Sino Petrochemical Corporation Standard

Power Design Specification

For Petrochemical Enterprise Units

SHJ38-91

1991 Beijing
 Chapter I General

Article 1.0.1 This specification applies to the power design of up to 10 KV for newly built, reformed or
expanded large and medium size production units of petrochemical enterprises (including oil refining, chemical
and chemical fiber units, called “the unit(s)” hereunder).

Article 1.0.2 The following principles shall be observed for the power design of the units.
I. The technical and economic policies of the state shall be earnestly implemented, so as to provide cost
effective and rational designs that use sophisticated technology and ensure personal safety and reliable power
supply.
II. The relationship between short term construction and long term development shall be so properly handled
in line with the features, sizes and development plans of projects that the two can be well combined, with the
short term construction to be given the first place and proper rooms and conditions to be reserved for future
expansion and development.
III. Reasonable arrangement and design plans shall be worked out through overall planning and all-around
consideration based on the load nature, capacity and environmental conditions, etc.
IV. Saving of energy shall be paid attention to and the non-ferrous metal and materials shall be rationally
saved.

Article 1.0.3 In implementation of this specification, relevant stipulations and requirements under state and
sector standards and codes shall also be conformed with.
 Chapter II Load Classification & Power Supply Requirements

Section I Load Classification

Article 2.1.1 The power loads of the units shall be classified, according to their importance in the production
process and their reliability and continuity requirements for power supply, into class 0 load (security load),
class1 load (essential continuous operation load), class2 load (normal continuous operation load) and class 3
load (normal load).

Article 2.1.2 A class 0 load means a load for which the power supply must be guaranteed at a sudden failure
of power supply for the unit, to ensure safety shutdown of the unit and avoid explosion, fire, intoxication,
personal injury or damage of key equipment, or in an emergency, to allow prompt handling of the emergency,
prevent expansion of the accident, protect the key equipment and rescue and evacuate the operators.
There are normally the following types of class 0 load:
I. At a power failure, the automatic program control equipment and their actuators and accessory equipment
that ensure safety shutdown, such as the computers, instruments, relay protection devices, essential material
inlets/outlets and drainage valves for the units;
II. At a power failure, the automatic feeding and mixing equipment for quickly adding in the necessary
assistants to stop the chemical reaction when a quick interruption of the chemical reaction need be ensured but
the reactants in the equipment can not or should not be drained immediately, and the spinning head electrical
heater in chemical fiber production, etc.;
III. During the operation or coasting at power failure of large size key units, the safety measures to protect the
equipment from damage, such as the lube oil pump, etc.;
IV. To ensure safety operation, emergency handling and personnel rescue and evacuation, the emergency
lighting, communication, industrial TV, fire alarm and other systems that are necessary for the units.

Article 2.1.3 A class 1 load means the power load of such a large or medium size unit whose sudden loss of
operation power supply will upset the key continuous production process, resulting in major economic losses,
such as rejection and loss of large quantity of products and stocks, carbonation of catalysts and intoxication,
blocking of material lines or equipment and so on, and which can only resume operation a long time after the
power supply is resumed, and the power load of the utilities serving to ensure its normal operation.

Article 2.1.4 A class 2 load means the power load of such a unit whose sudden loss of operation power supply
will result in significant economic losses, such as reduction of output or stopping of production, and which will
resume normal operation shortly after the power supply is resumed, and the power load of the utilities serving
to ensure its normal operation.

Article 2.1.5 A class 3 load means any other power load that does not fall into class 0, class 1 or class 2 loads.

Section II Power Supply Requirements of Different Classes of Load

Article 2.2.1 class 0 load shall have the power supplied from an independent safety power supply system. It is
strictly forbidden to connect any non class 0 load into the safety power supply system.
Article 2.2.2 Wherever safety measures are necessary during operation, non electrical safety measures shall
be adopted first in the process and equipment design and the load may only be listed into class 0 loads when the
said measures can not meet the requirements. The use of class 0 load shall be strictly controlled to the
minimum.

Article 2.2.3 The safety power supply includes the following commonly used types:
I. Uninterrupted power supply unit
1. DC battery unit;
2. Static type uninterrupted power supply unit;
3. Rotating type uninterrupted power supply unit.
II. Fast self-started diesel generator unit or other types of generator unit.
III. External independent power supply induced in for the production unit, which meets the safety
requirements.

Article 2.2.4 The operation equipment supplied from the safety power supply shall have the power supplied
by the operating power supply under normal conditions and by the safety power supply only at a failure of the
operating power.

Article 2.2.5 class 1 load shall have the power supplied from two power sources, which shall meet one of the
following conditions:
I. The two power sources are independent from each other;
II. Although the two power sources are associated with each other, one can automatically and quickly cut off
the connection at a failure to let the other one ensure normal power supply.

Article 2.2.6 When the production unit is provided with a generator unit, it shall be determined, according to
the power load, the type and capacity of the generator and the operating mode during normal operation, etc.,
whether the generator may be used as an independent operating power source. If it may be so used and
achieving of two external power sources is really difficult, class 1 load may also have the power supplied by a
single external power source.

Article 2.2.7 The power for class 2 load should be supplied by two power sources and, when it is difficult to
obtain two, may also be supplied by one power source.

Article 2.2.8 Class 3 load may have the power supplied by a single power source.

Article 2.2.9 When the power for the unit is supplied through two or more circuits that are in simultaneous
operation and on standby for each other under normal conditions, the power supply line shall be so designed
that at a failure of one of the circuits, the remaining circuit(s) can still maintain normal power supply for the
whole unit and can satisfy the restart-up of the motor.

Article 2.2.10 In power design for the units, no consideration is to be taken of such a case that, when one
circuit fails or is under maintenance, the other circuit fails at the same time.
 Chapter III Automatic Power Switchover & Motor Restart System

Section I Automatic Power Switchover

Article 3.1.1 The power sources for both class 0 and class 1 loads of the production units shall be provided
with automatic power switchover units.

Article 3.1.2 The power supply and distribution system for the units should have automatic power switchover
unit(s) installed at one or more of the following locations:
I. The incoming line and bus sectionalized breaker for a 6 ~ 10KV substation;
II. Sectionalized breakers for 380V/220V incoming line and bus with class 0 and class 1 loads;
III. The mains incoming line for emergency lighting.
Article 3.1.3 Wiring of the automatic power switchover unit shall meet the following requirements:
I. At loss of power or power failure caused by any other reasons than action of the current protection for the
mains incoming line breaker, the other power supply shall be automatically switched on when its voltage level
can meet the requirement;
II. The switchover time shall be shortened on condition that the non-synchronous impulse is avoided;
III. It shall be ensured that the automatic power switchover unit act only once;
IV. When any of the fuses of the potential transformer (PT) is burnt, the low voltage start-up element shall not
mal-operate.

Article 3.1.4 When the automatic power switchover unit is used, the overload capacity of the backup power
supply and the conditions for motor restart shall be checked. In case the overload capacity of the backup power
supply is not sufficient or the motor restart conditions can not be ensured, a part of the secondary load may be
cut out when the power supply is automatically switched over.

Article 3.1.5 The automatic power switchover units shall be selectively matched with the relay protection
devices:
I. When an outgoing feeder is provided with a reactance, the starting voltage of the automatic power
switchover unit shall be lower than the bus residual voltage at a short circuit that occurs after the outgoing
feeder’s reactance.
II. The starting time of the automatic power switchover unit shall exceed the maximum time limit of the
outgoing feeder’s short circuit protection by one time step when the outgoing feeder is not provided with a
reactance; and shall also exceed the maximum time limit of the upper level substation’s outgoing feeder short
circuit protection by one time step when the outgoing feeder of the upper substation is not provided with a
reactance either;
III. In case of an essential motor that is not allowed to restart, the start time limit of the automatic power
switchover unit shall be greater than the action time limit of the said motor’s low voltage protection;
IV. The automatic power switchover units for a substation with a synchronous motor, which might be hit by
non-synchronous impulse hazard without any measures taken against the non-synchronous impulse, shall not
be put into service until the synchronous motor is cut out.

Article 3.1.6 The automatic power switchover units shall be selectively matched with each other and their
action time limits shall be increased by one time step gradually backward from the power supply side. If an
automatic recloser is provided on the power supply side, the start time limit of the first step of automatic power
switchover unit shall be one time step greater than the action time limit of the said automatic recloser.

Article 3.1.7 In case the selective matching of the automatic power switchover units renders the start time
limit too long to satisfy the motor restart requirements, the following measures may be taken:
I. The number of steps of the automatic power switchover units may be reduced;
II. Quick-acting protections should be adopted for the power supply system to reduce the protection time
limit;
III. Current blocking should be adopted for the incoming line and, if quick restart is required by the process, it
is allowed for the automatic power switchover unit not to be matched with the upper step relay protection and
automatic device.

Section II Motor Restart System

Article 3.2.1 The motor restart system means the restart process during the operation in which all the squirrel-
cage induction motors (called “the motor(s)” hereunder) provided with restart units can be restarted according
to the preset time and batches at restoration of the power supply after a short time of interruption, excluding the
automatic putting in of the backup electrical equipment as required by variation in process parameters.

Article 3.2.2 There are the following motor restarting modes:

I. Number of motor sets involved in the restart
1. All or most of the motors on the bus are involved in the restart;
2. Some of the motors on the bus are involved in the restart.
II. Conditions of the restart
1. Simultaneous restart, namely all the motors requiring restart will be restarted at the same time;
2. Restart in batches, namely all the motors requiring restart will be restarted in batches according to the
requirements of the production process and the capacity of the electrical system;
3. Restart in steps, namely the restart command will be passed step by step, from the higher step of motor at
the time of its restart to the lower step with a time delay, so that all the motors complete the restart process in
steps. This mode normally applies to high voltage (HV) motors.
III. Action time of restart
1. True jump restart, namely the control circuit of the motor keeps the main contact of the starter closed
during the entire power failure period and the motor will be restarted upon restoration of the power supply, with
the duration of disappearance of the motor’s normal power supply voltage equal to the action time of the
automatic device;
2. Quasi jump restart, namely the main contact of the starter will be opened when the motor’s power supply
voltage disappears and will be closed immediately without any artificial delay to restart the motor when the
normal power supply voltage is restored or nearly restored, with the duration of disappearance of the motor’s
normal power supply voltage equal to the action time of the automatic device plus the inherent closing time of
the starter;
3. Delayed restart, namely the main contact of the starter will be opened when the motor’s power supply
voltage disappears and will be closed after a certain length of preset time to restart the motor when the normal
power supply voltage is restored or nearly restored, with the duration of disappearance of the motor’s normal
power supply voltage equal to the sum of action time of the automatic device, the inherent closing time of the
starter and the preset time.

Article 3.2.3 One or more of the following alternatives may be selected according to the specific situations of
the engineering design for use singly or in combination as the method of restart:
I. Low voltage (LV) asynchronous motors:
1. The restarting method composed of time relays  It will bring about a longer delay time (30s) and applies
to restart in batches or with a diesel generator as the safety power supply;
2. The restarting method composed of restarting relays  It uses less relays, with simple wiring and short
delay (3~4s), and applies to restart of motors in one or two batches;
3. The group and batch restarting method composed of time relays  it applies to restart in groups and
batches;
4. The time trunk type restarting method  DC power supply, uninterrupted power supply unit (UPS) and
AC power supply in automatic switchover will be used as the control power supply and 3 restarting small buses
with which the time delays can be adjusted are utilized to flexibly adjust the restarting times and batches of the
motors for various production units after restoration of the power supply (in 20s), in order to reduce the impact
of the restarting current on the system. This method applies to restart of multiple sets of motors for large size
production units.
II. For HV asynchronous motors, other than those that are not allowed or not necessary to be restarted and will
be cut out at the time of automatic power switchover, the remaining motors shall be restarted with the following
3 methods:
1. Time trunk type restarting method  it is the same as the above I. 4.;
2. Restart in steps  It applies to less sets of motors with greater capacity in the production unit; when there
are quite a number of motor sets, those with smaller capacities may be combined into one step for restart;
3. Simultaneous restarting method  It may be adopted according to the conditions of the power supply
system if the quantity of motors to be restarted is quite small and the single set capacity and total capacity are
not so big.

Article 3.2.4 The conditions necessary for realizing motor restart are as follows:
I. During the whole restart process, the total restarting current of the motor group being restarted plus the
load current of other power consumption equipment shall not exceed the calculated peak current allowed by the
external power supply circuit, normally no greater than 2 times of the secondary side rated current of the
workshop distribution transformer or 1.1 times of the rated current of the emergency diesel generator,
otherwise, calculations and calibrations shall be made;
II. During restarting, the moment of the motor shall be greater than the resistance moment at corresponding
mechanical speed;
III. During restarting, the minimum allowable value of the bus voltage shall be 85% of the rated voltage while
that of the motor end voltage should be 70% of the same and, if explicitly specified otherwise by the
manufacturer, they shall meet the requirements of the manufacturer;
IV. After one time of hot restart, the temperature rise of the stator winding of a restarted large size HV motor
shall not exceed the value specified under the motor manufacture standard.

Article 3.2.5 Selective coordination between motor restart and the relay protection and automatic units are
described as follows:
I. For HV motors to be restarted with time delay restarting method, its low voltage trip setting shall be lower
than the minimum voltage required for restart;
II. The over current protection setting of the incoming line breaker shall be calibrated with the most severe
restarting current;
III. In order to avoid non-synchronous impulse, the real jump restart should not be switched on till the residual
bus voltage falls lower than 40% of the rated voltage; and when the method of restart in batches is adopted for
the quasi-jump restart, those motors with greater capacities should be grouped into the second and third batches
of restart;
IV. The selective coordination between various steps of automatic power switchover units shall meet the
special requirements of restart.

Article 3.2.6 Motor restart shall be coordinated with the process conditions as follows:
I. All the motors required by continuity of production shall be restarted;
II. Restart of motors shall be in coordination with the automatic control level, the water and gas supply
conditions and so on;
III. The quantity and sequence of motors to be restarted and the special requirements for specific motors shall
be determined by the process specialty and electrical specialty through discussion;
IV. The characteristics of the machinery driven by the motor shall be taken into account for restart of motors;
V. For a process equipment with restarting measures which has interlock between the main and auxiliary
machines, the auxiliary machine shall also be provided with a restarting measure;
VI. For utilities equipment that have important functions in process production (e.g. air compressors, pumps
and so on), it is also necessary to consider taking restarting measures if otherwise the normal process
production is impacted.

Article 3.2.7 The following points shall be paid attention to in calculation of the restarting current:
I. No matter what restarting method is used, the restarting current of LV motors with medium or small
capacity may be calculated as 6 times of the rated current;
II. The restarting currents of HV motors and LV motors with large capacity are related to the duration of
power failure and the method of restart and the following values may be taken as the equivalent restarting
current’s multiple Ks:
Power failure duration  2s Ks = 5.1  5.4
Power failure duration 2 ~ 4s Ks = 5.4  6
Power failure duration  4s Ks = 6
III. When restart is adopted for both HV and LV motors, the summed restarting current shall be calculated
according to the most severe conditions in terms of restarting method, restarting interval, failure interval and so
on of the HV and LV motors;
IV. When one section of HV bus supplies different LV buses, the restarting time of motors on different
sections shall be alternated first before the restarting current is calculated according to the total number of
motors to be restarted in one batch.

