so very little.
The Weakness of the Filipino character
1. Extreme family centeredness
Excessive concern for family means using
one’s office and power to promote family
interests and thus factionalism patronage,
political dynasties and protection of erring
family members.
2. Extreme personalism
It results in lack of concern for the
common good, and acts as a block to
national conciousness. Takes things
personally, cannot separate objective task
from emotional involvement. Because of
this the Filipino is uncomfortable with
bureaucracy, with rules and regulations
and with standard procedures.
3. Lack of Discipline
A casual attitude toward time and space
manifested in lack of precision and
compulsiveness, in poor time
management and procrastination.
Impatience can result in shortcuts, palusot
and nigas cogon. Often results to
inefficient work systems, the violation of
rules and a casual work ethic lacking follow
through
4. Passivity and lack of initiative Too
patient and matiisin, too easily resigned to
his fate, the Filipino is easily oppressed
and exploited. Waiting to be told what to
do, reliance on others (leaders and
government), complacence, lack of sense
of urgency. There is a high tolerance of
inefficiency, poor service, and even
violations of one’s right.
5. Colonial Mentality
Lack of patriotism, or of an active
awareness, appreciation and love of the
Philippines and an actual preference for
things foreign.
6. Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka
mentality
This results in dampening of cooperative
and community spirit, and in the trampling
upon other’s rights. Done by tsismis,
intriga, unconstructive criticism, it is
evident in the personal ambition that is
completely insensitive to the common
good.
7. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection
The tendency to besuperficial and
somewhat flighty. In the dace of serious
personal and social problems,there is lack
of analysis or reflection, satisfaction with
and instead superficial explanations and
solutions. This lack of analysis and
emphasis on form is reinforced by an
educational system that is more from than
substance.
Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan wrote that the
strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino
character are rooted in the following:

