Derivation

Derivation is a process in which new words are derived from the existing roots
through the addition of derivational affixes, with a change in the grammatical
category of the roots. A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one
syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category.
For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs
(slow → slowly). Some examples of English derivational suffixes:
Adjective-to-Noun: -ness (slow → slowness) Adjective-to-Verb: -ize (modern →
modernize) Noun-to-Adjective: -al (recreation → recreational) Noun-to-Verb:
-fy (glory → glorify) Verb-to-Adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
Compounding
It is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new
word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Compounding has been already
discussed in the previous pages. English language allows several types of
combinations of different word classes: Noun + Noun lipstick , teapot Adjective
+ Noun fast food , soft drink Verb + Noun breakfast , sky-dive41 Noun + Verb
sunshine, babysit Noun + Adjective airtight, waterproof Adjective + Adjective
deaf-mute, bitter-sweet
Clipping
Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a
word to one of its parts. Clipped words are also called shortened words.
Clipping mainly consists of the following types: Back clipping, Fore-clipping and
Middle clipping. Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning
is retained. Examples are: ad (advertisement), fax (facsimile), doc (doctor),
exam (examination), gas (gasoline), maths (mathematics), memo
(memorandum), gym (gymnasium) etc. Fore-clipping retains the final part.
Examples are: phone (telephone), varsity (university) etc. In middle clipping,
the middle of the word is retained. Examples are: flu (influenza), tec (detective)
etc.
Acronymy- Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It
may consist of a group of letters, or words taken from the full version of the
word or phrase.
 Acronyms are abbreviations that are formed using the initial letters of words in
a phrase. Another term, alphabetism, is sometimes used to describe
abbreviations pronounced as the names of letters. Examples of Acronyms:
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation UNICEF: The United Nations
Children›s Emergency Fund UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development NASA: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration42
SAARC: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation LASER: Light
Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Examples of
Alphabetisms: WWF: The World Wide Fund for Nature IMF: International
Monetary Fund BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation NSS: National Service
Scheme NCC: National Cadet Corps CBSE: Central Board of Secondary
Education SBI: State Bank of India
Portmanteau / Blending
Blending is a process in which parts of two already existing words are blended
or mixed together to create a new word. A blend is a word formed from parts
of two other words. Blends are formed in different ways. One type of blend is
one in which the beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. For
example, brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch. This is the most common
method of blending. There is another type of blend in which the beginnings of
two words are combined. For example, cyborg is a blend of cybernetic and
organism. Other blended words are: smog (smoke + fog), electrocute (electric +
execute), motel (motor + hotel), telecast (television + broadcast) etc.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the
objects or actions they refer to. Such newly formed words are called
onomatopoeic words. The term onomatopoeia is Latin in origin which means
“to make names”. The different sounds of animals are also considered as
examples of onomatopoeia. These are the animal sounds that have entered the
English vocabulary: bark, meow, moo, neigh, tweet, oink, baa, buzz, hiss etc.
Words like plop, splash, gush, sprinkle, drizzle, and drip denote different
onomatopoeic sounds for water. Similarly, words like growl, giggle, grunt,
murmur, blurt, and chatter denote different kinds of human voice sounds.
Moreover, we can identify a group of words related to different sounds of wind,
such as swish, swoosh, whiff, whoosh, whizz, and whisper.