GENERAL

PHYSICS 2
Quarter 2 – Week 3
(Work Text)

MAGNETIC INDUCTION, FARADAY’s

LAW and IT’s APPLICATIONS

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Q2 W3 General Physics 2
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teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you
will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do
it!

Content Standard:
• The learners demonstrate an understanding of
✓ Maxwell’s synthesis of electricity, magnetism, and optics
✓ EM waves and light
✓ Law of Reflection
✓ Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
✓ Polarization (Malus’s Law)
✓ Applications of reflection, refraction, dispersion, and polarization

Performance Standards:
The learners should be able to
• use theoretical and, when feasible, experimental approaches to solve multi-concept, rich
context problems using concepts from electromagnetic waves, optics, relativity, and atomic
and nuclear theory.
• apply ideas from atomic and nuclear physics in contexts such as, but not limited to, radiation
shielding and inferring the composition of stars

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

• Relate the properties of EM wave (wavelength, frequency, speed) and the properties of vacuum and
optical medium (permittivity, permeability, and index of refraction) (STEM_GP12EMIVb-12)
• Explain the conditions for total internal reflection (STEM_GP12EMIVb-14)
• Explain the phenomenon of dispersion by relating to Snell’s Law (STEM_GP12EMIVb-16)
• Calculate the intensity of the transmitted light after passing through a series of polarizers applying
Malus’s Law (STEM_GP12EMIVc-18)
• Solve problems involving reflection, refraction, dispersion, and polarization in contexts such as, but
not limited to, (polarizing) sunglasses, atmospheric haloes, and rainbows (STEM_GP12EMIVc-21)

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Specific Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
• Relate the properties of EM wave (wavelength, frequency, speed) and the properties of vacuum and
optical medium (permittivity, permeability, and index of refraction)
• Explain Snell’s Law and Malus’s Law
• Solve problems involving reflection, refraction, dispersion and polarization.

Motivation
Nowadays, we can live comfortably even if our sources (or destination) of energy and information are
from afar. For example: 1) geothermal, coal, and nuclear power plants are usually several kilometers away
from our house; and 2) we exchange information wirelessly even with other people living in another island.
This was made possible by the discovery of Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry of the relationship between
time-varying magnetic field and electric field. Give your own insights on the examples given.

Discussion and Lecture Proper

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy emitted by moving charged particles. As it travels through
space it behaves like a wave and has an oscillating electric field component and an oscillating magnetic field.
These waves oscillate perpendicularly to and in phase with one another.

The creation of all electromagnetic waves begins with a charged particle. This charged particle creates
an electric field (which can exert a force on other nearby charged particles). When it accelerates as part of
an oscillatory motion, the charged particle creates ripples, or oscillations, in its electric field, and also
produces a magnetic field (as predicted by Maxwell’s equations).
Once in motion, the electric and magnetic fields created by a charged particle are self-perpetuating—
time-dependent changes in one field (electric or magnetic) produce the other. This means that an electric
field that oscillates as a function of time will produce a magnetic field, and a magnetic field that changes as
a function of time will produce an electric field. Both electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave
will fluctuate in time, one causing the other to change.
Electromagnetic waves are ubiquitous in nature (i.e., light) and used in modern technology—AM and
FM radio, cordless and cellular phones, garage door openers, wireless networks, radar, microwave ovens,
etc. These and many more such devices use electromagnetic waves to transmit data and signals.
All the above sources of electromagnetic waves use the simple principle of moving charge, which can be
easily modeled. Placing a coin in contact with both terminals of a 9-volt battery produces electromagnetic

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waves that can be detected by bringing the antenna of a radio (tuned to a static-producing station) within a
few inches of the point of contact.