1. Home Environment
- Childbearing practices, family relations,
and family attitudes and orientation are the
main components of the home
environment.
- Childbearing characterized in the Filipino
family is by high nurturance,low
independence training, and low discipline.
2. Social Environment
- The Filipino is raised in an environment
where one must depend on relationships
with others in order to survive.
- The struggle for survival and our
dependence on relationships makes us in
group oriented
3. Culture and Language
- It depicts openness to foreign elements
with no basic consciousness of our cultural
core. The wider following the Hollywood
movies, foreign soap operas/TV shows,
and foreign songs/singers over Filipino
movies, shows, and music is a
manifestation of our attachment to foreign
elements.
4. History
- Our colonial history is regarded as the
culprit behind our colonial mentality.
Unfortunately, most Filipino elite are of no
help in setting an example of overcoming
colonial mentality because they are even
more westernized in their ways. Present
day media on the other hand reinforced
these colonial influences.
5. The Education Institution
- Schools are highly authoritarian. The lack
of suitable local textbooks and
dependence on foreign textbooks,
particularly at the higher school levels,
force Filipino students as well as their
teachers to use school materials that are
irrelevant to the Philippine setting.
- The Filipino student is taught to be
dependent on the teacher.
6. Religion
- Religion taught us optimism and resilience.
- However, it also instilled in us a fatalistic
attitude.
7. The Economic Environment
- Many Filipino traits are rooted in the
poverty and hard life that is the lot of most
Filipinos.
- Our difficulties drive us to take risks.
8. The Political Environment
- Unfortunately, our political environment
and government structures and systems
are fraught with problems. For instance,
the fact that political power is mainly in the
hands of the elite and the absence of a
strong government presence enhanced
the Filipino’s already extreme family
centeredness.
9. Mass Media
- Mass media reinforces our colonial
mentality. The ads, the music, movies,
fashion, etc. shown on TV, aired over the
radio, printed in the
newspapers/magazines, or went viral
online were greatly based on American
pop culture.
10. Relationship and Role Models
- Filipinos look up to their leaders as role
models. Political leaders are the main
models, but all other leaders serve as role
models as well. Thus, when our leaders
violate the law or show themselves to be
self-serving and driven by personal
interest--when there is lack of public
accountability--there is a negative impact
on the Filipino.
FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES
The Filipino Hospitality
Filipino's brand of hospitality is known
everywhere. Filipinos welcome their guests and
tourists as if they are their own brothers and
sisters.
Respect for Elders
Filipinos greet their elders by taking their hand
and placing it on his or her own forehead while
saying “Mano Po!” and constantly using “Po"
and “opo” in conversation.
There is also a wide array of references to elder
people.
Close Family Ties
Filipino maintains a tight relationshipwith their
families regardless if the children are old enough
and already have a family of their own.
Cheerful Personality (Joy and Humor)
Filipinos have cheerful and fun-loving approach
to life. We have a pleasant, happy disposition.
Contributes not only to Filipino
charm, but also to the indomitability of spirit. - It
has been said that smiling is a coping strategy
for many Filipinos especially during trying times
and calamities. - Filipinos always try to maintain
a positive outlook in life which makes them
resilient.
Self-Sacrifice
The giving up of one's own interests or wishes in
order to help others
Filipinos often wish comfort and
better lives for their loved ones and would even
go to the extent of working abroad hundreds of
miles away to earn more money and save up for
them (OFW).
Bayanihan
literally means “being a bayan” and is thus used
to refer to the spirit of communal unity and
cooperation of Filipinos.
A traditional system of mutual
assistance in which the members of a
community work together to accomplish a
difficult task. In later use also: a spirit of civic
unity and cooperation among Filipinos
Bahala na attitude
Filipinos usually say “Bahala na” when they are
unable to decide their next course of action or
when they have no idea what will happen next.
They say this phrase as if all they
want is to go with the flow, not minding what the
outcome might be.
Colonial Mentality
defined as the perception of ethnic and cultural
inferiority and a form of internalized racial
oppression. It is deemed a direct consequence
of the Philippines' long history of colonialism.
Manana Habit
Filipino term for "procastination". Poor habit of
laziness that results in heavier workloads.
Derived from longer Filipino phrase “Mamaya
na”.
Ningas Kugon
is a Filipino term for the tendency of individuals
to start a new task with much enthusiasm, only
to stop working on it entirely soon after. It literally
means the burning of cogon grass, which burns
brightly only during the few seconds after it was
lit.
Pride
A high or inordinate opinion of one's own dignity,
importance, merit, or superiority, whether as
cherished in the mind or as displayed in bearing,
conduct, etc.
Filipinos are known for being prideful
(e.g. holding on to their pride as if they are more
precious than keeping a good relationship with
family and loved ones).
Crab Mentality
The term "crab mentality" is used to
describe a kind of selfish, short-sighted thinking
that runs along the lines of "if I can't have it,
neither can you." This term is specially widely
used among Filipinos, who use it specifically to
refer to people who pull other people down,
denigrating them rather than letting them get
ahead or pursue their dreams. As a general rule,
