DESHMUKH CLASSES

1 marker Questions
Std : 12th Sub : Chemistry

Q. 1. Define hypotonic solution.

A solution is one which has lower osmotic pressure than other solution.

Q. 2. What is crystal lattice?

Symmetrical three dimension structural arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules.

Q. 3. Reaction in which water acts with base.

+
𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⇌ 𝐻3 𝑂(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

Q. 4. Define : ethers
Organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to alkyl groups 𝑅 − 𝑂 − 𝑅

Q. 5. Alkyl halides
When one or more hydrogen of alkane are replaced by halogen group.

Q. 6. Conversion of chlorobenzene to biphenyl.

𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑙

+ 2𝑁𝑎 + −2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

Q. 7. Electrophile used in Kolbe’s reaction.

𝐶𝑂2 is the electrophile used.

Q. 8. How Van’t Hoffs factor related to degree of dissociation.

The ratio of final moles after dissociation to of initial moles before dissociation is Van’t
Hoff.

Q. 9. Negative deviation for Raoult’s law.

When vapour pressure of solution is lower than the predicted value of Raoult’s law it is
called negative deviation.

Q. 10. Define Nanoscience.

The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials of atomic, molecular,
macromolecular scales where properties differ significantly.

Q. 11. What is Basic Buffer.

A solution containing a weak basic compounds and its salt with strong acid which
maintains an alkaline pH is Basic Buffer.
Q. 12. Name functional group in secondary amine.
The functional group present in secondary amine is referred to as the amino group.
(−𝑁𝐻 −)

Q. 13. Compound forms hcp structure. Explain octahedral voids in it.

Q. 14. What are antacids?

The chemical substances which neutralizes the excess of acid in gastric juices, gives relief
from indigestion, acidity, heat burns, gastric ulcers.

Q. 15. Write the name of reagent used during conversion of acetaldehyde to acetaldehyde
cynohydrin.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

Q. 16. Write the name of nanostructure material used in tyres to increase their life.
Carbon black

Q. 17. Chemical formula for hematite.

𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
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Q. 18. Explain antiseptics.

Chemical which either kill or present the growth of microorganisms. Antiseptics are
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applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseases skin surfaces.
Examples : furacine , soframicine, Dettol
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Q. 19. Schottky defect :

It arises due to the missing of an equal number of cations and anions from crystal lattice.
This effect does not change the stoichiometry of the crystal ionic solids in which the
cation and anion are of almost of similar size show Schottky defect. Ex. 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

Q. 20. Unit cell

A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called unit cell.

Q. 21. Tetrahedral void

The vacant space are used among four constituent particles having tetrahedral
arrangement in the crystal lattice is called tetrahedral void.

Q. 22. Osmotic pressure :

The excess of pressure on the side of the solution that stops the net flow of solvent into
the solution through a semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.

Q. 23. Reverse osmosis

If a hydrostatic pressure is excess of osmotic pressure is applied on the concentrated side
to dilute side across the membrane.

Q. 24. Vant Hoff’s factor

The ratios of colligative property of a solution of electrolyte divided by the colligative
property of nonelectrolyte solution of the same concentration.
Q. 25. Vant Hoff’s factor related to degree of dissociation
𝑖−1
𝑖 = 1 + 𝑎(𝑛 − 1) or 𝑎 =
𝑛−1
𝑎 = degree of dissociation
𝑖 = Vant Hoff’s factor
𝑛 = moles of ions attained from ionization of 1 mole of electrolyte

Q. 26. Rault’s law for non-volatile solute

The vapour pressure of a solution of a non-volatile solute is equal to the vapour pressure
of a pure solvent at that temperature multiplied by its mole fraction.

Q. 27. Cations are Lewis acid

Cations are electron deficient species and can accept an electron pair.

Q. 28. Buffer solution

A solution which resists drastic changes in pH when a small amount of strong acid or
strong base or water added to it.