Article 3.2.8 The following points shall be paid attention to in calculation of the restarting voltage:
I. For restart in groups, a total equivalent restarting current multiple shall be calculated for all of the motors
in one group;
II. For restart in batches, respective calculations shall be made for different loads pre-connected to the bus;
III. For restart in steps, it is also necessary to consider, under certain conditions, summing of the restarting
currents of all motors;
IV. The negative deviation of the normal power supply voltage shall be taken into account for calculation;
V. In case of simultaneous restart of both HV and LV motors, the most severe conditions in restarting process
need be considered.
VI. The system capacity value under the minimum operation mode shall be taken as the basis for calculation of
the system impedance.

Article 3.2.9 The following points shall be paid attention to in batching of LV motors for restart in groups:
I. According to the requirements of the power supply system and for the restart, coordination of the restarting
time of LV motors with that of HV motors and coordination of the restart of motors on different LV buses shall
be considered;
II. Depending on the ratio between the total capacity of the restarted motors and the rated capacity of the
transformer, the restarted motors may be batched in the following ways:
1. They should be divided into 3 batches when the total rated capacity of the restarted motors is greater than
or equal to 50% of the transformer’s rated capacity;
2. They may be divided into 2 batches when the total rated capacity of the restarted motors is 30% ~ 50% of
the transformer’s rated capacity;
3. Batching may be omitted when the total rated capacity of the restarted motors is less than or equal to 30%
of the transformer’s rated capacity.

Article 3.2.10 The time interval for restart of motors in batches should be 2 ~ 3s and the time interval for
restart of HV motors in steps should be no more than 1s;
For the time trunk type restart using small bus method, the time interval between every two small buses shall be
2 ~ 6s for LV motors and 6 ~ 8s for HV motors.

Article 3.2.11 The requirements for control and signals of the restarting system are described as follows:
I. The control circuit of the restarting system shall be provided with control mode selector switch;
II. The control mode selector switch should be mounted in the control room and shall have obvious symbol
word marking, with indicator lights showing the operation conditions to be provided on the process mimic
panel or at other proper locations;
III. The control circuit of the restarting control system shall be provided with an automatic canceling measure
against exceeding of the allowable restarting time limit.
 Chapter IV Explosion & Fire Hazard Environments

Section I General rules

Article 4.1.1 The following principles shall be observed for implementation of this specification:
I. During the engineering design, the classes and ranges of the explosion hazard environments shall be
determined through analysis and judgment based on the specific situations, especially on the operational
practice and working experience;
II. When Addendum I, the Petrochemical Unit Explosion Hazard Environment Zoning Table, is used, the
zoning in this table shall not be taken as fixed and unchangeable and different operation methods, process flows
and production scales shall be taken account of.

Article 4.1.2 It is necessary to use explosion proof electrical equipment that have been tested and accepted by
a state explosion protection test institution. A new trial product or a non-approved explosion proof equipment
may not be used unless it is provided with an application permit that is equivalent to the explosion proof
certificate.

Article 4.1.3 The explosion hazard zones and fire hazard zones shall be divided according to the frequency
and duration of occurrence of the explosive mixtures and the hazardous degree and physical status of the fire
hazard substances to occur. Based on this, the electrical equipment shall be selected and corresponding
precautions shall be taken for substations, electrical lines, grounding and so on, in order to reduce the
probability of the explosion and fire disasters caused by sparks, arcs and high temperature of the electrical
equipment and lines.

Section II Division of gas or vapor explosion hazard zones

Article 4.2.1 The following substances might form an explosive mixture with air:
I. Under atmospheric conditions, such inflammable substances as the vapor or mist of inflammable gas or
liquid will form with air an explosive gas mixture;
II. The vapor or mist of flammable liquid with its flashing point lower than or equal to the ambient
temperature will form with air an explosive gas mixture;
III. In case of a possible leakage of the flammable liquid when the material operating temperature is higher
than the flashing point of the flammable liquid, the vapor of the same liquid will form with air an explosive gas
mixture.

Article 4.2.2 The following conditions must exist simultaneously for occurrence of an explosion in an
explosive gas environment:
I. There exists the vapor or fist of inflammable gas or liquid, with its concentration exceeding the explosion
limit;
II. There exist the spark, arc or high temperature that is enough to ignite the explosive gas mixture.

Article 4.2.3 The following explosion protection precautions shall be taken in an explosive gas environment:
I. The possibility of simultaneous occurrence of all the conditions leading to an explosion shall be
minimized;
II. Measures shall be taken in the process design to eliminate or reduce the production and accumulation of
inflammable substances;
1. Lower pressure and temperature should be adopted in the process flow to restrict the inflammable
substances in the range of the airtight vessel;
2. In the process arrangement, the range of the explosion hazard zone shall be limited and reduced, different
classes of explosion hazard zones or explosion hazard zones and non explosion hazard zones should be
separated and limited within respective buildings or battery limits and the equipment with open fire or high
temperature should be arranged at the edge of the battery limit;
3. The measure of covering with nitrogen or other inert gases may be taken within the equipment;
4. Such measures as safety interlock or addition of polymerization inhibitor in emergency should be taken.
III. The following precautions should be taken to prevent formation or reduce the retention duration of the
explosive gas mixture:
1. Outdoor or open type arrangement should be adopted for the process units;
2. Mechanical ventilation equipment shall be provided;
3. A plenum shall be provided in an explosive hazard environment;
4. Locations in a zone where the explosive gas mixture is easily formed and accumulated shall be provided
with automatic measurement instruments and devices which, when the gas or vapor concentration approaches
50% of the lower explosion limit, shall be able to reliably give alarm signals or cut off the power.
IV. Measures shall be taken in the zone to eliminate or control the sparks, arcs or high temperature produced
by the electrical equipment and lines.

Article 4.2.4 The releasing sources shall be classified by the frequency and duration of releasing of the
inflammable substances and shall meet the following requirements:
I. Continuous class releasing source: a releasing source expected of long time release or short time frequent
release. Those similar to the following cases may be classed under the continuous class releasing source:
1. The surface of the inflammable liquid in a storage tank with fixed top cover which is not covered by any
inert gas;
2. The surface of the inflammable liquid in oil or water separators which is in direct contact with the air;
3. Free vents or other openings that release inflammable gas or vapor into the air frequently or for long
periods of time.
II. Class 1 releasing source: a releasing source expected of periodic or occasional releasing during normal
operation. Those similar to the following cases may be classed under class 1 releasing source:
1. The sealing points of pumps, compressors and valves where inflammable substances will be released
during normal operation;
2. The water drainage system installed on a vessel storing inflammable liquid, which will release inflammable
substances into the air during draining in normal operation;
3. Sampling points that will release inflammable substances into the air during normal operation.
III. Class 2 releasing source: a releasing source expected of no releasing during normal operation or of
occasional short releasing if any. Those similar to the following cases may be classed under class 2 releasing
source:
1. The sealing points of pumps, compressors and valves where no inflammable substances can be released
during normal operation;
2. Safety valves, air vents and other openings that can not release any inflammable substances into the air
during normal operation;
3. Sampling points that can not release any inflammable substances into the air during normal operation.
IV. Multi-class releasing source: a releasing source composed of two or three of the above mentioned classes
of releasing source.

Article 4.2.5 The explosive gas environment shall be zoned according to the following rules, depending on
the frequency and duration of occurrence of the explosive gas mixture:
I. Zone 0: an environment where the explosive gas mixture occurs continuously or for a long period of time;
II. Zone 1: an environment where the explosive gas mixture might occur during normal operation;
III. Zone 2: an environment where the occurrence of explosive gas mixture is impossible or only for a short
time, if any, during normal operation.
Note: Normal operation refers to normal startup, operation and shut down, handling of inflammable substance
products, opening and closing of the covers of airtight vessels, and the status of safety valves, drainage valves
and all other plant equipment operating in the ranges of their respective design parameters.

Article 4.2.6 Those conforming to one of the following conditions may be classed under the non explosion
hazard zone:
I. A zone where no releasing source exists and no intrusion of inflammable substances is possible;
II. Where the highest possible concentration of the inflammable substances is not over 10% of the lower limit
of explosion, such as the water cooling tower, etc.;
III. In the vicinity of the equipment that uses open fire during the operation or in the 1.5m range around the
equipment that has the surface temperature of its hot parts exceeding the ignition temperature of the
inflammable substances within the zone;

Article 4.2.7 The ventilation in an explosion hazard zone can be accepted as good ventilation when the
airflow can quickly dilute the inflammable substances to under 25% of the lower explosion limit.
In case mechanical ventilation is adopted, the following requirements shall be met:
I. Enclosed or semi-enclosed buildings shall be provided with independent ventilation systems;
II. Precautions against releasing of inflammable substances, such as automatic stopping of the process flow
and so on, or the precaution of cutting off the electrical equipment shall be taken to cope with failure of the
ventilation equipment.

Article 4.2.8 Division of the explosion hazard zones shall be based on the releasing source classes and the
ventilation conditions and in accordance with the following rules:
I. The zones shall be divided according to the following classes of releasing source:
1. A zone with continuous class releasing source may be classed under zone 0;
2. A zone with class 1 releasing source may be classed under zone 1;
3. A zone with class 2 releasing source may be classed under zone 2.
II. Zoning shall be adjusted according to the ventilation conditions:
1. In case of natural ventilation and common mechanical ventilation, the explosion hazard zone shall be
degraded when the ventilation is good and upgraded when the ventilation is poor;
2. In case local mechanical ventilation is more effective than natural or common mechanical ventilation in
reducing the concentration of the explosive gas mixture, local mechanical ventilation may be used to degrade
the explosion hazard zone;
3. The explosion hazard zone shall be upgraded locally at barriers, pits and corner pockets;
4. The range of the explosion hazard zone can be reduced by limiting, with such barriers as dams or walls, the
diffusion of the explosion gas mixture that is heavier than the air.

Article 4.2.9 Ventilation may be divided into the following types:

I. Natural ventilation
1. In outdoor unit areas, including outdoor pump stations and pipe racks, etc.;
2. Open or semi-open type buildings and structures. Proper openings or windows shall be arranged on the
roof when the relative density of the hazardous gas is less than and equal to 0.75 and the building shall be open
at the bottom when the same density is more than 0.75, both of the cases being natural ventilation
environments.
II. Common mechanical ventilation
With mechanical ventilation equipment provided at proper locations, the air circulation of the zone can be
improved and the hazardous grade of the environment can be lowered.
III. Local mechanical ventilation
1. The air extraction system on process equipment and storage vessels that release inflammable gas or vapor
continuously or periodically;
2. The exhaust system in local areas where the ventilation is not good;
3. Such locations as the air exhaust tank in the laboratory.
IV. No-ventilation area or barrier area
When the releasing source is in an environment without ventilation, the hazard zone might be upgraded. The
local grade shall be raised and the range of the hazard zone shall be enlarged at pits and corner pockets. Such
barriers as dams or walls can prevent the explosive gas from diffusion and reduce the range of the hazard zone.
In case there are pits, corner pockets and barriers, the density of the gas or vapor shall be considered in
determining the grade and range of the hazard zone. In a zone where the relative density of gas or vapor is less
than or equal to 0.75, the lower place is less hazardous as the explosive mixture does not tend to accumulate
there, but the higher place shall be paid attention to; while in a zone where the relative density of gas or vapor
is greater than 0.75, the higher place is less hazardous as the explosive mixture does not tend to accumulate
there, but the lower place, especially the depressed locations with poor air circulation, shall be paid attention to.

Section III Ranges of Gas or Vapor Explosion Hazard Zones

Article 4.3.1 The following factors shall be taken into account for determining the range of an explosive gas
hazard zone:
I. Explosive gas heavier than air
1. The vapor of liquefied petroleum gas with 1.5 ~ 2 relative density released above or near the ground can
spread very far along the surface of the ground, if the air flow is not strong enough to diffuse it, and its
hazardous range shall be considered cautiously.
2. A liquid with its flashing point lower than 28C tends to have its vapor volatilized naturally into the
atmosphere and, especially under a high temperature, can give off large volume of vapor which is diffused
quite far.
3. A liquid with its flashing point between 28C and 45C (including kerosene oil and multiple types of
solvents) can give off large volume of vapor when heated, increasing the hazard of the adjacent releasing
location, but its diffusion range will not extend very far as it will condense when cooled down by the air.
4. If the inflammable liquid’s flashing point is lower than its own maximum temperature, the explosive gas
mixture and hence the explosion hazard zone will exist.
5. Please refer to Fig. 4.3.1-1 ~ 4.3.1-3, Fig. 4.3.1-7 and Fig. 4.3.1-8 for the hazard zone range for the
explosive gas heavier than air.
II. Explosive gas lighter than air
1. These gases include hydrogen gas, methane and hydrocarbon with low molecular weight, in which the
hydrogen gas shall be paid special attention to as it is characterized by greater explosion range, higher flame
propagation speed, lower density, lower ignition energy and higher fire temperature.
2. The hazardous range of these gases is smaller under good ventilation conditions. Natural or mechanical
ventilation measures adopted in the upper space on the top of the buildings and structures will be effective.
3. Please refer to Fig. 4.3.1-4 and 4.3.1-6 for the hazard zone range for the explosive gas lighter than air.

Article 4.3.2 In an explosion hazard zone, a local part can be turned into a non explosion hazard zone if the
barotropic or continuous delusion measure is taken. But the following requirements shall be met:
I. The air source to be induced into the plenum room shall be safe and reliable, without any inflammable
substances, corrosive medium or mechanical foreign matters. For gas and vapor heavier than the air, the air
inlet shall be set over 1.5m above the space range of the explosion hazard zone;
II. The forced draught system used for the plenum shall have a backup fan. The pressure in the plenum shall
be maintained at 20Pa ~ 60Pa (2mm ~ 6mm water column) and an alarm shall be given when it falls below this
value;
III. The building shall be provided with enclosed non-combustible solid walls, non-opening fire-resistant
sealed windows and automatically airtight fire-resistant sealed doors;
IV. The inflammable gas concentration detector shall be provided, which shall give an alarm when the
concentration reaches 50% of the lower explosion limit of the explosive hazard mixture;
V. All the openings and trenches leading to the outside of the room shall be isolated and sealed with non-
combustible materials.