an accusation of having this type of mentality is
a poor reflection on someone's personality.
Filipino Time
“Filipino time” originally describes the Filipinos'
penchant for starting, or arriving at events some
15 to 30 minutes later than the set time. It has
become a notorious habit that, unknown to
many, pulls back the country in terms of lost
productivity.
 Arriving late at commitments, class,
dinner or parties especially if they are meeting
someone close to them.
Filipino Markers
The four filipino markers are the following:
1. PROVERBS AND SALAWIKAIN
- These aresayings that convey lesson and on
Filipino beliefsand reflections practices,
traditions.
Examples:
- Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga.
- Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
- Kung may tiyaga, may nilaga.
2.SUPERSTITIONS
A belief or notion, not based on
reason or knowledge, in or of the ominous
significance of a particular thing, circumstance,
occurrence, proceeding, or the like.
Some of Filipino superstitions are
passed down from generation to generation.
Some of these maybe influenced by beliefs from
other cultures but Filipinos have retold these
superstitions according to their own
experiences.
Examples:
- Serve pancit (noodles) at birthdays
- believed to represent long life.
-Referred to as either “us” or “bati”, this
superstition says that when a person with strong
energy greets a child, the child may soon after
suffering from unexplainable discomfort.
3. MYTHS AND LEGENDS
These stories are aimed to explain
the origin of things, at the same time, teach a
valuable lesson.
Alamat ng Pinya is one example of
myth.
4. HEROES AND ICONS
Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism
and nationalism as they have sacrificed their
lives for the sake of their country’s freedom and
progress. Icons have made the Filipinos known
worldwide through their abilities and expertise.
“Man is, by nature, a political animal”
- Aristotle
Politics as imbibed by man implies several
things:
- Politics is concerned with power. Power
inequalities can be observed within societies.
The one who holds power holds influence.
- Politics function based on a particular social
economic and cultural context. The nature of
politics and political systems is dependent on the
culture of the state.
-The political is also personal. One’s personal
choices reflect his/her personal politics; both are
indistinguishable
One’s sense of accountability should be
manifested in promoting certain advocacies
through healthy political engagement. This is
aligned with the concept of active citizenship.
Active Citizenship
-Refers to the structured forms of engagement
with political processes and everyday forms of
participation in society
-Different people manifest different levels of
active citizenship
Active citizenship is a practice of democracy.
Democracy should not only be thought of as a
form of government. It is a communal system
that allows freedom of citizens to make informed
choices that allow them to be heard.
Participation is the fundamental right of
citizenship and democracy.
The participation of the youth in nation-building
activities enhances their value orientation and
fosters integrity, compassion, and the sense of
justice, which are crucial to the holistic
development of a citizen of a nation. The
participation of the youth in political discourse
and social activities can result in cultural and
political paradigm shifts that may be felt even by
future generations.
How to be a Good Filipino?
1. Support local products. Help strengthen
the local economy. A strong economy
means there is stable work for more
Filipinos, and more investments within and
from outside the country.
2. Speak the Filipino language. To love of
our own language is to show pride at being
a Filipino, it is a way of displaying love for
one’s own country.
3. Study the Philippine history. By learning
the Philippine history, you will hopefully
develop a sense of nationalism and
patriotism. This will help you recognize
abuse of political power, and how to
contribute into making a better country.
4. Do not spread fake news and be
democratic in engaging with dissent.
Verify your resources, be responsible in
your postings and arguments.
5. Be an active and responsible Filipino
citizen. Keep abreast of current events
and participate in government programs
aimed at the country’s progress and
development. Exercise your right to vote;
choose a representative that would serve
the interests of the people and the Filipino
nation.
Lesson 9. THE DIGITAL SELF
Lionel Trilling’s analysis of literature
about the self and its relationship with others
distinguished sincerity and authenticity.
Sincerity refers to the exposure in
public of what one feels privately. An authentic
personis one who takes action based on some
internal standard and takes responsibility for
this freely chosen action.
The social world of a western-
influenced society, like the Philippines,
consists of three domains; family, school and
neighborhood.
The emergence of the internet adds a fourth
domain- the online life- to the social world.
Digital Self – the self that is constructed online.
Characteristics:
1. Oriented inward toward the world of
thoughts and feelings
2. Narrative in nature
3. Retractable
4. Multiplicable
Self-presentation – people are able to
present themselves online in the manner that
theywant to.
Self-presentation Behavior – is any behavior
intended to create, modify or maintain and
impression of ourselves in the mind of others.
Impression Management – is the attempt to
control or influence any other people’s
perceptions.
Strategies:
1. Self-promotion – is a process in which
a person actively says things of takes
action to show his competence to an
audience.
2. Ingratiation – is the process by which
someone tries to win the approval or
acceptance of another.
3. Exemplification – involves strategic self-
sacrifice so that observer may recognize
thededication.
4. Intimidation – is a strategy that involves