Q. 29. Basic Buffer solution

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It has a basic pH and is prepared by mixing a weak base and its salt with strong acid.
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Q. 30. No work is involved in an expansion of gas vacuum.

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i. A free expansion means expansion against zero opposing force such expansion
occurs in a vacuum.
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ii. When the gas expands in a vacuum there is no opposing force, that is 𝜌𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0 the
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work done by a system during such expansion is

𝜔 = −𝜌𝑒𝑥𝑡 Δ𝑣 = 0
Thus, no work done when the gas expands freely in vacuum.

Q. 31. Write first law of thermodynamics?

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can
only be converted from one form to another.

Q. 32. What is enthalpy of fusion?

Enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a solid is converted into liquid without a
change in temperature at constant pressure is the enthalpy of fusion.

Q. 33. State second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy?

The second law of thermodynamics states that “the total entropy of the system and its
surroundings (universe) increases in a spontaneous process.

Q. 34. What is standards state of substance?

The standard state of a substance is the form in which the substance is most stable at a
pressure of 1 bar and at temperature 298 K.

Q. 35. Comment of spontaneity of reaction for which 𝚫𝑯 is positive and 𝚫𝑺 is negative.

When Δ𝐻 positive and Δ𝑆 is negative, then Δ𝐺 is positive regardless of temperature, such
reactions are nonspontaneous at all temperatures.
Q. 36. What is entropy? Give its units.
i. Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder or randomness.
ii. An entropy change of a system is equal to the amount of heat transferred (𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 ) to
it in a reversible manner divided by temperature (𝑇) in Kelvin at which the transfer
𝑄
takes places. Thus, Δ𝑆 = 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑇
−1
iii. Units of entropy : 𝐽𝐾

Q. 37. Order of thermal stability of hydrides of group 16.

The thermal stability of hydrides decreases on moving down the group because of
decrease in the bond dissociation enthalpy (𝐻 − 𝐹 ) of hydrides down the group.
Therefore, 𝐻2 𝑂 > 𝐻2 𝑆 > 𝐻2 𝑆𝑒 > 𝐻2 𝑇𝑒 > 𝐻2 𝑃𝑄

Q. 38. Oxidation state of 𝑻𝒆 in 𝑻𝒆𝑶𝟑 .

(Oxidation number of 𝑇𝑒) + 3 × (−2) = 0
Oxidation number of 𝑇𝑒 −6 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of 𝑇𝑒 in 𝑇𝑒𝑂3 = 6

Q. 39. Gases which deplete ozone player.

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Nitric oxide (𝑁𝑂) and chlorofluorocarbons are two gases that deplete the ozone layer.
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Q. 40. Uses of 𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟐 .

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𝐶𝑙𝑂2 is used as a bleaching agent for paper pulp and textiles.

It is also used in the water treatment.
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Q. 41. Action of Bromine on Magnesium metal.

Bromine reacts with magnesium to form magnesium bromide.
𝑀𝑔(𝑠) + 𝐵𝑟2 (𝑙) → 𝑀𝑔𝐵𝑟2(𝑠)
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑒

Q. 42. Allotropic forms of Selenium.

Red and grey selenium are allotropic forms of selenium.

Q. 43. Oxidation state of sulphate in 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝟐 𝑶𝟔 .

𝐻2 𝑆2 𝑂6
2(1) + 2𝑥 + (−2 × 6) = 0
2 + 2𝑥 − 12 = 0
2𝑥 = 12 − 2
2𝑥 = 10
𝑥=5

Q. 44. 𝒑𝑲𝒂𝑯𝑪𝒍 = −𝟕. 𝟎 and 𝒑𝑲𝒂𝑯𝑰 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟎 which is stronger acid?

Smaller is the 𝑝𝐾𝑎 value, greater is its acidity. Hence, 𝐻𝐼− is stronger than 𝐻𝐶𝑙.

