Methods used for quality evaluation of literature to be presented today:

Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Evidence Grading and Recommendation Criteria:
recommendation grades A > B > C > D

When we open a piece of literature, there exists the doubt as to which of these grades it belongs
to! Below are the main difficulties in distinguishing between these grades:
Grade A: Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials and individual randomised controlled
studies Distinction.
First of all, controlled trials are very easy to distinguish: in the literature will be randomly divided
into test group and control group, after receiving the intervention to see the trial effect, easier to
judge the point is that there will be an intervention, such as group A to give drugs, group B
placebo, there is a clear difference.
1a Systematic review: SR based on RCTs (with homogeneity)
SR is a comprehensive collection of all relevant and reliable randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
according to a specific disease and therapy and a scientific quantitative synthesis (Meta-analysis)
is carried out to arrive at a comprehensive and reliable conclusion as to whether the therapy is
effective, ineffective, or in need of further research.
1b single randomised controlled study: single RCT study
1c ‘all-or-nothing’ outcome studies: these are visualised in the literature, e.g. the survival rate of
patients given a particular drug.

Grade B: In grade B we need to distinguish between cohort studies and case-control studies:
Firstly cohort studies are introduced:
There are three types of cohort studies: prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies,
and two-way cohort studies.
Prospective cohort studies: These are studies in which observations are made from the present
and are followed up until some time in the future. It studies the relationship between exposure
factors and disease.
Retrospective cohort study: A study that begins in the past and follows the observations to a time
in the present. Study of the relationship between the exposure factor and the disease. The
relationship between exposure and disease is studied by dividing the population into exposed
and non-exposed groups based on their exposure to the study factors in the past and tracking the
outcome of morbidity or mortality to the present.
Bidirectional cohort study: is a retrospective cohort study followed by continued follow-up
observations to some time in the future, also known as a mixed cohort study, which is the result
of both prospective cohort study and historical cohort study methods.

Often look at the literature will know that a lot of literature will say that they are prospective
studies, that is not to say that prospective cohort studies are prospective studies, in fact,
prospective cohort studies and retrospective cohort studies are prospective studies, retrospective
cohort studies in accordance with the basis of time, it can be said that it is a historical cohort
study. This is a fuzzy point I encountered before, inserted here to add this doubt ~ (about this
point below this figure will be more clearly expressed)

Difference between a cohort study and a case-control study:

Cohort study, refers to the observational research method of dividing people who have not yet
developed the disease or outcome under study into an exposed group (treatment group) and a
non-exposed group (control group) according to whether or not they have been exposed to a
studied factor (or received a certain treatment), and then follow up the study for an
appropriately long period of time, comparing the differences in the incidence of the disease or
the rate of disease death of the disease under study between the two groups, and determining
the relationship between the exposed factor and the disease, the biggest bias is the loss-to-
follow-up bias.
Case-control study: a case-control study is the outcome of an existing study and then
retrospectively investigates the cause of the disease.
Summary:
One is an existing endpoint and backward investigation of the cause.
One is to follow up by exposure to a study factor and investigate the relationship between the
exposure factor and the disease.