Article 4.3.3 For a production unit as a class 2 releasing source with the process equipment’s volume no
greater than 95m3, the pressure no more than 3.5 MPa and the flow no greater than 38L/s, the ranges of its
explosion hazard zones shall be determined according to the following rules (Fig. 4.3.1-1 ~ 9) based on the
practical experiences:
I. The pits and trenches below the ground in the explosion hazard zone shall be classed under zone 1;
II. The range centered at the releasing source, with a radius of 4.5m or to above the ground shall be classed
under zone 2.
 [图见原文 1160014 ~ 1160017 页。]

① Class 2 releasing source ② ground ③ pits & trenches, etc., below the ground ④ zone 1 ⑤ zone2 ⑥ Additional zone
2 (It is recommended to consider this only where releasing of large volume of inflammable substances is possible.) ⑦ Not
zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-1 Operation area with explosive gas heavier than air and good ventilation
(releasing source near the ground)

① Class 2 releasing source ② ground ③ pits & trenches, etc., below the ground ④ zone 1 ⑤ zone2 ⑥ Additional zone
2 (It is recommended to consider this only where
releasing of large volume of inflammable substances is possible.) ⑦ Not zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-2 Operation area with explosive gas heavier than air and good ventilation
(releasing source above the ground)

① Releasing source in closed object ①-2 Poor ventilation zone ② ground ③ pits & trenches, etc., below the ground ④
zone 1 ⑤ zone2
⑥ Additional zone 2 (It is recommended to consider this only where
releasing of large volume of inflammable substances is possible.) ⑦ Not zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-3 Operation area with explosive gas heavier than air and poor ventilation
Note: Either 15m from the releasing source or 3m outward from the exterior wall, whichever is greater.
① Releasing source ② ground ③ Bottom of closed zone ④ Max. 4.5m or to the ground ⑤ zone2 ⑥ Not zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-4 Compressor building with explosive gas lighter than air and good ventilation

① Releasing source ② ground ③ Bottom of closed zone ④ Max. 4.5m or to the ground ⑤ Zone 1 ⑥ Zone 2 ⑦ Not
zoned ⑧ Not zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-5 Compressor building with explosive gas lighter than air and poor ventilation

① Releasing source ② ground ③ Max. 4.5m or to the ground ④ Zone 2 ⑤ Not zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-6 Operation area with explosive gas lighter than air and good ventilation
① Storage tank inside dam ② Storage tank without dam ③ Dam ④ pits & trenches, etc., below the ground ⑤ Ground
⑥ Zone 1 ⑦ Zone 2 ⑧ Zone 0 ⑨ Not zoned ⑩ Liquid level 11. 1.5m radius range 12. Zone 0 13. Vent

Fig. 4.3.1-7 Outdoor storage tank above the ground (fixed) with explosive gas heavier than air

① Storage tank inside dam ② Storage tank without dam ③ Dam ④ pits & trenches, etc., below the ground ⑤ Ground
⑥ Zone 1 ⑦ Zone 2 ⑧ Not zoned

Fig. 4.3.1-8 Outdoor storage tank above the ground (floating roof) with explosive gas heavier than air

① Class 2 releasing source ② ground ③ pits & trenches, etc., below the ground ④ Zone 1 ⑤ Zone 2

Fig. 4.3.1-9 Inflammable liquid, inflammable liquefied gas, inflammable compressed gas and low
temperature liquid releasing sources above outdoor ground

Section IV Electrical units in gas or vapor explosion hazard environment

Article 4.4.1 Selection of explosion-proof electrical equipment shall be adapted to zoning of the explosion
hazard environment.

The class and group of the selected explosion-proof electrical equipment shall not be lower than those of the
explosive medium in the environment. When there exist two or more media which occupy certain proportions,
the electrical equipment shall be selected according to the class and group of the most hazardous medium. The
selected electrical equipment shall be marked with explosion-proof symbols.

Article 4.4.2 Please refer to Table 4.4.2 for selection of the explosion-proof structure of the electrical
equipment.

I. Classification of explosion-proof electrical equipment

Class I: electrical equipment used down the pits of coal mines

Class II: electrical equipment used in factories

II. Explosion-proof symbols of electrical equipment

1. The explosive gases are divided into 3 classes of IIA, IIB and IIC according to the greatest test safety gap
and into 6 groups of T1 to T6 according to the ignition temperature (refer to Addendum 2 for details).

The symbols in the table mean: 0 ---- applicable; △ — to be avoided as much as possible; * --- not applicable;
no symbol---not possible in structure or normally avoided.

Note: ① means the part producing sparks is a flame-proof or barotropic structure and the main body is a
enhanced safety type explosion-proof structure.

2. Various types of explosion-proof structures are as follows:

Flame-proof type d

Enhanced safety type e

Intrinsic safety type ia, ib

Barotropic type p

Oil filled type o

Sand filled type q

Sparkles type n

Special type s

Enclosed type m
 Table 4.4.2 Selection of the explosion-proof structures of electrical equipment
No. Explosion hazard zone Zone 0 Zone 1 Zone 2
Explosion-proof structure Intrinsic Flame- Baro- Oil Enhanced Intrinsic Intrinsic Flame- Baro- Oil Enhance Spark-
Electrical equipment safety proof tropic filled safety safety safety proof tropic filled d safety less
Squirrel cage induction motor 0 0 △ 0 0 0 0
Wound rotor induction motor △ △ 0 0 0① *
1 Motor Synchronous motor 0 0 * 0 0 0①
DC motor △ △ 0 0
Electromagnetic slip clutch (brushless) 0 △ * 0 0 0 △
Transformer (including startup) △ △ * 0 0 0 0
LV
2 Reactance coil (including startup) △ △ * 0 0 0 0
transformer
Transformer used for instrument △ * 0 0 0
Control switch and button 0 0 0 0 0 0
Operating box (pole) 0 0 0 0
Circuit breaker, blade 0 0
3 Electrical
Fuse 0
device
Electromagnet used for solenoid valve 0 0
Control panel, distribution panel 0 0
Fixed lighting fixture 0 * 0
Movable lighting fixture △ 0
Lighting
4 Portable battery light 0 0
fixture
Indicator light 0 * 0
Ballast 0 △ 0
Signal alarm device 0 0 * 0 0 0
Socket 0 0
5 Miscellaneous
Terminal box 0 △ 0
Electrical measurement meter 0 0 * 0 0
3. The explosion-proof symbol of the electrical equipment shall be composed of such 3 parts as the type of
explosion-proof structure and the class and group of the explosive gas.

1) Other explosion-proof electrical equipment than the flame-proof intrinsic safe ones shall not be marked
with IIA, IIB or IIC

2) In case of combination of more than one types, the explosion-proof type of the main body shall be marked
first and the other explosion-types next. For example, class II enhanced safety type main body with group T4
barotropic part: ep II T4.

3) For an electrical equipment in an environment where only one kind of media is allowed for use, its mark
may be represented with the chemical molecular formula or name of the said medium and the class and group
may be omitted. For example, class II flame-proof for ammonia environment (button): d II (NH) or d II
ammonia.

4) For class II electrical equipment, the temperature group or the maximum surface temperature or both may
be marked. For example, enhanced safety type used in factory with 125C maximum surface temperature: e II
T5 or e II (125C) or e II (125C) T5.

Article 4.4.4 General rules for electrical lines in an explosion hazard environment are as follows:

I. The electrical lines shall be laid in a less hazardous environment or at a location far from the releasing
resource:

1. When the gas and vapor are heavier than air, the electrical lines shall be laid at higher places or directly
embedded; cable trays shall be used for overhead arrangement; and the cable trenches shall be filled with sand
and provided with effective drainage;

2. When the gas and vapor are lighter than air, the electrical lines shall be laid at lower places or in cable
trenches.

II. The electrical lines should be laid outside the wall of explosion hazardous buildings and structures;

III. The holes and openings on walls or floors between different zones where the trenches, cable or tubing for
laying electrical lines pass through shall be tightly blocked with noncombustible materials;

IV. Places where the electrical lines are subject to mechanical damage, vibration, corrosion or heating should
be avoided for laying of the lines and, if it is not possible to avoid them, corresponding precautions shall be
taken;

V. The rated voltage of the cables or conductors used for LV power and lighting lines shall be less than the
operating voltage and no less than 500V; the operating neutral line shall have the rated voltage of its insulation
equal to that of the phase line and shall be laid together with the phase line in the same bushig or conduit;

VI. Both the phase line and neutral line in the single phase network of Zone 1 shall be provided with short
circuit protection and also with a double-pole switch for cutting off the phase and neutral lines simultaneously.

Article 4.4.5 Copper core cable shall be used in Zone 1 and the same should be used in Zone 2. In case an
aluminum core cable is used, the connection between the cable and the equipment shall be made with an
reliable copper-aluminum transit connector.
Article 4.4.6 The 6 ~ 10KV cable lines should be provided with residual current protections, which shall act
upon a trip in Zone 1 and at a signal in Zone 2.

Article 4.4.7 Except for the circuits in an intrinsic safety system, the technical requirements for cable and
conduit lines in Zone 1 and Zone 2 shall meet the specifications in Table 4.4.7-1 and 4.4.7-2.

Technical requirements for cable lines in explosion hazard environment Table 4.4.7-1
Item
Technical Min. sections of open cables or cables in trenches
Movable
requirements Terminal box
cable
Explosion hazard zone
Power Lighting Control

Copper core of Copper core of Copper core of

Zone 1 Flame-proof Heavy
2.5mm2 & above 2.5mm2 & above 2.5mm2 & above
Copper core of Copper core of Copper core of
Flame-proof
2 2 2
1.5mm & above or 1.5mm & above or 1.5mm & above
Zone 2 Enhanced medium
aluminum core of aluminum core of
safety
4mm2 & above 2.5mm2 & above

Technical requirements for conduit lines in explosion hazard environment Table 4.4.7-2
Item
Min. sections of open cables or cables in trenches Terminal box Conduit
Technical
requirements Branch box connection
Power Lighting Control Flexible box requirements
Explosion hazard zone
No less than 5
turns for conduit
Copper core of
Copper core of Copper core of thread connection
Zone 1 2 2
2.5mm2 & Flame-proof
2.5mm & above 2.5mm & above up to Dg 25mm
above
& no less than 6
turns for others

Copper core of Copper core of Copper core of

Flame-proof
1.5mm2 & above or 1.5mm2 & above or 1.5mm2 & above
Zone 2 Enhanced Ditto
aluminum core of aluminum core of
safety
4mm2 & above 2.5mm2 & above

Unarmored cable may be used when the plastic bushing cables are to be laid on cable bridges or cable trays.
The connection between aluminum core insulated conductors or cables shall be made by crimping, welding or
soldering.

Galvanized steel tubes used for delivery of low pressure fluid shall be adopted. The threaded part of the conduit
connection shall be applied with lead oil or phosphorized grease. Sealed connections with drainage of
condensate shall be provided on the pipeline where water might be condensed. Flexible connection pipes
should be used at connections with the electrical equipment.
Article 4.4.8 The sections of cables and insulated conductors in zone 1 and zone 2 shall be selected in
accordance with the following requirements:

I. The allowable current-carrying capacity of the conductor shall be no less than 1.25 times the rated current
of the fuse or 1.25 times the set current of the automatic switch long delay over current tripper (except for the
case described in 4.4.8II);

II. The long term allowable current-carrying capacity of the line leading to a squirrel induction motor with
voltage under 1000V shall be no less than 1.25 times the rated current of the motor.

Article 4.4.9 The electrical lines run in explosion-proof steel conduits in zone 1 and 2 shall be well sealed and
shall meet the following requirements:

I. It is necessary to provide isolating seals at the following locations in zone 1 and 2:

1. Between the conductor and the connecting part of the electrical equipment (in case of no isolating seal in
the connecting part of the electrical equipment);

2. Within 450mm from the terminal box on steel conduits over 50mm in size and in 15m spaces on steel
conduits over 50mm;

3. Between adjacent zone 1 and 2; between zone 1 / 2 and other adjacent hazardous environments or normal
environments;

4. Fibers shall be used in the seal as the bottom or interlayer of the packed layer; the effective thickness of the
packed layer must be greater than the inner diameter of the conduit in order to prevent the sealing mixture from
flowing out.

II. The connecting part used for isolating seal shall not be used as the connection or branch of the conductor.

Article 4.4.10 The following requirements shall be met for grounding:

I. It is stipulated in the technical specification for electrical equipment grounding design that the following
parts for which grounding is not necessary shall still be grounded:

1. On ground where the conductivity is poor, the normally dead metal enclosure of electrical equipment with
AC rated voltage up to 660V and DC rated voltage up to 440V ;

2. In a dry environment, the normally dead metal enclosure of electrical equipment with AC rated voltage up
to 127V and DC rated voltage up to 110V ;

3. Electrical equipment installed on metal structures already grounded.

II. Special grounding lines shall be used for all electrical equipment in zone 1 and all other electrical
equipment than the lighting fixtures in zone 2. The grounding line (PE line) should be an insulated wire and
shall be laid where easy checks can be made;

III. Metal tubing with reliable electrical connections may be utilized as the grounding for the lighting fixtures
in zone 2, but no piping for delivering explosion hazardous materials is allowed to be used for the same
purpose;

IV. The main grounding line shall be connected in different directions and in no less than two places in the
explosion hazard zone with the grounding conductor;
V. The grounding device of the electrical equipment shall be separated from the grounding device of the
independent lightning-rod for protection against direct thunder stroke; shall be combined with the grounding
device of the lightning arrester on building for protection against direct thunder stroke; and may also be
combined with the grounding device for lightning induction protection and static electricity protection. The
grounding resistance shall take the lowest value.

Section V Dust explosion hazard environment

Article 4.5.1 The following substances, when able to form an explosive mixture with air, may be classed
under dust explosion hazardous substance:

I. Explosive dust, such as magnesium, aluminum and aluminum bronze dust, etc.;

II. Flammable conductive dust, such as graphite, carbon black, coke, coal, iron, zinc and titanium dust, etc.;

III. Flammable nonconductive dust and fiber, such as polyethylene, phenol and sulfur dust and cotton, linen,
silk and wool fiber dust, etc.

Article 4.5.2 Precautions against dust explosion are as follows:

I. Corresponding precautions shall be taken against explosion hazard in accordance with the different
characteristics of the explosive dust or flammable dust. The lower explosion limit of the explosive dust or
flammable dust varies with the dispersity and humidity of the dust, its content of volatile substances and ash,
and the nature and temperature of the fire source;

II. The explosive dust and flammable dust and fiber easy to suspend in the air are more hazardous, for which
the following precautions shall be taken:

1. The hazardous substances should be enclosed in vessels to prevent leakage;

2. When the substance can not be processed in an enclosed status, its humidity shall be increased to prevent
the dust from flying and reduce the volume of suspended dust in the air;

3. The precipitated dust shall be removed regularly to prevent it from becoming suspending and leading to a
secondary explosion;

4. Occurrence of ignition energy and high temperature shall be restricted.

III. Outdoor or open type arrangement should be adopted; in case of an indoor arrangement, mechanical dust
removal and mechanical ventilation measures shall be taken and shall be accompanied by corresponding power
failure interlock;

IV. The range of the explosion hazard zone shall be limited and reduced and the equipment tending to have
leakage of explosive and flammable dusts shall be concentrated in a separate area;

V. An explosion hazard zone shall have at least two accesses, which shall lead to the non explosion hazard
zone, and shall have its doors opened to the less hazardous side;

VI. The automation level shall be enhanced and necessary emergency interlocks shall be adopted to prevent
mal-operation.
Article 4.5.3 Based on the frequency and duration of the occurrence of explosive or flammable dust
environment, the dust explosion hazard zones are classified as follows:

Zone 10: a zone where the explosive dust mixture environment occurs continuously or for long periods;

Zone 11: a zone where the explosive dust mixture environment occasionally occurs due to raising of the
accumulated dust from time to time.

