Phrase=(premodifier(s)) Modified- Headelement (postmodifer(s))

PHRASE:
A phrase is a group of words that work together to convey a specific meaning. Phrases may
consist of several words but lack a subject and a verb, so they do not express a complete
thought. They can function as parts of a sentence, playing roles such as nouns, verbs,
adjectives, or adverbs.

1-Noun Phrase: That tall man with green eyes

2-Verb Phrase: Has been totaly destroyed
3-Adjective Phrase: Very expensive
4-Adverbial Phrase: İncredibly quickly
5-Prepositional Phrase: On the table

Premodifier(s)= Premodifiers are elements that appear before the main part of a phrase
and modify or provide additional information about it.

Modified-Headelement= This is the main part of the phrase that is being modified by the
premodifiers. It could be a noun, verb, or another part of speech.

Postmodifier(s)= Postmodifiers are elements that appear after the main part of a phrase
and provide additional information about it.

*Putting it all together, the structure "premodifier(s) modified postmodifier(s)" emphasizes

the arrangement and function of elements within a phrase. It illustrates how additional
information can be added before and after the central part of the phrase to create a more
detailed and nuanced expression. The specific content of the premodifiers and
postmodifiers will depend on the context and the type of phrase being analyzed.

1-Noun Phrase
A noun phrase (N.ph) is a linguistic structure composed of a noun and its modifiers. It
functions as a noun in a sentence, serving as the subject, object, or complement.
(premodifier(s)) for noun
1-Common adjective + noun
A common adjective + noun" construction is a linguistic structure where an adjective, which
is a word that describes or modifies a noun, is combined with a noun to provide additional
information about the noun.

2-Participles + noun
A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective. There are two main types:
Present Participle (-ing): Indicates an ongoing action or a state.
Past Participle (-ed or irregular forms): Indicates a completed action or a state resulting
from an action.

3-Dererminers (of) +noun

Determiners are words that come before a noun and help to clarify its reference. They can
include articles, demonstratives, possessives, and quantifiers.
Examples:
Articles: A(n)-the-zero
Demonstratives: This- that- these- those
Possessives: My- your- his- her- its- our- their
Quantifiers: SİNGULAR= one-neither-another-much plural= two-both-other-many
SİNG-PLUR: a lot-some-most-all

(postmodifer(s)) for noun

1-prepositional phrase
Preposition+object.

2-participle verb phrase

A participle verb phrase involves the use of a participle, which is a verb form typically ending
in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle), within a verb phrase. This construction
contributes to the formation of various verb tenses, indicating the ongoing or completed
nature of an action.

3-Relative clause
Relative clauses are versatile structures used to provide specificity, detail, and clarification in
sentences.

NOTE:When a preposition is used in a sentence, it is typically followed by its object, and

together they form what is known as a prepositional phrase

2-Verb Phrase
A verb phrase is a group of words that functions as a predicate in a sentence. It includes a
main verb and may also include auxiliary (helping) verbs, objects, complements, and other
elements that provide more information about the action or state of being expressed.

Tense:
Tenses in English indicate the time of an action or state of being. There are various tenses,
and each can be expressed in both the active voice and the passive voice

Active voice =(verb) Pasiv voive =( be+v.3)

1-v.1-v.s be.1+v.3
2-v.2 be. 2+v3
3-will+v will be v.3
4-be.1+ing.v be.1 bein g v.3
5-be.2+ing.v be.2 bein g v.3
6-will be +ing.v X no form
7-have.1+v.3 have.1 bee n v.3
8-had+v.3 had been v.3
9-will have+v.3 will have v .3
10-have.1 been ing.v X no form
11-had been ing.v X no form
12-will have been ing.v X no form

will be updated VERB MODİFİER

NOTE:clauses and phrases are groups of words, a clause has a subject and a verb, forming a
complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. On the other hand, a phrase serves a
specific grammatical function within a sentence but lacks a complete thought and cannot
stand alone.

RELATİVE CLAUSE:
A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a type of subordinate clause that
provides additional information about a noun.

Relative pronaunse WHO WHOM WHICH- THAT WHOSE WHERE WHEN

Refrence People People Things Pepl-Thng Place Time

Function sub obj sub or obj pssv adj adv place adv time

(which) = with commas = non-essential/ non-restrictive/ non-defining

Relative clause
(That) = without commas = essential/ restrictive/ defining
Linking Words:
Linking words, also known as connectives or transition words, are words or phrases that
help establish connections and relationships between different parts of a text.
A) Paired/correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to connect similar elements
in a sentence, emphasizing relationships such as alternatives, contrasts, or simultaneous
occurrences

both item1 and item2. neither___nor___. whether___or___.

either___or___. not only___but(also)___.

NOTE: the item1 and the item2 need to grammatically and logically paralel

NOTE: when paired conjunctions coordinate between two subjejcts, we need to be corful
abaut the verb whether it is singular verb (v.s) or plural verb (v.1)

Both sub1 and sub2 +v.1

B) coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are short words that connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal
importance within a sentence.

FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

İndependent clause , independent clause. = compound sentence

İndependent clause ; İndependent clause. = compound sentence

C) Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions are words that join a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main
(independent) clause, creating complex sentences

İndependent clause ⬜ dependen clause.= Complex sentence

⬜ dependent clause , independent clause.= Complex sentence

Time: When- before- after- as soon as- since- by the time- while- whenever..

Cause-effect: because- since- due to the fact that- providing that- nowthat- as..

Compere and contrast: although- though- while- eventhough- whereas..

Conditional: if- unless- as long as- since..

D) transitious/sentence connectors
Transitions, also known as sentence connectors or transitional words, are words or phrases
that link ideas, sentences, and paragraphs together.

1-sentence1 (. or ;) ⬜ , sentence2.

2-Sentence1 . Sen , ⬜, tense2.

3-Sentence1 . Sentence2 , ⬜.

Time: meanwhile- afterthat- 5 weaks later- 5 weaks earlier- finally- subsequently..

Cause-effect: therefore- thus- hence- according- consequently..

Compereand contrat: however- nontheless- nevertheless- likewise- despite this- though-

similarly- in contrast..

Emphasizing: in fact- in deed- for example- for instance..

Adding inf: in addition- also- moreover- furthermore..

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Appositive:
(n.ph modifies and defines the previous noun ; surronded by commas)
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun or noun
phrase. It provides additional information about the noun it modifies and often appears
immediately after the noun in a sentence.

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