Q. 45. Give one property showing depleting property of ozone.

Ozone decomposes to liberate nascent oxygen, hence it is a powerful oxidizing agent.
𝑂3(𝑔) → 𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂
e.g. It oxidises lead sulphide (𝑃𝑏𝑆) to lead sulphate (𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂4 )
𝑃𝑏𝑆(𝑠) + 4𝑂3(𝑔) → 𝑝𝑏𝑆𝑂(𝑠) + 4𝑂2(𝑔)
Q. 46. What is oxidation state of
(i) 𝑴𝒏 𝑶−𝟐
𝟒 : 𝑥 + (−2 × 4) = −2 (ii) 𝑴𝒏 𝑶−
𝟒 : 𝑥 + (−2 × 4) = −1
𝑥 = −2 + 8 𝑥 = −1 + 8
𝑥=6 𝑥=7

Q. 47. Uses of 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 :

i. Used as an antiseptic
ii. Used for unsaturation tests in the laboratory.
iii. Used in the volumetric analysis of reducing agents.
iv. Used for detecting halides in qualitative analysis.
v. Used as a powerful oxidizing agent in the laboratory an industry.

Q. 48. Why nobelium is the only element actenoid with +2 oxidation state.
i. The electronic configuration of nobelium (𝑁𝑜) is [𝑅𝑛]5𝑓 14 6𝑑 0 7𝑠 2 .
ii. After losing 2 electrons (𝑁𝑜) forms 𝑁𝑜 2+ ion, which is stable due to completely
filled 5𝑓-orbitals.
iii. Such extra stability due to completely filled orbital is not acquired by any other
actenoid in their +2 oxidation state.
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Hence, nobelium is the only actenoid with a +2 oxidation state.
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Q. 49. What is meant by shielding of electrons in an atom.

i. The decrease in the force of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the valence
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electrons due to the presence of electrons in the inner shells is called the shielding
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effect.
ii. As a result of the shielding effect, the effective nuclear charge experienced by the
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valence electron is less than the actual nuclear charge.

Q. 50. Iron shows +2 and +3 oxidation states. Write the electronic configuration. Which
more stable & why?
i. Electronic configuration of 𝐹𝑒 2+ ∶ 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑 6
ii. Electronic configuration of 𝐹𝑒 3+ ∶ 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑 5
iii. 𝐹𝑒 3+ is more stable than 𝐹𝑒 2+ . This is due to the presence of half filled ‘𝑑’ orbital
in 𝐹𝑒 3+ .

Q. 51. Write the formula for tetrammineplatinum (II) chloride.

[𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3 )4 ]𝐶𝑙2

Q. 52. Lewis acid : Platinum (II) ion, (𝑷𝒕𝟐+ )

Lewis Base : chloride ion (𝐶𝑙 − ), ammonia (𝑁𝐻3 )

Q. 53. 𝑪𝒐 : 2(𝑥) + 1(−2) + 1((−1) = +3

𝑥 = +3
Let oxidation state of cobalt is 𝑥
Oxidation state of 𝑁𝐻 is −2
𝑂𝐻 is −1
Total charge = +3

Q. 54. In medicines :
a) 𝑃𝑡 complex, cisplatin is used in the treatment of cancer.
 b) 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 is used for the treatement of lead poisoning.

To estimate the hardness of water

Hardness of water is due to the presence of 𝐶𝑎2+ and 𝑀𝑔2+ ions. The ligand EDTA
forms stable complexes with 𝐶𝑎2+ and 𝑀𝑔2+ . It can, therefore, be used for estimate
hardness.

Q. 55. A complex with co-ordination no. four has a tetrahedral or square planner structure.

Q. 56. Stereoisomers which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and rotate the
plane of plane polarised light through the same angle but in opposite directions are known
as enantiomers or enatiomorphs.

Q. 57. Optical activity is the property of certain organic substances to rotate the plane of plane
polarized light towards the right (clockwise) or toward the left (anticlockwise).