Article 4.5.4 A zone meeting one of the following conditions may be classed under the non explosion hazard
zone:

I. Where a precipitator with good dust removal effect is provided and, in case of a shutdown of the said
precipitator, the process unit can be stopped by interlock;

II. A forced draft (FD) fan room serving the explosion hazard zone and partitioned with wall, without any
possible intrusion of flammable dust or fiber (if provided with an one-way air duct and fire retarding safety
devices);

III. Where the amount of explosion hazard substances used is not so big and the operation is carried out in an
exhaust cabinet or under an exhaust hood.

Article 4.5.5 The exhaust fan room that serves the explosion hazard zone shall be under the same hazard class
as the exhausted zone.

Article 4.5.6 When the range of an explosion hazard zone is determined, the volume, releasing rate,
concentration and physical features of the explosive or flammable dust and the practical experiences of similar
enterprises in similar industrial buildings shall be taken into consideration.

Article 4.5.7 The ranges of explosion hazard zones inside buildings shall be divided in the unit of room.

Article 4.5.8 The electrical units in dust explosion hazard environments shall meet the following stipulations:

I. The electrical equipment and lines, especially the electrical equipment that produce sparks during normal
operation, shall be arranged far from the releasing source and it is not recommended to use portable electrical
equipment;

II. The max. allowable surface temperature of the electrical equipment shall meet the requirements in Table
4.5.8;

Max. allowable surface temperature of electrical equipment Table 4.5.8

Ignition temperature group Equipment without overload Equipment with overload

T11 215C 195C
T12 160C 145C
T13 120C 110C

III. The selection and arrangement of the electrical equipment and lines shall meet not only the dust explosion
proof requirements but also the corrosion proof, weather proof and mechanical strain proof environmental
conditions, etc.;

IV. The operating button for the emergency exhaust fan motor shall be mounted where it can be easily operated
in case of an emergency;

V. Less sockets and local lighting fixtures shall be installed in a dust explosion hazard environment; the
sockets should be arranged where the explosive and flammable dust do not tend to accumulate and the local
lighting fixtures should be arranged where they will not be subject to the impact of air flow during an
emergency;

VI. Any electrical equipment that might have overload in a dust explosion hazard environment shall be
provided with a reliable overload protection;

VII. Selection of the explosion–proof electrical equipment: except that dust explosion-proof electrical
equipment with dust-proof structure (marked with DP) shall be used for a zone 11 environment with flammable
nonconductive dust and flammable fiber, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment with dust-tight structure
(marked with DT) shall be used for the environments in both zone 10 and zone 11.

Article 4.5.9 The electrical lines shall meet the following requirements:

I. Copper core cables shall be used for the HV line in zone 10, while aluminum core cables may be used for
the HV line in zone 11 except for the cases of severe vibration on the power consumption equipment and line;

Copper core insulated conductors or cables shall be used for all the lines in zone 10 and for the lines under
1000V for the power consumption equipment with severe vibration in zone 11;

II. In zone 10, both the phase and neutral lines in the double line single phase network shall be provided with
short circuit protection and also with a double-pole switch for cutting off the phase and neutral lines
simultaneously.

III. The cable lines in zone 10 and zone 11 shall have no intermediate connections;

IV. The 6 ~ 10KV cable lines shall be provided with residual current protections, which shall act upon a trip in
zone 10 and at a signal in zone 11.

V. The cable and conduit lines under 1000V shall meet the requirements in Table 4.5.9;

VI. For running of insulated conductors in zone 10, it is necessary to make isolation sealing between the
conductor and the connection part of the electrical equipment and between the same zone and other adjacent
areas. The connection part used for isolation sealing shall not be used as connection with or branch of the
conductor.

Article 4.5.10 The grounding requirements of the dust explosion hazard environment are the same as those
under Article 4.4.10.

Technical requirements for cable and conduit lines in dust explosion hazard environment Table 4.5.9
Item
Technical Min. sectional area
Terminal box, Conduit connection
requirements of wire Movable cable
branch box requirements
Explosion hazard zone (mm)

2.5mm2& above 5 turns & above of

Zone 1 Dust tight Heavy
Copper core engagement
 1.5mm2 & above
Dust tight
Copper core or 5 turns & above of
Zone 2 Dust-proof type is medium
2.5mm2 & above engagement
also allowed.
aluminum core

Note: 1) Galvanized steel tubes for delivering low pressure fluid shall be used;
2) The threaded part of the conduit connection shall be applied with lead oil or phosphorized grease.;
3) Sealed connections with drainage of condensate shall be provided where water might be condensed.

Section VI Fire hazard environment

Article 4.6.1 The following materials may be classed under fire hazardous substance:
I. The flammable liquid with its flashing point higher than the ambient temperature; the flammable liquid that
might be leaked but can not form an explosive mixture in case of higher operating temperature of the material
than the flashing point of the flammable liquid (such as the diesel oil, lube oil and transformer oil, etc.);
II. Flammable dust or fiber in suspended or stacked state which can not form an explosive dust mixture, such
as aluminum powder, coke powder, coal powder, synthetic resin powder and so on;
III. Solid state flammable substance, such as coal, timber and so on.

Article 4.6.2 Zoning of the fire hazard environment

The fire hazard environment are divided into zone 21, zone 22 and zone 23, in which respective flammable
substances described in Article 4.6.1 I, II and III exist and are in enough quantity and configuration to cause a
fire hazard.

Article 4.6.3 The electrical equipment in the fire hazard zone shall meet the following requirements:
I. Electrical equipment with sparks and high surface temperature of enclosure during normal operation shall
be arranged for from the flammable substances;
II. Distribution substations up to 10KV should not be arranged over or under fire hazard zones and, if they are
adjacent to any fire hazard zone, they shall meet the following requirements:
1. A distribution substation may be connected with the fire hazard zone through a corridor or an inner room,
the door of which shall be flame retardant and, except in zone 23, shall be provided with an automatic closing
device;
Distribution substations under 1000V may be connected with the fire hazard zone through a fire retardant door;
2. The partition wall and floor slab commonly used by a distribution substation and a fire hazard zone shall be
made of dense nonflammable material; the openings where piping and trenches pass through walls or floors
shall be tightly blocked with noncombustible materials;
3. The door of a transformer room and the window of a distribution room shall lead to a non fire hazard zone.
III. In case the gabarit of an outdoor transformer or power distribution unit is within 10m from the exterior wall
of the fire hazard zone building, the following requirements shall be met:
1. The wall on the side of the transformer or distribution unit shall be a nonflammable body;
2. In the range of the transformer’s or distribution unit’s height plus 3m and 3m from both sides of the
gabarit, there shall be no door, window or opening on the wall;
3. Above the horizontal line of the transformer’s or distribution unit’s height plus 3m (with the width of 3m
from both sides of the gabarit of the transformer or distribution unit), fixed window with metal wire glasses
made of noncombustible material may be installed on the wall.
IV. In a fire hazard environment, proper types of electrical equipment shall be selected for use according to
Table 4.6.3 and based on the class of the zone and application conditions.

Table 4.6.3 Selection of protection structures of electrical equipment

No. Fire hazard zone

Protection Zone 21 Zone 22 Zone 23

structure
Electrical equipment
Fixed installation IP44① IP21②
1 motor IP54
Movable and portable IP54 IP54
Electrical Fixed installation Oil filled IP54, IP44③ IP44
2 devices & IP54
Movable and portable IP54 IP44
instrument

Lighting Fixed installation IP2X

3
fixtures Movable and portable
IP5X
4 Power distribution unit IP54 IP2X
5 Terminal box

Note: ① In zone 21, it is not recommended to use motors with IP44 structure for components that have sparks
during normal operation
② In zone 23, IP44 structure instead of IP21 structure shall be adopted for motors of components that
have sparks during normal operation.
③ In zone 21, it is not recommended to adopt IP44 structure for electrical devices and instruments that
have sparks during normal operation.
 Chapter V Distribution Substation

Section I Location

Article 5.1.1 The location of a distribution substation shall be selected on the basis of comprehensive
consideration of the following requirements:

I. Near the load center;

II. Close to the power line;

III. Convenient for outgoing line and suitable for future development;

IV. The following places or pollution sources shall be avoided:

1. Places with high temperature, severe vibration and accumulated water;

2. The pollution sources or emission points of dust, vapor, mist or corrosive gases, etc.

Article 5.1.2 The distribution substation shall not be located in an explosion hazard zone.

In case the distribution substation is partially located in an explosion hazard zone, the part in the explosion
hazard zone shall meet the following requirements:

1. It shall be provided with air-tight noncombustible solid walls, without any door;

2. When windows are necessary, air-tight windows made of fire-retardant materials and not able to be opened
shall be adopted.

Section II Power Supply & Distribution System

Article 5.2.1 The voltage of the generator for a production unit shall be at the same level as the distribution
voltage of the same unit.

Article 5.2.2 AC 400V/230V three phase four wire system shall be adopted for the voltage of the emergency
generator.

Article 5.2.3 For large size motors, large size electrical furnaces and other large-capacity loads, the
instantaneous voltage fluctuation caused by their cutting into the power distribution network shall be checked.
When the voltage fluctuation on the distribution bus go beyond the allowable range, the following measures
shall be taken:

I. Separate the power supply circuits with a reasonable power supply method;

II. Limit the starting current by step-down startup, etc.;

III. Reduce the simultaneous self-start capacity;

IV. Use motors with smaller starting current;

V. Reduce the line impedance;

VI. Increase the short circuit capacity of the power supply system;
VII. Use dynamic reactive power compensator;

VIII. Provide the generator with a fast automatic excitation regulator.

Article 5.2.4 6 ~ 10KV power network voltage distortion limit (phase voltage) shall not exceed the value
specified in the Provisional Specification for Power System Harmonic Management (SD126-84). When the
specified value is exceeded, measures shall be taken to restrain the high harmonic wave.

Article 5.2.5 For 6 ~ 10KV power distribution for the distribution substation of the production unit, a
radioactive system and no more than 2 power distribution steps should be adopted.

Article 5.2.6 For 6 ~ 10KV buses, single bus or single bus sectionalized connection should be adopted. The
process flow and other conditions shall be taken into consideration for sectionalization of the bus and the power
consumers in the same production section should be connected to the same section of bus.

Article 5.2.7 6 ~ 10KV distribution outgoing feeders should be controlled with circuit breakers, but the
electric furnace transformer and motor circuits without big capacity may be controlled with fuses ---- vacuum
contactors.

Article 5.2.8 For fixed switch cabinets with possible power feedback on the 6 ~ 10KV outgoing circuits,
disconnectors shall be added to the line side of the circuit breakers.

Article 5.2.9 Where the single phase grounding capacity current in a 6 ~ 10KV network is over 30A,
compensation measures shall be taken.

Article 5.2.10 380V/220V three phase four wire or three phase five wire system should be adopted for LV
distribution voltage.

Article 5.2.11 Single bus or single bus sectionalized connection should be adopted on the LV side of the
substation. The LV distribution system shall be adapted to the process flow and all the power consumers in the
same production section should be supplied by the same bus. The LV auxiliary power supply for an HV power
consumer shall be in the same system as the HV power supply.

Article 5.2.12 The quantity and capacity of transformers shall be determined according to the nature and size
of the loads and the cost effectiveness of power supply. When motor restart is considered, the said quantity and
capacity shall also be checked against the restart capacity.

Article 5.2.13 When the production unit is provided with a special lighting transformer, the maintenance load
may share a common transformer with it.

Article 5.2.14 Single phase power consumers should be distributed equally among the three phases. The
neutral line current caused by unbalanced single phase loads must not exceed the valued specified for the
transformer selected for use.

Article 5.2.15 When the power factor on the 6 ~ 10KV side of the unit’s substation is lower than 0.9, it is
recommended to provide an reactive power compensator.

Article 5.2.16 The reactive power compensation measures are described as follows:

I. Use a synchronous motor;

I. Use a parallel capacitor group;

III. Utilize the generator of the unit.

Article 5.2.17 When the parallel capacitor is used for compensation, local compensation near the place with
greater reactive load is recommended. On the basis of technical and economic comparison, centralized
compensation combined with distributed local compensation may also be adopted.

Section III Operation Power Supply

Article 5.3.1 For 6 ~ 10KV distribution substation, silicon rectified nickel-cadmium battery should be used as
the operation power supply and AC power operation power supply may also be used.

Article 5.3.2 AC operation power supply is normally used for an LV distribution substation. Silicon rectified
nickel-cadmium battery may also be used as the operation power supply, according to the requirements of the
automatic unit and relay protection.

Section IV Selection of 6 ~ 10KV Major Electrical devices

Article 5.4.1 The following principles shall be observed in selection of major electrical devices:

I. The maximum allowable operating voltage of the electrical device shall not be lower than the maximum
operating voltage of the circuit it is connected to;

II. The rated current of the electrical device shall not be lower than the continuous operating current of the
circuit it is connected to under all possible operating modes;

III. The short circuit current used for checking the electrical device’s dynamic / hot stability and breaking
current shall be calculated according to the designed capacity of the power system and considering the
development prospect of 5 ~ 10 years;

IV. The short circuit current used for checking the electrical devices shall be calculated as follows:

1. The attenuation time constant of short circuit and the short circuit of LV network shall be calculated, but
the resistance of all the elements shall be omitted in calculation;

2. The feedback current of a motor with feedback function shall be calculated.

V. On a circuit without any reactor, the point with the biggest short circuit current under normal operation
wiring conditions shall be selected as the short circuit calculation point;

On a circuit with reactors, except that a point before the reactor shall be selected as the short circuit calculation
point for the lead and bush before the spacer between the bus and the disconnector, a point after the reactor
should be selected for all the other conductors and electrical devices;

VI. Calculation of the dynamic/hot stability and breaking current of electrical devices may be checked with
three phase short circuit current and, in case a self-supply generator is provided and the two phase short circuit
current at its outlet is greater than the three phase short circuit current, may also be checked with two phase
short circuit current;

VII. The conductors and electrical devices with fuse protection may be omitted from checking of the hot
stability, and the dynamic stability of naked conductors and electrical devices shall still be checked except for
those protected by fuses with current limiting function;

Checking of the dynamic and hot stability may be omitted for potential transformer (PT) circuit with fuse
protection;

VIII. When the electrical devices are selected, the above mentioned shall be checked according to the local
atmospheric temperature, humidity, altitude and seismic conditions.

Article 5.4.2 The following principles shall be observed in selection of HV circuit breakers:

I. When the current breaking capability of the circuit breaker is checked, the breaking current shall be used
instead of the breaking capacity. The actual breaking time (the sum of relay protection acting time and circuit
breaker opening time) and the short circuit current should be used as the checking conditions;

II. For a circuit breaker with an automatic recloser, the influence of reclosing on the rated breaking current
shall be taken into consideration;

III. The closing current of the circuit breaker shall be no less than the maximum impulse value of the short
circuit current;

IV. For a circuit breaker used for cutting in the parallel compensation capacitor group, the multiple of the
operating over-voltage shall be checked and corresponding measures shall be taken to restrain the over-voltage;
the rated current of the circuit breaker shall be no less than 1.35 times that of the capacitor group;

V. It is recommended to adopt vacuum circuit breakers and for circuits that are operated frequently, vacuum
circuit breakers shall be adopted.