showing off authority, power or the
potentialto punish in order to be seen by
observer as someone who could be or is
dangerous.
5. Supplication – is an approach where
the individual exploits his weaknesses
or shortcomings to receive help or
benefits.
Online Identity – is actually the sum of all our
characteristics and our interactions.
Partial Identity – is a subset of characteristics
that make up our identity.
Persona – is the partial identity we create that
represents ourselves in a specific situation.
Personal (individual) Identity – is the
interpersonal level of self which differentiates
the individual as unique from others. The
concept you develop about yourself that
evolves over the course of your life.
Social Identity – is the level of self whereby
the individual is identified by his group
memberships. It is a person’s sense of who he
is based on group membership.
Private – refers to mental events in a person that
are inherently unobservable by others.
Public – are behaviors that are open to the
observations of other people.
PPTX NOTES: L9
INTERNET: THE FOURTH SOCIAL DOMAIN
The social world of Western-influenced society,
typically consists of three domains:
1. Family,
2. School, and
3. Neighborhood
4. Internet
The emergence of another or multiple personas
online.
Internet is an integral contributor to the identity
and self- image of today’s generation.
Digital Self
- the self that is constructed online.
-One’s online identity is not restricted by
biological or sociological roles unless one
chooses to present their truest self.
-The Internet explores the plethora of
personas a single individual can form within
oneself.
WHAT DEFINES THE DIGITAL SELF?
• The media and content you post on social
media platforms.
• The information in your account profile.
• The purpose of your account (e.g.:
personal, work/school, anonymous, or
trolling account).
• The manner you respond to online content
(e.g.: conversing to a stranger or
acquaintances, commenting on a
Facebook status YouTube video, or a blog
post).
• The type of content you consume
(algorithm).
• The way you present yourself will influence
the kind of social interaction you can
experience online.
• Out of our everyday sufferings and
hardships, only the pleasant, highlights
and cherry-picked information are posted
online, creating the illusion of an ideal
and perfect life.
Characteristics of Digital Self
According to the experiences of online users,
the digital self is:
A. Oriented inward
toward the world of thoughts and
feelings because others cannot see
the online user’s overt and outer
attributes.
B. Narrative in nature
Because others will only come to
know the person primarily through
what this person tells them
C. Retractable
Because others are unable to link the
online self-claims to the offline
identities.
D. Multipliable
Because people can interact with
one another in different domains of
the world relatively at the same time.
 SINCERITY VS. AUTHENTICITY
According to Lionel Trilling (University
Professor and Author):
Sincerity - refers to the exposure in public of
what one feels privately.
Sincerity (Examples) – expressing true
feelings and genuine act that consider
others.
• Commenting on a particular post with
genuine concern and feelings.
• Posting a status about how you are
currently feeling.
• Stating a sincere apology; publicly or
in private.
Insincerity (-)(+) (Examples)
Authenticity - an authentic person takes
actions based on some internal standard and
takes responsibility for this freely chosen
action.
Authenticity (Examples) – expressing
`oneself truthfully regardless of moral
codes and audience’s feedback.
Sudar (2016) stated,
“Basically, you can be authentic and still be a
jerk, but it’s impossible to be sincere and be a
jerk at the same time.”
Authenticity (+)(+) or (-)(-)
Sincerity (+)(+)
• Truthfulness and spontaneity develop
confidence.
• Their authentic self-presentation in social
media renders them free, making a stage
to showcase their character traits and
online persona.
• They know the consequences of
disclosing their true selves publicly.
TRUE SELF
• When you interact online with sincerity and
authenticity, you’re expressing your TRUE
SELF.
“The true self refers to a sense of self based
on authentic experience and the feeling of
being truly present and alive.”
FALSE SELF
• When one conforms to the normative
ideals and preferences of others, he
exhibits his FALSE SELF.
• The creation of FALSE SELF arises from
the desire to avoid developmental trauma,
shock, and stress in social relationships.
“The false self is a defensive facade, behind
which the person can feel empty, its behaviors
are learned and controlled rather
than spontaneous and genuine.”
Cyberspace
- You are confident to showcase your
abilities, life events, and yourself to an
audience.
Offline realm
- You prefer less publicity, either online or offline.
- You only disclose information periodically, or
sometimes not at all. You conceal your identity
and prefer privacy.
SELF PRESENTATION & IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
Goffman 1959
WHAT IS SELF?
- He saw the SELF as a SOCIAL PROCESS
rather than a fixed entity that exists within
individuals. The development of self may be
achieved through social interaction.
- To ensure that social interactions function
successfully, each interactant must present a
PUBLIC IDENTITY that influences the behaviors
of others.
SELF PRESENTATION
- Answers the question ‘how you introduce
yourself’
- In Sociology and Social Psychology, it
refers to actions aimed at PRESENTING
ONESELF in a certain manner. It can be
unconscious (automatic) or conscious.
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
It refers to the goal-directed conscious or
unconscious (automatic) ATTEMPT to influence
the perceptions of other people about a person,
object, or event by regulating and controlling
information in social interaction (Goffman,
1959).
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