Q. 58. 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙

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+𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑙2 → +𝑆𝑂2 ↑ +𝐻𝐶𝑙 ↑
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𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒

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𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙
𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑁
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+𝐾𝐶𝑁 Δ
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(𝑎𝑙𝑐.) → + 𝐾𝐶𝑙

𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑒

Q. 59. 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝑐. 𝐾𝐶𝑁 Δ 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑁
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 → 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 −𝐻2 𝑂
𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑒

Q. 60. 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3 𝐴𝑙𝑐. 𝐾𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2 𝐻𝐵𝑟

| → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒 →
𝐶𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
2−𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐵𝑟 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞. ) 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻

1−𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒 → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑛−1−𝑜𝑙

Q. 61. 𝑁𝐻2
𝑁2+ 𝐶𝑙 − 𝐶𝑙

𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑢2 𝐶𝑙2

→ →
Δ

𝐴𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒
Q. 62. 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐻𝐵𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐵𝑟 + 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑂 − 𝑁 = 𝑂 →
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒 → 1−𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐴𝑔𝐵𝑟 ↓

1−𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝐵𝑟
|
Q. 63. 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻3 + 𝐾𝑂𝐻 →
| (𝑎𝑙𝑐.)
𝐶𝐻3
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑡−𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑦𝑙−𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝐻
|
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐻𝐵𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐵𝑟
| → |
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑦𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑒

Q. 64. Hydrocarbon-oxidation of propene gives

The addition of borane followed by oxidation is known as the hydroboration oxidation
reaction. For ex. Propan-1-ol is produced by the hydroboration-oxidation reaction of
propene.
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Q. 65. Name the Electrophile used in Kolbe’s reaction.

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It undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction with carbon dioxide which is a weak

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electrophile. Ortho-hydroxybenzois acid (salicylic acid) is formed as the primary product.

This reaction is known as Kolbe;s reaction.
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Q. 66. Write the structure of optically active alcohol having molecular formula 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝑶.
𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻3
|
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐻 butan-2-ol
|
𝑂𝐻

Q. 67. Structure of methyl vinyl ether.

Methyl vinyl ether is organic compound with the chemical formula 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻3 . A
colorless gas, it is the simplest enol ether.

Q. 68. Cyclohex-2-en-1-ol structure.

𝑂𝐻

𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑥 − 2 − 𝑒𝑛 − 1 − 𝑜𝑙

Q. 69. 𝐻𝑂 𝐶𝐻3

Q. 70. Is phenyl acetic acid an aromatic carboxylic acid?

Yes, phenyl acetic acid is a side-chain aromatic carboxylic acid.
Q. 71. Conversion of ethanitrile into ethanol.
Nitriles can be converted into ethanol by hydrolysis followed by reduction by strong
reducing agents group is present in the lithium aluminium hydride. Lithium aluminium
hydride is used for reduction of other compounds.

Q. 72. Conversion of Benzonitrile to Benzoic acid

Benzonitrile is converted to benzoic acid by basic hydrolysis when benzonitrile is heated
with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, it liberates ammonia gas and converts to sodium
benzoate which an acidification gives benzoic acid.

Q. 73. What is formalin?

A 37-40% solution of formaldehyde in water is called formalin. It is used as disinfectant
and preservative for biological specimens.

Q. 74. Arrange the following in increasing order of boiling points formaldehyde, ethane,
methyl alcohol.
Ethane < Formaldehyde < Methyl alcohol.

Q. 75. Write the reaction of p-toluene sulphonyl chloride and diethyl amine.
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Q. 76. Write the order of basicity of aliphatic alkylamine in gaseous phase.

The order of basicity of aliphatic alkylamine in the gaseous phase follows the order.
Tertiary amines > Secondary amine > Primary amine > 𝑁𝐻3

Q. 77. Why are primary aliphatic amines stronger base than ammonia.
This is due to the presence of an alkyl group that reverts electron releasing inductive effect
(+1 effect)

Q. 78. IUPAC name of Benzylamine.

IUPAC name of benzylamine its phenylmethanamines.