Article 5.4.3 Power capacitor

I. The stable over-voltage on the capacitor shall not exceed 1.1 times its rated voltage.

II. To select the capacity of a single set of single phase capacitor, the capacitor with lager capacity should be
selected, on condition that the capacity is equally distributed among three phase and approaches the calculated
total compensation capacity.

III. For capacitors with single set capacity of 100kvar and above, those with internal discharge resistors shall
be selected.

Article 5.4.4 The following principles shall be observed in selection of serial reactors:

I. The reactance value of the serial reactor used for limiting the closing surge current shall be selected
according to the surge current allowed by the circuit breaker, current transformer (CT) and other equipment;

II. The reactance of the serial reactor used for limiting the high harmonic wave and surge current shall render
the circuit’s total impedance to the restrained harmonic inductive, with (5% ~ 6%) Xc to be selected for
harmonics that are restrained 5 times or more and (12% ~ 13%) Xc to be selected for those restrained 3 times or
more;

III. When the secular max. allowable current of the serial reactor is equal to 1.35 times the rated current of the
capacitor, the actual reactance shall not be less than 90% of the rated capacitance.

Article 5.4.5 The following principles shall be observed in selection of current transformers (CT)
I. For a 6 ~ 10KV indoor distribution unit, it is recommended to adopt the CT with resin casted insulation
structure;

II. The rated primary current of the CT at the neutral point of a power transformer shall be greater than the
unbanlanced current allowed by the transformer;

The dynamic stability multiple shall be checked with the short circuit current that flows through the
transformer’s neutral point at a single phase short circuit;

III. The zero sequence CT for a neutral point non-direct grounding system shall be selected and checked
according to the following requirements:

1. The starting current of the primary circuit shall be determined according to the secondary current and
protection sensitivity;

2. The window diameter of the cable type zero sequence CT shall be selected according to the number and
outer diameter of the cables;

3. The bus section of the bus type zero sequence CT shall be selected according to the rated current;

IV. The dimension of the bus allowed to pass through the window shall be checked for the bus type CT;

V. Selection of CT’s shall meet the stipulations under relevant standard for secondary wiring.

Article 5.4.6 The following principles shall be observed in selection of potential transformers (PT)

I. For a 6 ~ 10KV indoor distribution unit, it is recommended to adopt a electromagnetic type PT with resin
cast insulation structure;

II. Wiring of the PT should be made simple as long as the secondary voltage and load requirements are met
and, when zero sequence voltage is required, 3 sets of single phase three winding PT’s should be used;

III. For the PT in a neutral point non-direct grounding system, harmonic extinguishing measures shall be taken;

IV. The voltage of the third winding shall be 100V for the PT in a neutral point direct grounding system and
shall be 100V/3 for the PT in a neutral point non-direct grounding system;

V. An electromagnetic type PT can be used concurrently as the energy discharge equipment for the parallel
compensation capacitor group, but there shall be no breaking point between the PT and the capacitor group;

VI. Selection of PT’s shall meet the stipulations of relevant standard for secondary wiring.

Article 5.4.7 The following principles shall be observed in selection of lightning arresters:

I. The continuous operating voltage of the metallic oxide lightning arrester shall not be lower than the secular
operating voltage applied on the terminal of the lightning arrester;

II. The arc extinguishing of the valve lightning arrester shall not be lower than the power frequency over-
voltage occurring in the system; the rated voltage of the metallic oxide lightning arrester should be selected
according to the power frequency over-voltage occurring in the system, taking into account its duration and
initial energy;

In the neutral point non-direct grounding system, the arc extinguishing voltage or rated voltage shall be no
lower than the maximum operating line voltage;
III. For a common valve lightning arrester providing only protection against atmospheric over-voltage, the
lower peak limit of its power frequency discharge voltage shall be higher than the expected operating over-
voltage level at its installation location;

IV. The impulse discharge voltage and residual voltage of the lightning arrester, added with a proper margin,
shall be lower than the reference impulse insulation level of the distribution equipment; it is recommended to
take the residual voltage under the following impulse currents as the basis for insulation matching;

1. Lightning arrestor for protection of rotating machines: 3KA;

2. 6 ~10KV valve lightning arrester: 5KA;

V. For a valve lightning arrester providing protection against operating over-voltage, its rated through current
capacity shall be no less than the impulse current that flows through the lightning arrester during system
operation; the operating impulse current to occur when the no load line and the parallel capacitor group are cut
in shall be so calculated that all the accumulated energy can be discharged through the lightning arrester;

For metallic oxide lightning arresters, the energy absorbed by the lightning arrester at the installation location
under the influence of one time of operating over-voltage shall be checked first;

VI. Plateau type lightning arresters shall be adopted in high altitude regions;

VII. For a lightning arrester providing protection of the rotating motor neutral point insulation, the magnetic
blow-out arrester or metallic oxide arrester should be adopted, whose rated voltage shall be no lower than the
maximum operating phase voltage of the motor.

Section V Arrangement of Transformers & Distribution Units

Article 5.5.1 The type and architectural arrangement of the distribution substation shall meet the following
requirements:

I. Indoor distribution substation is recommended;

II. The distribution substation shall be provided with necessary accessory buildings according to the actual
requirements and on the principle of cost saving;

The attended distribution substations shall be provided with separate duty room and maintenance room,, as well
as rest rooms and toilets for men and women;

III. The transformer room and reactor and capacitor room should avoid western exposure;

IV. The control room should avoid western exposure and face a good direction;

V. Cable trench wiring is recommended for the distribution unit room. In case of a big quantity of cables,
cable room wiring may be adopted, with the clear height under the beam in a cable room to be no lower than
1.8m. The bottom floor cable room may be underground, semi-underground or above-ground type depending
on the actual under ground water level;

VI. The ground level of a distribution unit room shall meet the following requirements:
1. In case of a higher underground water level, the bottom of the cable trench should not be lower than the
said water level;

2. When not limited by the underground water level, it should be over 300mm higher than the outdoor ground
level;

3. When adjacent to an explosion hazard zone, it shall be over 600mm higher than the outdoor ground level.

Article 5.5.2 The arrangement of transformers shall meet the following requirements:

I. The distribution transformer in a substation may be installed indoor, outdoor or semi-outdoor, depending
on the specific environmental conditions;

II. The shall be no less than the values listed in Table 5.5.2:

Table 5.5.2 Min. clearance between gabarit of transformer and walls &

door of transformer room (m)

Transformer capacity (kVA)

100 ~ 1000 1250 and above

Description

Clearance between transformer and rear/side

0.6 0.8
walls

Clearance between transformer and door 0.8 1.0

III. Outdoor or semi-outdoor transformers shall be surrounded with fixed rails, with the clearance from the
gabarit of the transformer to the external wall of the building no less than 0.8m, the bottom of the transformer
no less than 0.3m from the ground, the clearance between the gabarit of adjacent transformers no less than
1.5m and the fire protection clearance between adjacent transformers no less than 10m in case of a class 1 load;
when it is difficult to meet these requirements, fire protection walls shall be provided;

IV. The core lifting equipment, if any, in a transformer room may be considered according to the weight of the
transformer’s core.

Article 5.5.3 The arrangement of the distribution units shall meet following requirements:

I. The HV and LV distribution units may be arranged in different columns in the same room and, in case of
less HV switch cabinets, may also be arranged in the same column, but with the clearance between them to be
no less than 2m;

II. For HV distribution units, 1 ~ 2 backup cabinets and empty positions of 10% ~20% in backup cabinets
shall be reserved for each section of bus and rooms for development should be left;

III. For LV distribution units, backup outgoing circuits of no less than 20% shall be provided for each bus
section and there should be no less than one backup circuit for each capacity level of outgoing circuits, with
backup positions to be reserved at the same time;

IV. The arrangement dimension of an HV switch cabinet shall not be less than that listed in Table 5.5.3-1;
V. The arrangement dimension of an HV distribution panel shall not be less than that listed in Table 5.5.3-2;

VI. The arrangement dimensions of various panels in the control room shall not be less than those listed in
Table 5.5.3-3;

Table 5.5.3-1 Arrangement dimensions of hv switch cabinets (mm)

Operating walkway Arranged against wall

Type of switch Maintenance
Single column Double column
cabinets walkway back side
arrangement arrangement
Fixed type 1800 2300 1000 50 200
Cart type Single cart L+1200 Double cart L+900 1000 -- --

Table 5.5.3-1 Arrangement dimensions of lv distribution panels (mm)

Type of Operating walkway Arranged against wall

Maintenance
distribution Single column Double column walkway back side
panels arrangement arrangement
Fixed type 1500 2000 1000 50 200
Drawer type 1600 2000 1000 -- --

Table 5.5.3-1 Arrangement dimensions of various panels (mm)

Opposite sides Panel front Panel back Wall

Panel front 1800 1500 1500
Panel back -- 1000 1200
Panel sides -- -- 1200

VII. The distribution unit and control room should be provided with two accesses, which shall be arranged at
the two ends. In case of two floors or more, the access on the upper floor should lead to the platform of the
outdoor staircase, which is also used as the equipment lifting platform and whose bearing capacity and
dimension shall suffice the weight and dimension of the largest equipment to be handled.
When the LV distribution unit is longer than 6m, its maintenance walkway shall be provided with two accesses
leading to the same room or the other rooms and, in case the distance between the two accesses exceeds 15m,
more access shall be added.
When the HV distribution unit room on the ground floor is shorter than 7m and the LV distribution unit room
on the ground floor is shorter than 8m, one access may be provided;
VIII. Protection measures against closing of magnetic conducting circuit shall be taken for through wall bushes
with over 1500A of current and through wall spacers for CT;
IX. HV distribution unit room with oil circuit breakers should be provided with an emergency exhaust fan,
whose ventilation frequency shall be no less than 6 times per hour.

Article 5.5.4 The arrangement of parallel capacitor units shall meet the following requirements:
I. The indoor HV capacitor unit shall be installed in a separate room and the LV capacitor panel with
centralized compensation may be installed in the LV distribution unit room;
II. The arrangement of outdoor concentrated capacitors shall meet same requirements as described under 5.5.2
III.
Section VI Relevant Requirements for Buildings

Article 5.6.1 The roof of a substation located in a hot region shall be provided with a thermal insulation layer
and shall be properly increased in height. When western exposure can not be avoided for the control room, sun
shading measures shall be taken. The roof of a substation in a cold region shall also be provided with a thermal
insulation layer.

Article 5.6.2 Terrazzo floors should be adopted for the control room and HV/LV distribution room of a
substation.

Article 5.6.3 The internal wall surfaces of a substation shall be treated according to the following
requirements:
I. The walls and the non-suspended ceiling of the control room should be coated with paint;
II. The walls of the distribution unit room, capacitor room and transformer room shall be plastered and
whitened and their ceilings shall be whitened but not plastered.

Article 5.6.4 The doors and windows of a substation shall be arranged according to the following
requirements:

I. The doors of the control room, distribution unit room, capacitor room and transformer room shall all be
opened to the outside and the doors between the first three, if any, shall be opened to both directions;

II. The doors of the distribution unit room and capacitor room leading outdoors shall be installed with spring
locks;

III. The ventilation windows of the distribution unit room, capacitor room and transformer room shall be
protected against entry of petty animals;

IV. The doors leading outdoors and the windows able to be opened in the control room shall be provided with
screen doors and windows.

Article 5.6.5 Natural lighting shall be adopted for the control room and should be adopted for the distribution
unit room and capacitor room.

Article 5.6.6 Effective water proof measures shall be taken for the cable trenches and cable room of the
distribution substation.

A distribution substation with operators on duty and a maintenance room shall be provided with washbasins
and a mob sink.

Article 5.6.7 The heating and ventilation of a distribution substation shall meet the following requirements:

I. The values listed in Table 5.6.7 should be taken for the temperature conditions of various rooms in the
distribution substation;
 Table 5.6.7 Temperature conditions of various rooms in a distribution substation (c)

Air outlet temperature & temp.

Temperatures in winter/summer
difference in summer
No. Description
Inlet/outlet temp.
Winter Summer max. Outlet temp.
difference
1 Control room 16 ~ 18 32 -- --
2 Battery room 10 ~ 15 40 -- --
3 Capacitor room  40
4 Reactor room  55  30
5 Transformer room  45  15
6 Distribution unit room 5 ~ 10* 40

Note: *indicates when the distribution unit is under non-centralized control in the heating area.

II. Natural ventilation is normally adopted for the substation and mechanical ventilation may be adopted for
the capacitor unit room, reactor room and HV distribution unit room;

In case of mechanical ventilation, the air duct shall be made from nonflammable materials;

In case of high dust content in the ambient air, the air to be sent into the room shall be purified;

III. The distribution unit room shall be heated with light tube radiator, the tubing of which shall be welded,
without any valve.

Article 5.6.8 There shall be no irrelevant piping passing through the control room, distribution unit room,
capacitor room and transformer room and the holes and openings where the relevant pipes go through the walls
and floors shall be tightly blocked.

Article 5.6.9 The cable trenches should be provided with reinforced concrete slab covers. Chequered plate
covers may be used where they need be frequently opened for maintenance. The covers shall be smooth and
steady, light and convenient, and covers with lifting rings shall be properly arranged.

Section VII Fire Protection Requirements

Article 5.7.1 Except that the oil-immersed transformer room is under grade 1 fire protection, all the other
buildings in a distribution substation are under grade II fire protection.

Article 5.7.2 In one of the following cases, the doors of the transformer room shall be fire protection doors:

I. The transformer room is located in the workshop;

II. The transformer room is located where flammable dust and fibers tend to deposit;

III. The transformer room is located on the second floor and above of a building.

Article 5.7.3 When the gabarit of an outdoor oil-immersed transformer is within 5m from the external wall of
the building, there shall be no door/window and vents on the wall in the range of the transformer ’s total height
gabarit plus 3m on both sides (1.5m on both sides when the transformers oil is under 1000kg).

Article 5.7.4 In one of the following cases, the transformer room shall be provided with an oil retaining
facility that can accommodate 100% of the transformer oil or a drainage measure for draining the oil to a safe
place:

I. The transformer room is located where flammable dust and fibers tend to deposit;

II. The transformer room is located on the second floor and above of a building.

Article 5.7.8 In an outdoor or semi-outdoor substation, when the transformer oil is 1000kg or more, an oil
retaining facility than can accommodate 100% of the oil amount shall be provided.
 Chapter VI Selection & Laying of Cables

Section I Selection of Cables

Article 6.1.1 The cables shall be selected in accordance with such conditions as the ambient environment, the
technical parameters of the power consumers and the laying method.

Article 6.1.2 The materials of the cables shall be selected according to the following stipulations:
I. In the following cases, copper core cables shall be adopted:
1. Explosion hazard environments of zone 1 or zone 10;
2. Environments containing substances corrosive to aluminum;
3. Frequently moved cables;
4. Environments with sever vibration;
5. Excitation circuits of DC motors and synchronous motors;
6. Control circuits or other secondary circuits.
II. Copper core cables should be used for the cable lines in the explosion hazard environment of zone 2.