POSITIVE SIDES / CHARACTERISTICS

refers to behaviors or manners set by the
majority as proper normal, or standard in a INGRATIATION
particular social situation.
To win an approval or
COMFORT ZONE acceptance
1. Zone of Privacy
2. Zone of Familiarity
DEFENSIVE
BASIC KINDS OF PEOPLE WE INTERACT To defend or protect an
WITH ONLINE OR OFFLINE (IN PERSON) individual’s image
INTERACTION
- Strangers
- People we know online/offline
- People we know online SELF-FOCUSED
To be viewed as a
TYPES OF SELF-PRESENTATION positive person and to
1. Authentic - Its goal is to create an image protect one’s self-esteem
consistent with the way we view ourselves.
2. Ideal - Its goal is to establish an image ASSERTIVE
consistent with what we wish we were. Having/showing a
3. Tactical Self – Presentation - Its goal is confident and forceful
to establish a public image consistent with personality
what others want or expect us to be.
INTIMIDATION
WHY DO PEOPLE ENGAGE IN SELF- Showing off authority
PRESENTATION? And power to control
✓ Helps facilitate social interactions People
✓ Enables individuals to attain material
and social rewards SUPPLICATION
✓ Helps people privately construct Exploiting weakness
desired identities Or shortcomings to
✓ Impression Management Get benefits and
sympathy
 DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH TO SELF
PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
by Erving Goffman (1959)
SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
Impression Management as “THEATRICAL
PERFORMANCES”
Overall Performance = Impression Management
Role = Impression we want to portray and recognized
by our audience
Action = Self – Presentation
CONCLUSION
“Choose your self-presentations carefully, for what
starts out as a mask, for what starts out as a mask
may become your face.”
Erving Goffman
IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF
ARE YOU AN ADDICT?
Assess yourself.
➢ Put a finger down if you think you are like
this.
• Spending more time on social media than
with real world friends.
• Comparing yourself unfavorably with
others on social media.
• Experiencing cyberbullying.
• Being distracted at school or work.
• Having no time for self-reflection.
• Engaging in risky behavior in order to gain
likes.
• Suffering from sleep problems.
• Worsening symptoms of anxiety or
depression.
IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF
“It has become appallingly obvious that our
technology has exceeded our humanity.”
– Albert Einstein
How do we Interact?
When we interact with people, we
immediately form judgements about them without
even realizing it. We can't help but wonder what
they're thinking, what their facial expressions mean,
and what their intentions are.
This suggests that interaction with human
partners requires more emotional involvement, and
thus more cognitive effort, than interacting through a
computer.
Online interactions do not
require cognitive or
emotional involvement,
making our interaction
with it much easier.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND MENTAL HEALTH
The role social media plays in mental health
POSITIVE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
- While virtual interaction on social media doesn’t
have the same psychological benefits as face-
to-face contact, there are still many positive
ways in which it can help you stay connected
and support your wellbeing.
- Social media enables you to:
➢ Communicate and stay up to date with family
and friends around the world.
➢ Communicate and stay up to date with family
and friends around the world.
➢ Join or promote worthwhile causes; raise
awareness on important issues.
➢ Seek or offer emotional support during tough
times.
➢ Find vital social connection if you live in a
remote area, for example, or have limited
independence, social anxiety, or are part of a
marginalized group.
 ➢ Find an outlet for your creativity and self-
expression.
➢ Discover (with care) sources of valuable
information and learning
NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Since it’s a relatively new technology,
there’s little research to establish the long-term
consequences, good or bad, of social media use.
However, multiple studies have found a
strong link between heavy social media and an
increased risk for depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-
harm, and even suicidal thoughts.
- Social media may cause:
• Inadequacy about your life or
appearance.
Even if you know that image you’re
viewing on social media are manipulated,
they can still make you feel insecure
about how you look or what’s going on in
your own life.
• Standard
• Self Doubt
• Comparison
• Fear of missing out (FOMO)
• can compel you to pick up your phone
every few minutes to check for updates,
or compulsively respond to each and
every alert.
• impact your self-esteem
• trigger anxiety
• fuel even greater social media use
• Isolation.
A study at the University of Pennsylvania
found that high usage of Facebook,
Snapchat, and Instagram increases the
feeling of loneliness.
• Alone together
• Depression and anxiety.
The more you prioritize social media
interaction over in-person relationships,
the more you’re at risk for developing or
exacerbating mood disorders such as
anxiety and depression.
• Cyberbullying.
About 10% of teens report being bullied
on social media and many other users are
subjected to offensive comments. Social
media platforms such as Twitter can be
hotspots for spreading hurtful rumors,
lies, and abuse that can leave lasting
emotional scars.
• Self-absorption.
Sharing endless selfies and all your
innermost thoughts on social media can
create an unhealthy self-centeredness
and distance you from real-life
connections.
- Social media platforms are designed to snare
your attention, keep you online, and have you
repeatedly checking your screen for updates.
- It’s how the companies make money. But, much
like a gambling compulsion or an addiction to
nicotine, alcohol, or drugs, social media use can
create psychological cravings.
- When you receive a like, a share, or a favorable
reaction to a post, it can trigger the release of
dopamine in the brain, the same “reward”
chemical that follows winning on a slot machine,
taking a bite of chocolate, or lighting up a
cigarette, for example.
- The more you’re rewarded, the more time you
want to spend on social media, even if it
becomes detrimental to other aspects of your
life.
Other causes of unhealthy social media use:
➢ The fear of missing out (FOMO).
➢ Many of us use social media as a “security
blanket.”
➢ Your heavy social media use could be
masking other underlying problems, such as
stress, depression, or boredom.
HEALTHY AND MODIFIED USE OF SOCIAL
MEDIA