PROPERTIES OF A VACUUM AND OPTICAL MEDIUM

Vacuum, space in which there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low that any particles in the
space, do not affect any processes being carried on there. It is a condition well below normal atmospheric
pressure and is measured in units of pressure (the pascal). A vacuum can be created by removing air from a
space using a vacuum pump or by reducing the pressure using a fast flow of fluid, as in Bernoulli’s principle.
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent
light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum
is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Humans and
animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes,
but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture.
Refractive index, also called index of refraction, measure of the bending of a ray of light when passing
from one medium into another. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum (angle between the incoming
ray and the perpendicular to the surface of a medium, called the normal) and r is the angle of refraction
(angle between the ray in the medium and the normal), the refractive index n is defined as the ratio of the
sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction; i.e., n = sin i / sin r. Refractive index is
also equal to the velocity of light c of a given wavelength in empty space divided by its velocity v in a
substance, or n = c/v . Index of refraction of a vacuum is equal 1.
Permittivity It is the property of every material, which measures the opposition offered against the
formation of an electric field. Represented by the Greek alphabet ϵ. It tells the number of charges required
to generate one unit of electric flux in the given medium. The vacuum characterizes the least possible value
of Permittivity. This is commonly referred to as the Permittivity of Free Space or electric constant. Denoted
by ϵ0 and has the value 8.85✕ 10-12 Farad/meter.
In electrostatics, permeability is the measure of the ability of the material to allow the formation of
magnetic lines of force or magnetic field within. It speaks on the ability of magnetization that a material
possesses for the applied magnetic field. In simpler words, we can define magnetic permeability as “the
extent to which magnetic field lines can enter substance.” or “The power of conducting magnetic field lines
by a substance.” It is denoted by the Greek alphabet μ. The permeability of free space is called Permeability
constant and has the value μ0 = 4𝝅×10-7 H/m It is a scalar quantity of isotropic medium and second rank
tensor for anisotropic medium. Magnetic permeability plays an important role in classifying the
magnetization property of a material.
The optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light. The optical properties of matter
are studied in optical physics, a subfield of optics. The optical properties of a medium are governed by the
relative permittivity (ϵp) and relative permeability (μr). The refractive index is defined as . For
ordinary material ϵr > 0 and μr > 0 and the positive sign is taken for the square root. In 1964, a Russian
scientist V. Veselago postulated the existence of material with ϵr < 0 and μr < 0. Since then, such meta
materials have been produced in the laboratories and their optical properties studied. For such materials
. As light enters a medium of such refractive index the phases travel away from the direction of
propagation. Prove that Snell's law holds for such a medium.

SNELL’S LAW
Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes from one material into another material,
as it passes across the boundary separating two media. The refraction occurs at the boundary and is caused
by a change in the speed of the light wave upon crossing the boundary. The tendency of a ray of light to bend
one direction or another is dependent upon whether the light wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing
the boundary. The speed of a light wave is dependent upon the optical density of the material through which
it moves. For this reason, the direction that the path of a light wave bends depends on whether the light
wave is traveling from a more dense (slow) medium to a less dense (fast) medium or from a less dense
medium to a more dense medium.

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Snell's law applies to the refraction of light in any situation, regardless of what the two media are. Snell's
law (also known as Snell–Descartes law and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the
relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing
through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.
Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the
ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of
refraction:

with each Ø as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary, v as the velocity of light in the
respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s), and n as the refractive index (which is unitless)
of the respective medium.

Example: In the following two examples, use Snell's law, the

sine button on your calculator, a protractor, and the
index of refraction values to complete the following
diagrams. Measure , calculate , and draw in the
refracted ray with the calculated angle of refraction.
In each of these two example problems, the angle of
refraction is the variable to be determined. The indices of refraction (n i and nr) are given and the angle of
incidence can be measured. With three of the four variables known, substitution into Snell's law followed by
algebraic manipulation will lead to the answer.
For Example A:
Given: ni = 1.00 Required: Ør
nr = 1.33
Øi = 45 degrees
Solution: First, use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence. An appropriate measurement would
be some angle close to 45-degrees.