Article 6.1.3 The sectional area of a cable line shall be selected according to the secular allowable current-
carrying capacity in which all correction factors are takes into account. The hot stability of the cable shall be
checked with the three phase short circuit current under allowable voltage loss and maximum system operating
condition.
Checking of the short circuit hot stability may be omitted for cable lines with fuse protection or for LV
distribution.

Article 6.1.4 Crosslinking polyethylene insulated cable should be adopted for HV cable lines; while PVC or
crosslinking polyethylene insulated cable should be adopted for LV cable lines.

Article 6.1.5 Cables with plastic bushings should be used for open cable lines; corresponding armored cables
shall be used where mechanical damage might occur; steel band armored cables should be used for direct
embedded lines; and flexible stranded cables shall be used in environments with severe vibration.

Article 6.1.6 The method of using a 3 core cable plus a single core cable as the neutral line shall not be
adopted for the power cable used in an LV three phase four wire system.

Article 6.1.7 When different heat radiation conditions exist along the route of the cable, the line section under
the worst radiation condition (no less than 10m) shall be taken as the basis for consideration.

Article 6.1.8 When multiple cables are laid in parallel in a cable trench filled with sand, the comprehensive
factor for reduced the current-carrying capacity (including soil heat resistance factor, multiple cable parallel
laying factor and temperature factor) shall be taken into account, which should be 0.5 ~ 0.6.
The cable current-carrying capacity shall be corrected according to the ambient temperature where the cable is
laid. Please refer to Table 6.1.8-1.
When the ambient environment is air, the maximum mean atmospheric temperature of the hottest month at the
cable laying location shall be taken as the air temperature.
When the ambient environment is soil, the mean ground temperature of the hottest month over the years at the
cable laying location shall be taken as the soil temperature.
The air temperature plus 5 C may be taken as the temperature in the cable trench.
Please refer to Table 6.1.8-2 for the correction factor of the soil heat resistance factor.
The cable current-carrying capacity shall also be corrected according to the cable laying method. Please refer to
Table 6.1.8-3, 6.1.8-4 and 6.1.8-5.
For checking the short circuit hot stability, the maximum allowable temperature of the cable core can be found
in Table 6.1.8-6.

Table 6.1.8-1 Current-carrying capacity correction factor at varied ambient temperature

Working temp. Current-carrying capacity correction factors under different ambient temperatures C
of core (C) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
90 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.03 1.0 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83
80 1.17 1.13 1.09 1.04 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80
65 1.22 1.17 1.12 1.06 1.0 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.71
60 1.25 1.20 1.13 1.07 1.0 0.93 0.85 0.76 0.66
50 1.34 1.26 1.18 1.09 1.0 0.90 0.78 0.63 0.45

Table 6.1.8-2 Correction factors for different soil heat resistance factors

Cable section Soil heat resistance factor Pr (cm  C / W)

(mm2) 60 80 120 160 200
2.5 ~ 16 1.06 1.0 0.90 0.83 0.77
25 ~ 95 1.08 1.0 0.88 0.80 0.73
120 ~ 240 1.09 1.0 0.86 0.78 0.71

Note: ① Common soil means the soil in normal plain areas, such as North China and Northeast China, and
120cm  C / W may be taken as Pr.
② Dry soil means the soil in plateau areas, mountain areas with little rainfall, dry hilly land and so on
and 160 ~ 200cm  C / W may be taken as Pr.
③ Damp soil means the soil in coastal, lake side and river side areas and such areas with much rainfall
as East China, South China and so on, and 60 ~ 80cm  C / W may be taken as Pr.

Table 6.1.8-3 Current-carrying capacity correction factor for

multiple embedded cables laid in parallel

Number of parallel
cables
Clearance between 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
cables (mm)
100 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.69
200 1.00 0.92 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.73 0.78 0.77
300 1.00 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83
 Table 6.1.8-4 Current-carrying capacity correction factor for

multiple cables laid in parallel in air

Qty. of cables 1 2 3 4 5 4 6

d      
Parallel mode s  
  

Cable S=d 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.75

center S=2d 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.90
distance S=3d 1.00 1.10 1.00 0.98 0.96 1.00 0.96
Note: When the outer diameters of the cables laid in parallel are different, the mean outer diameter of the cables
may be taken as value d.

Table 6.1.8-5 Current-carrying capacity correction factor for cables laid in bundle in cable bridge
Laying method
Number of cable layers
Ladder support Cable tray
1 layer 0.8 0.7
2 layers 0.65 0.55
3 layers 0.55 0.5
4 layers 0.5 0.45

Note: ① The influence of alternated laying of power cable and control cable, power cable load rate and
simultaneous factor has been taken into consideration for the correction factors listed in this table
② A cable bundle is normally composed of 6 ~ 10 or more cables.
③ The temperature factor is not included.

Table 6.1.8-6 Max. allowable temperature of cable core at short circuit C

Max. allowable temperature C

Description
Copper core Aluminum core
Crosslinking polyethylene insulated cable 250 200
EPR insulated cable 250 --
PVC insulated cable 130 130
Rubber insulated cable 100 100

Section II General Requirements for Cable Laying

Article 6.2.1 The following principles shall be observed in selection of the routes of cable lines:

I. Easy laying and short route;

II. Places with possible external damages, vibration, corrosion and heating should be avoided;

III. Far from the releasing sources of explosion hazardous gas or vapor;
IV. Along the less hazardous side of the piping when the cable is laid along a pipeline or pipe rack delivering
inflammable gas or liquid; above the pipe when the inflammable gas or vapor is heavier than air and below the
pipe when it is lighter than air;

V. Convenient for maintenance and repair.

Article 6.2.2 Where the cable lines enter or leave the cable room, cable shaft, cable trench and so on and the
holes and openings for the cable lines to pass through the walls or floors between different explosion hazard
environments shall be tightly blocked.

Article 6.2.3 The cable supports shall be made from noncombustible materials and the steel supports, if used,
shall be galvanized. The supports should be applied with anticorrosion painting or spray painting.

Article 6.2.4 The bending radius of the cable shall be no less than that specified in Table 6.2.4.

Table 6.2.4 Cable bending radius to outer diameter ratio

Cable types Single core Multi core

Crosslinking polyethylene insulated cable 20 15
EPR insulated cable 10 10
PVC insulated cable 10 10

Article 6.2.5 Refer to Table 6.2.5 for the maximum distance between cable supports or fixed points.

Table 6.2.5 Maximum distance between cable supports or fixed points

Cable laying method Power cable (mm) Control cable (mm)

Horizontal laying 1000 800
Vertical laying 1500 1000

Section III Cable Laying Method

Article 6.3.1 Open laying of cables shall meet the following requirements:
I. Cable supports, cable bridges (ladder supports, trays and troughs), overhead galleries and steel cable
suspension may be adopted for open laying of cables;
II. For open laying of unarmored cables indoor, those parts under 2.5m from the ground in case of horizontal
laying and under 1.8m from the ground in case of vertical laying shall be protected against mechanical damage,
except for open laying in a special electrical room (e.g. the distribution room, motor room, etc.);
III. Where the cables pass through walls or floors, they shall be run in pipes or protected with other measures;
IV. Direct sunlight should be avoided for outdoor open cables;
V. In case the cables are horizontally suspended on steel cables, the space between the power cable fixed
points shall be no greater than 0.75m and that between the control cable fixed points shall be no greater than
0.6m;
VI. The clearance between the open cable and the thermal piping shall be no less than 1m, otherwise thermal
insulation measures shall be taken; the clearance between the open cable and other piping shall be no less than
0.5m, other wise mechanical damage protection measures shall be taken.
The cross clearance between the open cable and the thermal insulated vapor piping and general piping should
be no less than 0.2m, but mechanical damage protection measures shall be taken when the cross clearance falls
under 0.5m (no less than 0.5m from the outer side of the piping).

Article 6.3.2 Direct embedding of cables shall meet the following requirements:
I. Two power cable lines supplying power to the same load point should be separately laid or their horizontal
spacing shall be increased if separate laying is impossible;
II. Permanent marks shall be provided for the cable lines at the terminals, bends and intermediate connections
and every 30 ~ 50m along the straight lines;
III. The parallel or cross clearances of the cable lines with various facilities shall be no less than the values
listed in Table 6.3.2. It is strictly forbidden to lay the cable in parallel over or under the pipe;

Table 6.3.2 Min. clearance of direct embedded cables from various facilities
Laying conditions
Description
Parallel Cross
Foundations of buildings and structures 0.6
Electrical wire poles 0.6
Trees 1.5
Underwood 0.5
Communication cables 0.5 0.5
Thermal pipe trenches 2.0 (0.5) (0.5)
Water piping and compressed air piping 1.0 (0.25) 0.5 (0.25)
Flammable gas & inflammable liquid piping 1.0 0.5
Oil piping 1.0 0.5
Other piping 0.5 0.5
Railroad (from rails when in parallel and rail flange
3.0 1.0
when crossed)
Highway (from curb when in parallel and surface
1.5 1.0
when crossed)
Road (from curb when in parallel and surface
1.0 0.7
when crossed)
Drainage trenches (from trench side when in
1.0 0.5
parallel and trench bottom when crossed)

Note: ① The clearances listed in the table shall start from the outer edges of various facilities.
② The road lamp cables are in parallel with underwood along the road and the distance is not limited.
③ The values in parenthesis in the table mean the minimum allowable local clearances of cables that are
protected with pipes, spacers or thermal insulation.

IV. The surface of the cable shall be no less than 0.8m from the ground surface and the embedding depth of
cables in cold areas shall be properly increased according to the freezing depth of the soil;

V. Cables shall be routed away from corrosive places or, when it is necessary to pass through the said places,
plastic bushing cables shall be used or other anticorrosion measures shall be taken;
VI. The direct embedded cables shall be laid with 100mm soft soil or sand layers (containing no stones or other
hard matters) over and under them and covered with concrete slabs or bricks, with the covering width
extending beyond both sides of the cables by 50mm;

VII. Cables shall be protected with pipes at their crossing points with roads and railroads and the protecting
pipes shall extend out of the roadbed by 1m;

VIII. Cables shall be protected with asbestos cement pipe at their crossing points with thermal pipe trenches;
the protecting pipes shall extend beyond both sides of the thermal pipe trenches by 2m and, when protected
with thermal insulation, shall extend beyond both sides of the thermal pipe trenches and the cables by 1m;

IX. When laid in parallel with a building, the cable shall be embedded out of the range of the apron slope; at
the entering point into a building, the protection pipe of the cable shall extend beyond the building’s apron
slope by 0.25m;

X. Cables directly embedded indoor shall run through protection pipes, whose inner diameter shall be no less
than 1.5 times the outer diameter of the cable.

Article 6.3.3 Laying of cables in cable trenches shall meet the following requirements:

I. The cable trenches should be built with brick structure (or of concrete structure in case of higher
underground water level than the trench bottom) and reinforced concrete covers and, where it is subject to
downward pressure or side pressure exerted by heavy objects, shall be reinforced with proper measures
according to the possible load;

II. The cover slabs of indoor cable trenches shall be made flush with the indoor ground and all the gaps should
be sealed with cement mortar when dust and water tend to accumulate on the ground;

The cover slabs of outdoor cable trenches should also be sealed with cement mortar;

III. Cable trenches shall be provided with drainage measures and the slope of the trench bottom should be no
less than 0.3%;

IV. The weight of the cable trench covers should not exceed 50kg and steel covers are recommended for those
indoor cable trenches that will be opened frequently;

V. The clearances of cables laid in cable trenches shall be no less than the values listed in Table 6.3.3;

Table 6.3.3 Min. clearances of cables laid in cable trenches

Laying conditions
Description
Trench depth <600m Trench depth 600mm
Width of walkway, cable supports on one side 300 450
Width of walk way, cable supports on both sides 300 500
Vertical clearance between Power cable 150 150
cable support layers Control cable 100 100
Horizontal clearance between power cables 35 35
Clearance from top cross strut to cover slab 150 ~ 200 150 ~ 200
Clearance from bottom cross strut to trench bottom 50 ~ 100 50 ~ 100

VI. The crossing sections of the cable trenches with railroad or highway shall be reinforced with proper
measures;

VII. The entering points of the cable trenches into buildings shall be provided with sealing measures;

VIII. Cable trench laying method is not recommended for strong and medium corrosive environments;

IX. When the explosive gas or vapor is heavier than air, the cable trenches in the explosion hazard environment
shall be filled with sand. The general requirements for the sand filled cable trenches are as follows:

1. Sand filled shallow trenches up to 800mm are recommended;

2. The cables laid in the trench should not exceed 4 layers;

3. The bottom of sand filled cable trenches shall be covered with a concrete bed course and a uniform 100mm
thick layer of sand. No supports shall be installed in the trenches. The vertical clearance between cable layers is
100mm. The whole cable trench shall be filled with sand after the cables are laid. The trench shall be covered
with reinforced concrete slabs on the top. The cover slabs and gaps shall be sealed with cement mortar;

4. The LV power cable and control cable may be laid in parallel while the HV power cable should be laid
separately;

5. Cables of large sectional areas should be laid on the upper layer or along the side of the sand filled cable
trench;

6. The entry point of the sand filled cable trench into a building shall be provided with sealing measures;

7. Water drainage and sand drifting protection measures shall be taken for the sand filled cable trench;

8. Backup positions should be reserved on the top layer of the sand filled cable trench.

Article 6.3.4 Laying of cables on cable bridges shall meet the following requirements:

I. Approved products shall be used for cable bridges and buildings, structures and process pipe racks should
be utilized as the supporting members;

II. Ladder supports, cable trays and cable troughs may be selected for cable bridges;

III. For protection from sunlight and mechanical damage, cable bridges with protecting covers shall be
adopted;

IV. Cables going up and down the cable bridge shall be protected against mechanical damage;

V. No more than two layers of cables should be laid on each layer of cable bridge, with three or four layers
cables only to be laid when the path is very crowded;

VI. The HV power cable and two power cables supplying power to the same load point should be laid
separately; the power cable and control cable for the same LV power consumer should be laid side by side;

VII. Anticorrosion measures shall be taken for cable bridges in corrosive environments;

VIII. When cable bridges are selected, backup positions should be reserved;

IX. Additional load applied during installation and maintenance shall be take into consideration for the
designed load of a cable bridge;

X. Reliable electrical connections and grounding shall be provided between cable bridges.
 Chapter VII Motor and Lighting

Section I General Provisions

Article 7.1.1 Selection of the local control protection devices for the power-driven equipment shall comply
with the selection of electrical equipment and meet the relevant provisions for the requirements for
environmental characteristics.

Article 7.1.2 Selection of the cross-section for the conductors of insulated wires and cables shall meet the
following requirements:

I. The permissible long-time current carrying capacity of conductors shall not be less than the calculated
current of the maximum continuous load for line.

II. The voltage bias value of the endpoint of power-driven equipment shall be checked, and the starting voltage
variation value shall be checked for some individual motors.

III. Relatively long-distance control line shall ensure the reliable operation of the starting equipment.

IV. Relatively long-distance measuring line shall be checked for the permissible load of transformer.

V. According to the requirements for mechanical strength, the cross-section of cores for the insulated wires
shall not be smaller than the values indicated in Table 7.1.2. However, the min. cross-section of wiring in the
explosive hazard locations shall meet the relevant provisions of Chapter IV.