BOUNDARIES OF THE ONLINE SELF
PRIVATE SELF VS. PUBLIC SELF
What social psychologists consider:
Private Self – Refers to mental events in a person
that are inherently unobservable by others.
Public Self – Behaviors that are open to the
observations of people.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Private and
Public Digital Self
Advantages of Private profile:
• You have control over viewers. You only
connect with those you want to communicate
with.
• Your online profile is protected from scammers
and bashers.
Disadvantages of a Private profile:
• Your network is very limited, thus, you close
your doors to opportunities that social
networking bring.
• Your engagement is very low.
• You do not get to meet interesting people with
whom you can exchange ideas or learn from.
• If you are an entrepreneur, a private profile will
not help grow your business.
Advantages of Public profile:
• It facilitates open communication that could lead
to better and faster information discovery and
delivery.
• It allows open discussion on 1deas and the
posting of news, asking of questions, and
sharing of links.
• It provides an opportunity to widen business
contacts.
• It targets a wide audience, making it a useful
and effective tool to increase your network of
friends.
• If you are an entrepreneur, it improves business
reputation and client base with minimal use of
advertising.
• It helps expand market research, implement
marketing campaigns, deliver communications,
and direct interested people to specific
websites.
Disadvantages of a public profile:
• It opens up the possibility for hackers to commit
fraud and launch spam and virus attacks.
• It increases the risk of people falling prey to
online scams that seem genuine, resulting in
data or identity theft.
• It potentially results in negative comments and
bashing.
5 Strategies for Setting Social Media Boundaries
1. Give yourself permission to unplug.
Checking social media can start to feel like a
requirement. However, the reality is you have the right
and the ability to choose when and how often you use
it (or whether you use it at all).
2. Set time limits.
What’s a reasonable amount of time to spend on social
media each day? Two hours? An hour? Thirty
minutes? You have to decide. But once you choose a
time limit, commit to sticking to it. Not only does that
help you today, it also gives you a good baseline if
you choose to cut back on social media at some point
in the future.
3. Cut ties with negative people and
organizations.
If interacting with or reading posts from a person or
group doesn’t make you happy, but instead makes
your blood boil, cut ties with them.
4. Only contribute in a positive way.
Lashing out at others or promoting negative thoughts
or ideas do not just harm the target of your post, it hurts
you as well. The age-old advice that “if you can’t say
something nice, don’t say anything at all” is very
relevant with social media. Even if you are speaking
out against something, you can do so in a positive way
by offering alternatives rather than criticism.
5. Provide and seek clarity in your
communications.
Social media doesn’t offer the physical cues we
typically use to understand people. Consequently, a
message where no offense was intended can easily
be misinterpreted, and a negative reply can then
create an escalation of tension that didn’t have to
occur. Be as clear as you can in your communication,
and if you feel a comment directed at you was
negative in some way, politely ask for clarification.
Setting Boundaries to your Online Self
1. Stick to your safer sites.
2. Guard your passwords.
3. Be choosy about your online friends.
4. Don't be mean or embarrass other people
online.
5. Limit what you share.
Personal/Individual vs. Social Identity Online
Individual (Personal) Identity
It is the concept you develop about yourself that
evolves over the course of your life. This may include
aspects of your life that you have no control over, such
as where you grew up or the color of your skin, as well
as choices you make in life, such as how you spend
your time and what you believe in.
Characteristics of Personal identity:
• The emphasis is on the individual.
• It is created through differences in
personal characteristics when comparing
the self with others.
Social Identity
It is a person’s sense of who he/she is based on
group membership(s). They asserted that the
groups (e.g., social class, family, basketball team, and
so on), to which people belonged to were an important
source of pride and self-esteem. (Tajfel & Turner,
1979)
Characteristics of Social identity:
• The emphasis is on what the person has in
common with the members of his or her group.
• It is created based on similarities with others.
Gender and Sexuality Online
Gender
It refers to the characteristics of women,
men, girls and boys that are socially constructed.
This includes norms, behaviors and
roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or
boy, as well as relationships with each other.
As a social construct, gender varies from society to
society and can change over time. (e.g. male, female,
transgender, intersex).
Gender Stereotype
• A generalized view or preconception about
attributes or characteristics that are or ought to
be possessed by women and men or the roles
that should be performed by men and
women.
• A fixed, overgeneralized belief about a particular
group or class of people. (Cardwell, 2014)
• Gender stereotypes existing in the offline
environment (which are the root of
inequality between men, women and the LGBTQ+,
and the origin of gender violence) are also present in
the online world.
Does the internet influence stereotyping?
The Internet plays an essential role in
shaping our conception of the world, our opinions, and
our values.
Children and young people who are in the
process of forming their opinions and attitudes about
norms and acceptable behavior, and also about
sexuality are most susceptible to the Internet’s
influence.
The attitudes, conduct, and roles toward
women, men, and the LGBTQ+ community are being
strongly influenced by Internet content. By creating a
certain type of message, internet users can
manipulate people’s attitudes and opinions.
How media affects gender role development?
- Media is any kind of communication that
we hear or see.
- The different kinds of media include: what we
watch on TV; read in the newspaper and
magazines or what we hear in the radio; and the
things that we see on the internet.
Gender roles
Are an idea of how people just like you are expected
to behave as boys and girls.
Gender And Sexuality Online
Negative effects of media include those such as
females are supposed to be attractive which
endangers the self-esteem and health of many young
girls that grow up thinking that to be accepted by
others, they must be pretty.
(Research shows that the more we watch the media,
the more we begin to see and think that these things
are real, even if they are not.)
Men can be the caregiver, women can be the provider.
In reality, we can be anything we want to be
regardless of what the media shows.
Sexuality
-Sexuality is about your sexual feelings, thoughts,
attractions and behaviors towards other people.
-You can find other people physically, sexually or
emotionally attractive, and all those things are a part
of your sexuality.
-Sexuality is diverse and personal, and it is an
important part of who you are. (e.g. gay, lesbian,
straight, bisexual)
What factors affect adolescent sexuality?
Sexuality as a development issue is
present throughout the life cycle butbecomes
especially salient during adolescence. Adolescents
have to adjust to their developing sexuality, in
particular their increased sexual drive, interest in sex,
and the task of constructing their sexual selves.
1. Hormones
The brain controls puberty by producing hormones
that travel in the bloodstream to various organ.
1.1 Puberty stage where an individual
reaches sexual maturity and is
physically capable of sexual
reproduction
Lesson 10. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER
LEARNER
Knowing the self is not enough. Who
you are is partly made up of your choices, you
mustalso have the ability to choose especially to
be a better you.
Learning is an active process of
engaging and manipulating objects,
experiences andconversations to build mental
models of the world.
Metacognition – thinking about thinking. It is
a learning strategy that you use to understand
and control your own performance.
Elements:
• Metacognitive Knowledge – what you
know about how you think.
• Personal Variable – is your evaluation of
your strengths and weaknesses in
learning.
• Task Variable – is what you know or
what you think about the nature of the
task aswell as what strategies the task
requires.