(1.00) sin 45o = (1.33) sin Ør

Ør = 0.7071 / 1.33
Ør = 32.1o

For Example B:
Given: ni = 1.00 Required: Ør
nr = 1.52
Øi = 60 degrees
Solution: First, use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence. An appropriate measurement would
be some angle close to 45-degrees.

(1.00) sin 60o = (1.62) sin Ør

Ør = 0.8660 / 1.52
Ør = 34.7o

MALUS’S LAW
Malus’ Law states that when completely plane-polarized light is incident on the analyzer, the intensity I
of the light transmitted by the analyzer is directly proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle
between the transmission axes of the analyzer and the polarizer.

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Q2 W3 General Physics 2
Suppose the angle between the transmission axes of the analyzer and the
polarizer is θ. The completely plane polarized light form the polarizer is incident
on the analyzer. If E0 is the amplitude of the electric vector transmitted by the
polarizer, then intensity I0 of the light incident on the analyzer is I ∞ E02.
The electric field vector E0 can be resolved into two rectangular
components i.e E0 cosθ and E0 sinθ. The analyzer will transmit only the
component ( i.e E0 cosθ ) which is parallel to its transmission axis. However, the
component E0 sinθ will be absorbed by the analyser. Therefore, the intensity I
of light transmitted by the analyzer is,

Therefore, I ∞ cos2θ. This proves law of malus.

When θ = 0° (or 180°), I = I0 cos20° = I0. That is the intensity of light transmitted by the analyzer is
maximum when the transmission axes of the analyzer and the polarizer are parallel.
When θ = 90°, I = I0 cos290° = 0. That is the intensity of light transmitted by the analyzer is minimum
when the transmission axes of the analyzer and polarizer are perpendicular to each other.

Example: Two polaroid A and B are kept with their transmission axes at an angle θ with respect to one
another. If the transmitted intensity of light It = 0.75 I0 where I0 is the intensity of light incident on the system
then find θ.
Solution: It = Io cos2θ
0.75 Io = Io cos2θ
cos2θ = ¾
θ = 30o

Application
A. Solve the following problems.
1. A beam of flashlight traveling in air incident on a surface of a thin glass at an angle of 38o with the normal.
The index of refraction of the glass is 1.56. What is the angle of refraction?
2. A boy is in a pool and shines a flashlight toward the level of it at a 35o angle to the vertical. At what angle
does the flashlight beam leave the pool? (The index of refraction of glass is 1.33).

What I have learned

In 10 – 15 sentences, discuss what you have learned in this module. (You may give examples).

Assessment

A. Problem Solving.
1. Light traveling through an optical fiber (n=1.44) reaches the end of the fiber and exits into air. (a) If the
angle of incidence on the end of the fiber is 30o, what is the angle of refraction outside the fiber? (b) How
would your answer be different if the angle of incidence were 50 o?

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2. A ray of light is traveling through air at an angle of 30o to the vertical. It passes into water and halves its
angle to the vertical. What is the index of refraction of water?
3. A slab of glass has an index of refraction of 1.5 and is submerged in water with n=1.33. A beam of
monochrome light is incident on the slab and is refracted. (a) Find the angle of refraction if the angle of
incidence is 30o. (b) Now, assume that the light is initially in the glass and incident on the glass-water surface.
What is the refraction of light?

Reference
• K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies with Corresponding CG Codes; DepEd Curriculum and
Instruction Strand; pages 651 – 653.
• Teaching Guide for General Physics 2; The Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the
Philippine Normal University; 2016; Magnetic Induction, Induced EMF, Induced Current, Faraday’s Law,
Lenz’s Law, pages 129
• Young and Freedman; Sears & Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics; 13th Ed; Volume 2;
Chapters 21 – 37; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-69686-1; ISBN 10: 0-321-69686-7
• Zolotarev, V.F. (Ul'yanovskij Politekhnicheskij Inst. (USSR)); Shamshev, B.B. (Ul'yanovskij
Politekhnicheskij Inst. (USSR)); https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00896052
• http://www.physicshandbook.com/laws/maluslaw.htm