VI. The long-time permissible current carrying capacity of the working neutral line for the gas discharge lamp
shall not be less than the calculated current for a phase with the max. load.

Table 7.1.2 - Min. Cross-section of Cores for Insulated Wires

Services Min. Cross-section of Cores (mm2)

Cord with copper core Wire with copper core Wire with aluminum
core

I. Mobile power- 1.5

driven equipment

II. Wiring with 1.5 1.5 2.5

conduit

Article 7.1.3 In the production plant the power supply box for the maintenance purpose shall be provided, and
the radius for supplying power should not be greater than 30m.

Section II Set up of Control Equipment for Motors

Article 7.2.1 Individual starting device shall be equipped for motors. A common starting device is not allowed
to be used by several motors unless it is required by the production mechanical unit or the process.

For the local control of operation for irreversible squirrel-cage motor  4.5 kW, when the starting up is not
frequent and no interlock is required, the load switch (the switch with iron housing), switch group or ON/OFF
knob switch may selected and used as the starting devices.

Article 7.2.2 It is recommended to be controlled or monitored locally, but when there is one of the following
conditions, the remote control or DCS may be used for the control or monitoring:

I. Environmental conditions are severe at the site or locations where the operation personnel should not be kept
staying for a long period.

II.The objects to be controlled are dispersed and it is not convenient to implement the unified marshalling and
control.

III. The objects to be controlled are far away and patrol inspections are not made frequently.

III. It is required by a high-level automation or the process specialty.

Article 7.2.3 When it is a local control, an ON/OFF control switch is provided by the machine locally. When it
is a multi-point control, the following requirements should be followed to set up control switches:

I. Control room: to provide ON/OFF control switch and selector switch for operating modes (e.g. Central
Control/Local Control; Auto/Manual);

II.By the machine: Based on the specific conditions to set up the control switch using one of the following :

1. ON/OFF control switch and selector switch of operating modes allowed for starting up in the control room.

2. Emergency STOP switch.

The selector switch for operating modes shall be located by the machine or somewhere in the control room.
When the selector switch for operating modes is set up in the control room, the control switch in field (push-
button or knob) shall be provided with a locking position.

Article 7.2.4 The local control device (switches) should be installed in a position for easy operation and close
to the motor, and in case it is not possible to see the mechanically driving part, the following measures shall be
taken to prevent accidents:

I. To set up pre-warning audible signal device;

II.A switch for stopping the start up are provided nearby the motor and driven machinery.

Article 7.2.5 The mains of control circuit for individual control of LV motor should be connected from its
main circuit. In case it is connected from the other power supply, the control circuit shall be cut off when the
mains of its main circuit switch is OFF.

Article 7.2.6 The control circuit of motor should use phase voltage, and isolation transformer may be used if
necessary. When DC power supply is used, it is recommended to use an isolated neutral system.

Article 7.2.7 Motor or motor group may be provided with necessary interlock and automatic control system
according to the requirements of the process, and the system shall meet the following requirements:

I. Motor group or the motors to be started up in succession shall comply with the specification of voltage
variation.

II. Non-coulometric contacts shall comply with the requirements for reliable ON/OFF, and contacts shall be
changed over if necessary.
III. Selector or changing-over switches shall be set up for controlling the throwing-in and blocking-out of the
interlock.

Article 7.2.8 Ammeter shall be set up by the motors 37 kW or the motors that need to be monitored for their
current under operation.

Section III Protection of Motors

Article 7.3.1 HV motors shall be provided with the following protections:

I. Phase fault protection

1. Current quick-break protection is used for the motors < 2000 kW, and the protection device should use two-
phase wiring.

2. Longitudinal differential protection is used for the motors  2000 kW. The motors < 2000 kW shall also be
provided with the differential protection when their current quick-break capacity can not meet the requirement
for sensitivity.

II.Single-phase ground protection

When the single-phase ground current is > 5A, this protection shall be provided. When the single-phase ground
current is  10A, it activates the interlock, and it activates signals when it is < 10A.

III. Overload protection

The overload protection shall be provided for the motors that are subjected to overload in the production
process. Inverse time relay should be used for this protection, and the inverse time part of protection device
may activate interlock and also may activate signals or to decrease load automatically depending on conditions.

IV. Low-voltage protection

1. 0.5s is taken to activate the interlock for disconnecting the secondary motors in order to ensure the restart up
of major motors.

2. The activation time is 5 - 10s for the motors that need to be restarted up.

V. Loss-of-synchronism protection

Synchronous motor shall be provided with an individual loss-of-synchronism protection device, and the
protection device activates the interlock with time-delay, and it will activate the re-synchronizing system if
necessary.

VI. Non-synchronous rush protection

The high-capacity synchronous motors should be provided with the protection for short-time power failure and
the non-synchronous rush resulted in when the power is restored.

Article 7.3.2 LV motors shall be provided with the following protections:

I. Phase fault protection

1. Fuse protection;
2. Instantaneous trip relay protection of automatic air breakers;

3. Some specific major motors with high-capacity may be provided with over-current relay individually, and it
activate the overload instantaneously;

4. LV motors should be provided with independent short-circuit protection, and a group of motors which are
closely related in process may share a common short-circuit protection device, however, it can be inactivated
immediately when any motor in the group is found in failure.

II. Single-phase ground protection

When the phase fault protection can comply with the sensitivity of the single-phase ground fault, it may also
used for the single-phase ground protection, otherwise, the single-phase ground protection shall be provided
individually.

III. Overload protection

The following motors shall be provided with overload protection:

1. The motors that are easy to be subjected to the overload or blocking;

2. The motors that are difficult to be started up or restarted-up or need to have limited starting-up time.

3. The motors that operate continuously for a long time or run without monitoring by any operator.

Thermal relay, or long-delay over-current drop relay of automatic air breaker may be used for the overload
protection of motors, and the individual inverse time over-current relay may also be used.

Protections for the increased-safety motors shall match up with the blocking time.

IV. Open-phase protection

Continuously running motors should be provided with open-phase protection.

V. Low-voltage protection

1. The motors that are not required to be restarted up, shall be provided with a low-voltage protection with
instantaneous activation or short-delay ( 0.5s) activation.

2. The motors that are required to be restarted up, shall be provided with the low-voltage protection with a
time-delay of  10s.

VI. Leakage protection

Leakage protection may be provided according to the conditions.

Article 7.3.3 The control circuit of motor shall be provided with the short-circuit protection. When the mains
of the control circuit is connected from the main circuit and the protection device of main circuit can provide
the protection for the wiring of control circuit, no such protection is required to be provided.

Section IV Wiring Modes for Motor and Lighting

Article 7.4.1 Cable or insulated wire with conduit should be used for the wiring of LV motors, and the wiring
shall be mainly in a radiation mode. A trunk wiring mode may also be used for certain loads.
Article 7.4.2 Cable shall be used for wiring in a radiation mode for HV motors.

Article 7.4.3 Wiring mode for indoor lighting shall be as follows:

I. Insulated wires with surface-mounted steel conduits should be used for the production buildings.

II. Insulated wires with flush-mounted steel conduits shall be used for the instrument and electrical control
rooms and buildings for auxiliary facilities.

Article 7.4.4 Insulated wires with surface-mounted conduits shall be used for the outdoor plant area, and the
surface laid cables are also allowed when the conditions are permitted. Cable to be buried directly underground
is allowed for some individual sections.

Section V Lighting Modes and Classifications

Article 7.5.1 Lighting modes are classified as the normal lighting and the emergency lighting.

Article 7.5.2 Outlets for the normal lighting, emergency lighting and maintenance lighting should be provided
within the production plant.

Article 7.5.3 Obstruction lighting shall be installed for the chimneys and high towers in accordance with the
relevant stipulations.

Article 7.5.4. Illumination for various kinds of production plants shall comply with the requirements made
in《Regulations on Illumination Design of Production Plants of Petrochemical Enterprises》.

Section VI Lighting Network Voltage and Power Supply & Distribution

Article 7.6.1 Selection of lighting network voltage shall comply with the following provisions:

I. 380V/220V 3-phase & 4-wire system or 3-phase & 5-wire system should be used for the normal lighting or
emergency lighting.

II. 36V should be used as the normal lighting voltage for especially damp locations. When measures are taken
to prevent electric shock, 220V is permitted.

III. The voltage of maintenance lighting used for the portable lighting lamps shall be 36V.

IV. The voltage of maintenance lighting used in metal vessels or narrow spaces where it is easy to get contacted
with the ground conductors shall be 12V.

Article 7.6.2 Common transformer should be used to supply the power for normal lighting and motor loads.
Separate transformer may be used to supply the power for lighting if necessary.

Article 7.6.3 Substation shall be provided with distribution panel for lighting to supply the power to lighting
boxes in a radiation mode. It is also allowed to use the trunk line for supplying the power, but it is
recommended no more than 2 distribution boxes are used on one circuit.

Article 7.6.4 Emergency security power supply system should be used to supply the power for the emergency
lighting or the emergency lighting lamps should be used.

Article 7.6.5 A transformer of 220V/12~36V should be used to supply the power for the maintenance lighting.
Article 7.6.6 Control modes for lighting shall be as follows:

I. Locally dispersed or centralized control mode should be used in normal locations.

II. Lighting boxes should be used for the centralized control for the locations with explosive hazards or large-
sized plant buildings. Some individually dispersed lighting fixtures may also be controlled locally and
dispersedly.

III. Manual control or photoelectric auto control should be used for the outdoor plant area.

Section VII Light Source Selection

Article 7.7.1 Fluorescent lamps should be used for the instrument control room, electrical control room, night
shift rooms, offices and distribution unit room.

Article 7.7.2 Mixed-light illuminant shall be used for the normal lighting of high and large production
buildings.

Article 7.7.3 Depending on the conditions, fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, HT sodium lamps and HT
mercury lamps or the projection lamps with the aid of HT mercury lamp and HT sodium lamp may be used for
the tower group and outdoor plant areas.

Article 7.7.4 Illuminant lamps that can be lighted up instantaneously and reliably shall be used for the
emergency lighting.

Article 7.7.5 Incandescent lamps should not be used in the vibration locations.

Section VIII Selection and Layout of Illuminators

Article 7.8.1 Illuminators with high efficiency and easy maintenance shall be selected and used under the
conditions of meeting the requirements of the environmental characteristics and visual sense and of light
intensity distribution and limiting glare.

Article 7.8.2 Illuminators shall be selected according to the following environmental conditions:

I. In normal places or the places with high humidity, open-type illuminators should be used.

II. In the damp locations, closed-type water-proof and dust-proof illuminators or the open-type illuminators
with water-proof lamp holders should be used.

III. Dust-proof illuminators should be used in the locations where there are dusts, but no explosive and fire
hazard.

IV. Lamp fixtures used in the locations with relatively intensive vibration shall be provided with anti-hunting
measures.

V. Lamp fixtures subjected to the mechanical damages or in low positions shall be protected with guard
meshes.

VI. The anti-corrosion illuminators shall be used in the environment with a corrosive atmosphere.

VII. The illuminators used in the locations where there are explosive and fire hazards shall be selected and used
according to the relevant stipulations.

Article 7.8.3 Minimum suspension heights of illuminators above the ground should not be less than the values
indicated in Table 7.8.3 in order to limit glare.

Article 7.8.4 Minimum suspension heights of illuminators specified in Table 7.8.3 may be reduced by 0.5m
but shall not be less than 2m in the rooms specified below.

I. Rooms with illumination of normal lighting is less than 30Lx ;

II. Rooms with a length equal to or less than 2 times the suspension height of illuminators;

III. Rooms for personnel to have a temporary stay.

Article 7.8.5 When the position of illuminator is higher than sight line of people, its protection angle shall not
be less than 30o, and when it is below the sight line of people, its protection angle shall not be less than 10o.

Article 7.8.6 In order to obtain an even illumination, the ratio of l (spacing between illuminators) to h (the
calculated height) may be based on the values specified in Table 7.8.6.

Article 7.8.7 Installation position of light fittings shall be convenient for maintenance, and the requirements
are as follows:

I. The suspension height should not be greater than 6m for those light fittings which require ladder to carry out
maintenance.

II. Crane shall be used to carry out the maintenance for those light fittings installed on trusses.

III. No light fittings shall be installed in the locations where it is unsafe or difficult to carry out the maintenance
for light fittings.

Table 7.8.3 - Minimum Suspension Height of Illuminators

Types of light Types of reflector Protection Capacity of Min. suspension
source angle lamp bulb height (m)
(W)
Incandescent Enamel reflector 10o ~ 30o ≤ 100 2.5
lamp 150 - 200 3.0
300 - 500 3.5
Opal glass diffused reflector ≤ 100 2.0
150 - 200 2.5
300 - 500 3.0
HT mercury Enamel reflector 10o ~ 30o ≤250 5.0
lamp
Fluorescent Aluminum polished reflector 10o ~ 30o ≤ 40 6.0
lamp
Fluorescent Without reflector ≤ 40 2.0
lamp
Halogen Enamel reflector ≥30o 500 6.0
tungsten lamp Aluminum polished reflector ≥30o ≤ 1000 7.0
 Types of light Types of reflector Protection Capacity of Min. suspension
source angle lamp bulb height (m)
(W)
HT sodium Enamel reflector 10o ~ 30o 250 6.0
lamp Aluminum polished reflector 10o ~ 30o 400 7.0
Metal halide Enamel reflector 10o ~ 30o 400 6.0
lamp Aluminum polished reflector  30o 1000 14.0

Table 7.8.6 - l/h Values for Well-distributed Illuminators

Types of illuminators l/h values

Balancing illumination, General illumination 1.4 ~ 2.0

Deep illumination, Mirror deep illumination 1.3 ~ 1.8

Anti-explosive lamp, Spherical lamp, Ceiling lamp 1.8 ~ 2.4

Fluorescent tube (simple type) 1.3 ~ 1.5

Article 7.8.8 There shall be an appropriate distance between the positions of illuminators and process
equipment, piping, etc. No lighting fixtures shall be installed above the bus of power distribution unit.
 Annex I - Tables of Classification of Zones for

Explosive-hazard Locations of Petrochemical Production Units

Notes:

1. The following tables may be used as a reference for the classification of zones for the hazardous locations, as
various factors and conditions have to be taken into consideration in a comprehensive way when the zones of
hazardous locations are classified, especially the experience in operation of the similar production units has to
be taken into consideration.

2. The zones of hazardous locations as classified in the tables are based on the following conditions:

(1). Outdoor or semi-outdoor units are considered as the units with natural ventilation.

(2). The indoor units are provided with mechanical ventilation as well as the stand-by ventilation system, and
the number of air changes shall comply with these provisions.