2. Personality or temperament • Strategy Variable – refers to what

Important psychological factor that also decides the strategies or skills you already have in
attitude toward sexuality dealing withcertain task.

3. Social or environmental factors • Metacognition Regulation – how you

Facilitate sexual learning and decide the sexual
adjust your thinking processes to help
attitude of the adolescent include:
• Attitude of parents toward sexuality;
you learnbetter.
• Parenting style;
• Peer relationship; and Metacognitive Skills:
• Cultural influences. 1. Knowing your limits
4. Media and the Internet
Adolescent’s access to them can easily exposed them 2. Modifying your approach
to literature related to sexuality, sexual crimes, and 3. Skimming
violence that affect their perception and attitudes
4. Rehearsing
toward sexuality.
5. Self-test
 Types of Metacognitive Learner
1. Tacit – are unaware of their
metacognitive processes although they
know the extent oftheir knowledge.
2. Aware – know some of their
metacognitive strategies but they do not
plan on how to usethese techniques.
3. Strategic – strategize and plan their
course of action toward a learning
experience.
4. Reflective – reflect on their thinking
while they are using the strategies
and adapt metacognitive skills
depending on their situation.
• Self-appraisal – is your personal reflection
on your knowledge and capabilities.
• Self-management – is the mental
process you employ using what you have
in planning and padapting to successfully
learn or accomplish a certain task.
The goal of metacognition is for the
students to be self-regulated learner. They
should have the capability to study things on
their own as well as accurately evaluate their
progress.
• Self-regulated Learning – is how
student regulate their own emotions,
cognition, behavior and aspect of the
context during a learning experience.
• Self-regulation – is the process
wherein you activate, take control of
and evaluateyour own learning.
PPTX NOTES: L10
During the planning phase, learners
think about the learning goal the teacher has set
and consider how they will approach the task
and which strategies they will use. At this stage,
it is helpful for learners to ask themselves:
‘What am I being asked to do?’
‘Which strategies will I use?’
‘Are there any strategies that I have used before
that might be useful?’
During the monitoring phase,
learners implement their plan and monitor the
progress they are making towards their learning
goal.
Students might decide to make
changes to the strategies they are using if these
are not working. As students work through the
task, it will help them to ask themselves:
‘Is the strategy that I am using working?’
‘Do I need to try something different?’
During the evaluation phase,
students determine how successful the strategy
they used was in helping them to achieve their
learning goal. To promote evaluation, students
could consider:
‘How well did I do?’
‘What didn’t go well?’ ‘What could I do differently
next time?’
‘What went well?’ ‘What other types of problem
can I use this strategy for?’
METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
1. Self-Questioning- Self Questioning involves
pausing throughout a task to consciously check
your own actions. Without questioning, one may
not be aware of faults. The following questions
may be asked to improve one’s self:
Is this the best way to carry out this task?
Did I miss something? Maybe I should check
again.
2. Meditation - Meditation involves clearing the
mind. It could consider as a metacognitive
strategy because meditation aim to: Clear out
the chatter that goes on in our heads. Reach a
calm and focused state that can prime us for
learning
3. Reflection - Reflection involves pausing to
think about a task. It is usually a cyclical process
where one reflect, think of ways to improve, try
again then go back to reflection. Reflection is
metacognitive only if it consciously reflects on
what your thought processes were and how to
improve upon them next time.
4. Awareness of Strengths and Weaknesses -
Central to metacognition is a person’s capacity to see
their own strengths and weaknesses. Only through
looking at one’s self and making a genuine
assessment of one’s weaknesses can a person
achieve self-improvement.
One way to start looking at your strengths and
weaknesses is to use a SWOT chart
Strengths: write down what you perceive to be your
strengths as a learner.
Weaknesses: write down what you perceive to be
your weaknesses as a learner.
Opportunities: identify opportunities you may have to
improve your cognitive skills in the coming weeks or
months.
Threats: identify potential threats that may prevent
you from improving your cognitive skills in the coming
weeks or months.
5. Awareness of Learning Styles - Learning styles
theories such as Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and
Learning Modalities theories argue that different
people learn in different ways. For example, you may
feel you are better at learning through images than
reading. Some common learning styles include:
Visual: A visual learner learns best through images,
graphics, TV documentaries and graphs. They are
good at identifying patterns and matching
complementary colors.
Auditory: A visual learner learns best through
listening rather than watching or reading. They enjoy
being read stories and listening to podcasts.
Kinesthetic: A kinesthetic learner learns best through
movement. They like to learn by doing things rather
than reading or listening. They are active rather than
passive learners.
Logical-Mathematical: People who are logical-
mathematical learners are good at using reasoning to
find answers. They are good with numbers but may
struggle with subjective issues in the humanities.
Interpersonal: An Interpersonal learner loves learning
through social interaction. They’re good at group work,
have high emotional intelligence, and can compromise
to get their job done
Intrapersonal: An intrapersonal learner is someone
who likes to mull things over in their own heads.
They’re happy to learn in silence and isolation and may
find working with others to be a distraction.
6. Mnemonic aids - Mnemonic aids are strategies
which can be used to improve information retention.
This involves using rhymes, patterns and associations
to remember. This works by adding context (additional
or surrounding information) to a fact to help in
recalling. An example of using mnemonic aids is for
remembering names
7. Writing Down your Working - Most people will
recall in high school math classes their teacher saying:
“I want to see your working so I know how you got to
your answer.” This teacher is ensuring you are
employing the right thinking processes and can show
others how you went about thinking about the task.
When you become expert at a topic you tend not to
think about your thinking. We sometimes call this
“unconscious competence”.\
8. Thinking Aloud - The benefit of thinking aloud is
that it makes a person really think. You have to talk
through what your brain is doing, making those
thinking processes explicit. Teachers will often ask
students to speak out loud about what they’re thinking.
It not only helps the student be more conscious of their
cognitive processes, it also helps the teacher identify
areas where the student is going astray.
9. Graphic Organizers - Graphic organizers, also
sometimes called cognitive tools, help to consciously
improve the thinking processes
10. Regulation Checklists - A regulation checklist
can either be task based or generalized. A task based
regulation checklist is usually created before a task
begins
11. Active Reading Strategies - Active reading
strategies are strategies that ensure concentrating
while reading and actually comprehend the
information
12. Active Listening Strategies - Active listening
strategies are strategies students use to ensure they
are listening attentively.
13. Planning Ahead - When planning ahead, one
often have to think about how to go about a task. It is
sometimes referred to as “plan of attack”. Planning
ahead involves thinking about what to go through in
order to complete a task
SELF EFFICACY
Albert Bandura defined self-efficacy as a
person's belief in his or her capability to
successfully perform a particular task. Together
with the goals that people set, self-efficacy is
one on the most powerful motivational predictors
of how well a person will perform at almost any
endeavor.
- It refers to your belief in your capacity to
perform necessary actions to produce
specific performance goals. It is the
reflection of your confidence in the ability
to exert control over your own motivation,
behavior and social environment. It is also
the people’s beliefs about their capabilities
to produce designated levels of
performance that exercise influence over
events that affect their lives.
• Outcome Expectancy – is a person’s
estimate that a given behavior will lead to
certain outcome.
• Efficacy Expectation – is the conviction
that one can successfully execute the
behavior required to produce the