Q. 79. Arrange the following amines in an increasing order of boiling points 𝒏-propyl
amine, ethylmethyl amine, trimethyl amine.
Trimethylamine (3°) < ethylmethyl amine (2°) < 𝑛-propylamine (1°)

Q. 80. Define green chemistry.

Green chemistry is an approach to chemistry that aims to maximize efficiency and
minimize hazardous effects on human health and environment. The concept of green
chemistry was coined by Paul T. Anastas.

Q. 81. Define : Sustainable development

Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need.
Q. 82. Role of green chemistry.
To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduces or eliminate the use of
hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and use of chemical products.

Q. 83. Define :
a) Nanoscience
Nano science is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials of atomic,
molecular and macromolecular scales where properties differ significantly from those
at a large scale.

b) Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale.

c) Nanomaterial
The nanomaterial is a material having structural component with at least one
dimension in the nanometer scale i.e. 1 – 100 nm.

d) Nanochemistry
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Nanochemistry is the combination of chemistry and nanoscience which deals with

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designing and synthesis of materials of nanoscale with different sizes and shape,
structure and composition and their organization into functional architectures.
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Q. 84. Which nanomaterial us used for sunscreen lotion and what are uses of it?
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Sunscreen lotions contain nanoparticles of zinc oxide (𝑍𝑛𝑂) and titanium dioxide
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(𝑇𝑖𝑂2 ) . These chemicals protect the skin against harmful UV (ultraviolet) rays by
absorbing or reflecting the light. Hence sunscreen lotions prevent the skin from damage.

Q. 85. Properties common for both hcp and ccp lattice.

i. They both have same coordination numbers of the particles (i.e. 12)
ii. They both have same packing efficiency (74%)

Q. 86. Calculate number of atoms in bcc unit cell.

A bcc has one atom in center and 1/8th part of 8 corner atoms i.e. 1 atom.
In total there are 1 + 1 = 2 atoms.

Q. 87. Why all collisions between reactant and molecules do not lead to chemical reaction.
All collisions of reactant molecules do not lead to chemical reaction because the colliding
molecules need to possess certain energy which is greater than the activation energy E
and a proper orientation.

Q. 88. What is the role determination step.

Rate determination step is described as the slowest step in a reaction in the overall
chemical reaction. Chemical reactions takes place over a number of elementary steps
while rate determination step is a elementary step in chemical reaction.

Q. 89. What is crystal lattice?

Crystal are type of solid material composed of atoms or groups of atoms are arranged in
three dimensional pattern that is very ordered. A crystal lattice is the arrangement of these
atoms or group of atoms in a crystal.
Q. 90. Write a reaction in which water acts as a base.
𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐻3 𝑂 + + 𝐶𝑙 −

Q. 91. Define Boiling point.

i. It is the temperature at which any liquid starts to boil.
ii. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the
liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure at this temperature the liquid is
converted into vapour.

Q. 92. Action of 2-methylpropane-2-ol.

𝐶
𝐶
𝐻𝑂 − 𝐶
𝐶

Q. 93. No. of octahedral voids present in 0.5 mole of substance.

A compound forms hcp structure. Number of octahedral voids in 0.5 mole of substance
's

is 3.011 × 1023.
h
uk

Q. 94. Structure of aspirin.

hm

𝐶9 𝐻8 𝑂4
es
D

Q. 95. Arrange the halogen acids (𝑯𝑿) in increasing order of acidic strength.
Acidic strength of halogen acids increases in the order of 𝐻𝐼 > 𝐻𝐵𝑟 > 𝐻𝐶𝑙 > 𝐻𝐹.

Q. 96. IUPAC of 𝑯𝟑 𝑪 − 𝑪𝑯(𝑪𝑯𝟑 )(𝑪𝑯𝟐 )𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯

𝐻
|
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
|
𝐶𝐻3

2-methyl butanoic acid

Q. 97. Define alkyl halides.

Alkyl halides are carbon compounds containing one or more halogen atoms and are
classified based on primary, secondary and tertiary compounds.