outcomes.
Carol S. Dweck’s Fixed and Growth Mindset
Theory
Dweck argues that the growth mindset will allow
a person to live a less stressful and more
successful life. Dweck's definition of fixed and
growth mindsets from a 2012 interview: In a
fixed mindset students believe their basic
abilities, their intelligence, their talents, are just
fixed traits.
Fixed Mindset – is where people believe that success
is based on their innate abilities and they have a fixed
theory of intelligence.
Growth Mindset – is where people believe that
success is based on hardwork, learning, training and
perseverance and they have a growth theory of
intelligence.
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Goal Setting Theory was developed by Locke in
1968 to explain human behavior in specific work
situations. The theory argues that goals and
intentions are cognitive and willful. Goal setting
theory was based on the premise that much
human actions is purposeful and it is directed by
conscious goals. It predicts that people will
channel effort toward accomplishing their goals,
which will in turn affect performance.
Principles of Goal Setting Goals must have:
1. Clarity- This is where SMART goals draw most
from is the concept of setting clear, “specific”
goals for best results. Those who set a goal of
“make more sales” are less successful than
those whose goal is “make 5% more sales than
last year.” A clear goal is easier to measure and
easier to appreciate when you reach that goal.
This makes the entire process more inspiring.
2. Challenge- Goal setting theory indicates that
people are more successful when they set
challenging goals. Any initiative requires effort
and discipline. When you set the goal too low,
you’re less likely to feel like the payoff is worth
that effort, undermining motivation. By contrast,
setting a challenging goal balances effort with
reward and generates motivation. Just be
careful not to confuse “challenging” with
“unrealistic.”
3. Commitment- This principle particularly applies
in organizational settings where the goals in
question are achieved by a group. Personal
ownership is critical for success. Managers must
deliver proper preparation and gain “buy-in”
from each member of the team before the task
is accepted or “owned” by the group. Team
members who do not feel an internal ownership
may not work with the diligence required, even
with external motivation (or threats).
4. Feedback- Feedback or asking questions
allows for clarification and course correction.
This is particularly important if the first principle
has clearly defined. A goal might be either too
difficult or too easy. A team leader may discover
that there are members who have not bought in
as needed and will need to do the work to build
ownership. If all is going well, the only feedback
required might be to measure progress and
confirm that the goal is on task to be met.
5. Task complexity- This principle takes into
account the observation that some goals require
more complexity to achieve. “Working out 3
times a week” is a goal that requires only
identifying a preferred place or form of exercise.
“Making 5% more sales” may involve many
more tasks to reach – marketing plans and
collateral, incentive plans for salespeople,
research, lead nurturing, etc.
 SMART GOALS
S – SPECIFIC- The first step to a successful
implementation of the SMART Goals method is to
make your goal as specific as possible.
M – MEASURABLE- Next, make your goals
measurable. This involves sitting down and asking
yourself how you’ll know a goal has been reached.
A – ASSIGNABLE/ATTAINABLE- Speaking of
assignable/attainable, you’ll want to make sure each
of your goals is attainable. You should know exactly
how you plan on achieving your goals. In addition, you
should consider the obstacles to achieving each
objective. You might discover you need to deal with
one or two items before you go about pursuing your
goals. You may also find you need to scrap the pursuit
of a particular goal altogether.
R – REALISTIC/RELEVANT- You should always try to
set goals that remain relevant to other things going on
in your life. If you don’t, you might end up setting goals
that don’t contribute to your career.
T – TIME RELATED- Finally, every effective goal
remains time-bound. Having a time-bound goal
Why is it important to take care of yourself?
Engaging in a self-care routine has been
clinically proven to reduce or eliminate anxiety and
depression, reduce stress, improve concentration,
minimize frustration and anger, increase happiness,
improve energy, and more.
Stressors and Responses
Stress - Stress is our body's response to pressure.
Many different situations or life events can cause
stress. It is often triggered when we experience
something new, unexpected or that threatens our
sense of self, or when we feel we have little control
over a situation. We all deal with stress differently.
3 Kinds of Stress
1. Acute Stress - An acute stress reaction occurs
when symptoms develop due to a particularly stressful
event. The word 'acute' means the symptoms develop
quickly but do not usually last long. The events are
usually very severe and an acute stress reaction
typically occurs after an unexpected life crisis.
2. Episodic Acute Stress - is when a person
experiences acute stress frequently. If you have
episodic acute stress, you may feel like you are always
under pressure or that things are always going wrong.
3. Chronic Stress - A consistent sense of feeling
pressured and overwhelmed over a long period of
time. Symptoms include aches and pains, insomnia or
weakness, less socialization, unfocused thinking
General Stress Syndrome Components
The alarm stage - The alarm reaction stage is the
body's initial response to stress. This stage is also
referred to as the fight-or-flight response. During this
stage, the body's sympathetic nervous system is
activated by the sudden release of hormones.
The stage of resistance - The resistance stage is
when your body begins to repair itself and normalize
heart rate, blood pressure, etc. After the initial shock
of a stressful event, your body enters this recovery
phase but remains on high alert for a while.
The exhaustion stage - This stage is the result of
prolonged or chronic stress. Struggling with stress for
long periods can drain your physical, emotional, and
mental resources to the point where your body no
longer has strength to fight stress. You may give up or
feel your situation is hopeless.
Stressor - is a chemical or biological agent,
environmental condition, external stimulus or an event
seen as causing stress to an organism. A stressor can
be events or environments that individuals might
consider demanding, challenging, and/or threatening
individual safety.
Types of Stressors
1. Catastrophic Events
2. Major life changes/events
3. Daily hassles
4. Chronic strains
Social Stress - can be broadly defined as a situation
which threatens one's relationships, esteem, or sense
of belonging within a dyad, group, or larger social
context. Social stress can emerge in a number of
situations.
Sources of Social Stress
1. Parenting
2. Education
3. Peer Pressure
4. Problems with work
5. Personal, physical and psychological health
Signs and Symptoms of Stress
Physical
• Headache
• Low Energy
• Insomnia
Cognitive/Perceptual The Need for Self-care and Compassion
• Forgetfulness Self-care – entails taking deliberate acts of
• Attention deficit looking after your mental, emotional and
• Preoccupation
physical health.
Emotional
• Depression Compassion – is the felt response to perceiving
• Anxiety suffering that involves an authentic desire to
• Moodiness ease distress.

Technic to counter chronic stress Self-compassion Theory – entails being warm

• Relaxation response and understanding toward ourselves when we
• Physical activity
suffer, fail or feel inadequate
• Social support

Culture stress is the stress that occurs when you
change to a different way of living in a new culture. It
is what you experience as you move beyond
understanding the culture to making it your own so that
you accept the customs, becoming comfortable and at
home with them. If you are trying to become a real part
of the culture, to become bicultural, you are likely to
experience culture stress as you assimilate some of
the conventions to the point that they feel natural to
you.
Self-care Therapy
1. Stop, breathe and tell yourself, this is hard and
I will get through this one step at a time.
2. Acknowledge to yourself what you are feeling.
3. Find someone who listens and is accepting.
4. Maintain your normal routine as much as
possible.
5. Allow plenty of time for a task.
6. Take good care of yourself.

What causes cultural stress:

1. Involvement
2. Values
3. Communication
4. Temperament
5. Children
6. Multinational teams

What can be done about cultural stress:

Much can be done to decrease cultural stress and
make it manageable.
1. Acceptance
2. Communication
3. Identity
4. Activity
5. Befriend a national family

Sources of Coping and Strength (Maslow’s

Pyramid)