(3). No other specific measures are considered such as setting up flammable gas detectors and monitors, filling
up with nitrogen, getting isolated, etc.
 Table 1 – Classification of Zones of Hazardous Locations for Petrochemical Production Plant

No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of

Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
1 2 3 4 5 6
I. Oil refining process
units
(I) Atmospheric vacuum
distillation unit
1 Cold oil pumping Gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil , II AT3 A 2
house pump oil
2 Hot oil pumping Light & heavy diesel oil , heavy II AT3 B 2*
house oil, residual oil
3 Open installation area Gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil , II AT3 A 2
heavy oil
(II) Catalysis & Cracking
Unit
1 Cold oil pumping Liquid hydrocarbon, gasoline, II BT3 A 2
house diesel oil
2 Hot oil pumping Light & heavy diesel oil , waxy II AT3 B 2*
house oil, slurry recycle oil
3 Gas compressor room Rich gas, liquid hydrocarbon, II BT3 A 2
condensed oil
4 Open installation area Liquid hydrocarbon, gasoline, II BT3 A 2
kerosene, diesel oil
(III) Delayed Coking Unit
1 Gas compressor room Rich gas, liquid hydrocarbon, II BT3 A 2
condensed oil
2 Cold oil pumping Liquid hydrocarbon, gasoline, II BT3 A 2
house diesel oil
3 Hot oil pumping Heavy diesel oil , heavy oil, II AT3 B 2*
house residual oil
4 120 & 180 pumping Residual oil  C 21
houses
5 Open installation area Liquid hydrocarbon, gasoline, II BT3 A 2
diesel oil , waxy oil

(IV) Catalytic Reforming

Unit
1 Hydrogen Hydrogen, methane, ethane, II CT1 A 2
compressor propane
2 Cold oil pumping Hydrogen, gasoline II CT3 A 2
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
house
3 Hot oil pumping Diesel oil II AT3 B 2*
house
4 Open installation area Hydrogen, methane, ethane, II CT3 A 2
gasoline, diesel oil
(V) Alkylation Unit
1 Ammonia Ammonia II AT1 B 2
compressor room
2 Pumping house Liquid hydrocarbon, alkylate oil II BT3 A 2
3 Open installation area Liquid hydrocarbon, alkylate oil II BT3 A 2
(VI) Polyunit
1 Pumping house Liquid hydrocarbon, gasoline II BT3 A 2
2 Open installation area Liquid hydrocarbon, gasoline II BT3 A 2
(VII) Gas Fractionation
Unit
1 Compressor room Dry gas, liquid hydrocarbon II BT3 A 2
2 Pumping house Liquid hydrocarbon 150 II BT3 A 2
3 Open installation area Dry gas, II BT3 A 2
liquid hydrocarbon 150
(VIII) Steam Reforming and
Hydrogen Generation
Unit
1 Compressor building Hydrogen, methane II CT1 A 2
2 Pumping house Cyclo- or ethanol amide II AT1 A 2
3 Open installation area Reforming gas, transforming II AT1 A 2
gas, cyclo- or ethanol amide
(IX) Hydrogenation &
Cracking Unit for
Waxy Oil, Heavy Oil
& Residual Oil
1 Compressor building Hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, II CT3 A 2
methane
2 HP oil pumping Waxy oil, heavy oil, residual oil C 21
house
3 Open installation area Hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, II CT3 A 2
methane, gasoline
(X) Hydrogenation &
Refining Unit for
Gasoline, Kerosene,
Diesel oil or Lube
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
Oil
1 Compressor building Hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, II CT3 A 2
methane
2 HP oil pumping Gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil or II CT3 A 2
house lube oil
3 Open installation area Hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, II CT3 A 2
methane, gasoline, etc.
(XI) Lube Oils and
Phenols Refining
Unit
1 Pumping house Various types of lube oils and  C 21
phenols
2 Open installation area Various types of lube oils and  C 21
phenols
(XII) Lube Oil Argil
Refining Unit
1 Pumping house Various types of feedstock lube  C 21
oils
2 Refining tank, Filter Feedstock and product lube oils  C 21 Classifi
building of
Hazard
3 Feedstock and Feedstock and product lube oils  C 21
product storage tank
yard
(XIII) Ceresin Argil
Refining Unit
1 Pumping house Raw oil, Liquid paraffin  C 21
2 Filter building Refined liquid wax  C 21
3 Shaper room and Refined liquid wax, wax block  C 21
Wax storage product
4 Feedstock & product Feedstock and refined liquid C 21
storage tank yard wax
(XIV) Furfurol Refining
Unit
1 Pumping house Raw oil, Refined oil, Furfurol II AT1 C 2
2 Open installation area Raw oil, Refined oil, Furfurol II AT1 C 2
(XV) Propane Deasphalting
Unit
1 Propane compressor Propane (containing ethane and II AT2 A 2
room butane)
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
2 Propane pumping Propane (containing ethane and II AT2 A 2
house butane)
3 Propane storage tank Propane (containing ethane and II AT2 A 2
yard butane)
4 Open installation area Propane (containing ethane and II AT2 A 2
butane)
(XVI) Ketone-benzol
Dewaxing Unit
1 Vacuum filter room Propanone, benzene, oils II AT1 A 2
2 Vacuum compressor Propanone, benzene II AT1 A 2
room
3 Feedstock pumping Propanone, benzene, oils II AT1 A 2
house
4 Ammonia Ammonia II AT1 B 2
compressor room
5 Double tube Propanone, benzene, oils II AT1 A 2
crystallization room
6 Open installation area Propanone, benzene, oils II AT1 A 2
(XVII) Urea Dewaxing Unit
1 Double-tube reactor Urea isopropanol, aviation II AT3 B 2
building kerosene
2 Open installation area Aviation kerosene, diesel oil, II AT3 B 2
lube oil
Solvent:
1.Isopropanol;
2. Ethyl acetate;
3. Dichloroethane
(XVIII) Molecular Sieve
Dewaxing Unit
1 Pumping house Kerosene or light diesel oil, wax II AT3 B 2
2 Open installation area Kerosene or light diesel oil, wax II AT3 B 2
(XIX) Paraffin Sweating
Unit
1 Sweating tank room Waxy oil  C 21
2 Pumping house Waxy oil  C 21
(XX) Paraffin Extraction
Unit
1 Compressor building Ammonia, lube oil II AT1 B 2
2 Pumping house Lube oil  C 21
3 Filter press room Lube oil  C 21
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
4 Double-pipe Ammonia, lube oil II AT1 B 2
crystallization room
5 Open installation area Ammonia, lube oil II AT1 B 2
(XXI) Oxidized Asphalt
Unit
1 Pumping house Goudron  C 21
2 Open installation area Residual oil, asphalt C 21
(XXII) Three Waste
Treatment Unit
1 Three waste SO2, CO2, H2S, amino-phenol, II AT3 A 2
treatment building gasoline, phenol, naphthenic
acid,
ethanolamine, etc.
2 Open installation area SO2, CO2, H2S, amino-phenol, II AT3 A 2
gasoline, phenol, naphthenic
acid,
ethanolamine, etc.
3 Sulfur recovery Sulfurous dust  C 11
4 Sulfurous waste II AT3 A 2
water

II. Basic Organic

Chemical Materials
and Products
(I) Methane Partially
Oxidizing and
Acetylene Unit
1 Olefin acetylene Methane, acetylene II CT2 A 2
2 Acetylene Acetylene, methane II CT2 A 2
concentration and
ethylene purification
(II) Tubular Furnace
Pyrolysis Ethylene &
Propylene Unit
1 Pyrolysis and Light oil, hydrogen, methane, II AT3 A 2*
phrolysis area (open ethylene, propylene
flame)
2 Quenching area Hydrogen, methane, ethylene, II AT2 A 2
propylene
3 Compression Hydrogen, methane, ethylene, II AT2 A 2
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
(pyrolysis area) propylene
4 Refrigeratin Ethylene, propylene II AT2 A 2
5 Separation cold area Hydrogen, methane, ethylene, II AT2 A 2
propylene
(III) Regenerative Furnace
Pyrolysis Ethylene
Unit
1 Pyrolysis (with heavy Hydrogen, methane, ethylene, II AT3 A 2
oil as feedstock) propylene
2 Compression Hydrogen, methane, ethylene, II AT3 A 2
(pyrolysis gas) propylene
3 Separation Hydrogen, methane, ethylene, II AT3 A 2
propylene
4 Refrigeration with Ammonia II AT1 B 2
ammonia
(IV) Extracting Butadiene
from C4 Unit
1 Extraction butadiene Butane, butene, butadiene II BT3 A 2
from C4
2 Iso-butene separation Butane, (N) butene, Iso-butene II BT3 A 2
3 Extracting butadiene
from butene with
oxidation and
dehydrogenation
Front and back Butane, butene, butadiene II AT2 A 2
acetonitrile
Dehydrogenation Butene, butadiene II BT3 A 2
Compression (gas Butene, butadiene II BT3 A 2
generation)
(V) Synthetic Alcohol
Unit
1 Absorption & Ethylene, ethanol II BT2 A 2
Boiling-out with
Sulfur Acid Method
2 Rectification Ethanol II BT2 A 2
3 Intermediate storage Ethanol II BT2 A 2
tank yard
(VI) Direct Method Ethylene, acetaldehyde II BT2 A 2
Acetaldehyde Unit
(VII) Acetic Acid Unit Ethylene, ester acid II BT2 A 2
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
(VIII) Pyrolysis Gasoline
Hydrogenation
1 Hydrogenation and Hydrogen, benzene, toluene, II CT1 A 2
fraction of hydrogen xylenes
2 Hydrogen gas Hydrogen II CT1 A 2
compressor
(IX) Aromatics Extraction Benzene, toluene, xylenes II A 2
Unit
(X) Paraxylene Unit
1 Toluene dismutation Benzene, toluene, xylenes II A 2
& isomerigation
2 Fraction Benzene, toluene, xylenes II A 2
3 Separation of mixed Xylenes II A 2
xylenes
(XI) Acrylonitrile Unit
1 Feedstock air Air  E 
compressor room
2 Corresponding Propylene, ammonia II A 2
acrylic ammonia
(oxidation)
3 Pre-refining and Acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, II AT2 A 2
rectification ammonocarbonous acid
4 Concentrated cyanide Cyanide  D 
waste water boiling
out furnace
5 Cyanide waste water Cyanide  E 
biochemical
treatment station
6 Cymag section Ammonocarbonous acid, caustic  E 
soda
(XII) Phenol & Propanone
Unit
1 Hydrocargonylation Benzene, propylene, iso- II AT2 A 2
propylene
2 Oxidation II AT2 A 2
3 Rectification and Iso-propyl benzene, phenol, II AT2 A 2
pumping house propanone
(hydrocarbonylated
and oxidized
products)
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
(XIII) Chlorethylene Unit
(oxo-chlorination
process)
1 Chlorine compressor Chlorine  E 
building
2 Ethylene compressor Ethylene II BT2 A 2
building
3 Main process Ethylene, chlorine, II BT2 A 2
production units dichloroethane,
(including direct chlorethylene
chlorination,
oxidation, and
rectification of
dichloroethane and
chlorethylene,
pumping house)
4 Cracking of Dichloroethane, II AT1 A 2
dichloroethane (open chlorethylene
flame)
5 Intermediate storage Dichloroethane, II AT1 A 2
tank yard for chlorethylene
dichloroethane and
chlorethylene
6 Burning of residual Organic chloride, hydrogen II AT1 A 2
liquid (open flame) chloride
7 Wastewater treatment  E 

(XIV) Chlorethylene
generated with
acetylene method
1 Acetylene generation Acetylene II CT2 A 2
(location nearby
charge door is Zone
1)
2 Synthesizing Hydrogen, chlorine and II CT2 A 2*
hydrogen chloride hydrogen chloride
(open flame or hot
part)
3 Synthesizing Acetylene, hydrogen chloride, II CT2 A 2
chlorethylene and chlorethylene
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
rectification
(XV) Butyl Actanol Unit
1 Process production Acetaldehyde, butanol, actanol, II CT3 A 2
unit (including 2 butenal, octenoic acid
stages of
condensation and 2
stages of
hydrogenation and
refining)
2 Hydrogen tank Hydrogen II CT1 A 2
3 Intermediate tank Butanol, actanol, II AT2 A 2
yard
(XVI) Acetic Oxide Unit
1 Cracking (open Acetic acid, ketene II AT1 A 2
flame)
2 Absorption and Ketebe, acetic acid, acetic oxide II AT1 A 2
rectification
3 Acetic acid recovery Acetic acid II AT1 A 2
(XVII) Epoxychloropropane,
propylene glycol
1 Propylene Propylene II AT2 A 2
compressor building
2 High-temperature Propylene, chloride, allyl II AT2 A 2
chlorination and chlorine
refining
3 Hypochlorination and Allyl chlorine, Dichloro- II AT2 A 2
refining propanol, epoxy, chloropropane,
chlorine
(XVIII) Styrene Unit
1 Benzene Benzene, ethylene, ethylbenzene II BT2 A 2
hydrocarbylation
2 Dehydrogenation of Ethylene, ethylbenzene, II CT2 A 2*
ethyl benzene hydrogen
3 Condensation of Ethylene, ethylbenzene, II CT2 A 2
dehydrogenating hydrogen
furnace (open flame)
4 Rectification of Ethylbenzene, styrene, benzen II AT2 A 2
ethylbenzene and
styrene
(XIX) Glycol Unit
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
1 Air compressor room Air II BT2 E
2 Recycle ethylene Ethylene II BT2 A 2
compressor building
3 Oxidation, absorption Ethylene, epoxyethane II BT2 A 2
and rectification
4 High pressure Epoxyethane, glycol II BT2 A 2
hydration of
epoxyethane
5 Rectification of Glycol II BT2 B 2
glycol
(XX) Triisobutylalunimium
(TIBAL)
1 Activation of Aluminum powder   11
aluminum powder
2 Synthesis Aluminum powder, isobutene  A 2
3 Filtering and refining Triisobutylaluminium  A 2

III.Synthetic Rubber
(I) Styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR)
1 Preparation of carbon Butadiene, styrene II BT2 A 2
and hydrogen phase
2 Preparation of water Colophonic acid soap, fatty acid  E 
phase soap
3 Polymerization and Butadiene, styrene II BT2 A 2
degassing
4 Glue storage tank Butadiene, styrene polymer   
yard
5 Final treatment SBR  C 23
(coacervation, drying,
packing)
6 Product intermediate SBR  C 23
storage
7 Colophony section Colophony, caustic potash  C 23
8 Fatty acid soap Fatty acid, caustic potash  E 
section
(II) Acetonitrile Rubber
1 Preparatio of water Emulsifier  E 
phase
2 Polymerization and Butadiene, acrylonitrile II BT2 A 2
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
degassing
3 Final treatment Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber  C 23
(coacervation, drying,
packing)
(III) Ethyle-propylene
Rubber (EPR)
1 Preparation of Vanadylic chloride, Chloroethyl  A 2
catalyst and aids aluminum
2 Polymerization Ethylene, propylene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
3 Condensation Ethylene, propylene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
4 Recovery of Ethylene, propylene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
monomer and solvent
5 Final treatment Ethylene -propylene rubber C 23
(dehydration, drying (EPR)
and packing)
(IV) Cis-1,
4-polybutadience
Rubber
1 Monomer and solvent Butadiene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
storage tank yard
2 Preparatio of catalyst Nickel naphthenate, trifluoride, II BT3 A 2
and aids triisobutyl, aluminum
3 Polymerization Butadiene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
4 Condensation Butadiene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
5 Monomer and solvent Butadiene, gasoline II BT3 A 2
recovery
6 Final treatment Cis-1, 4-polybutadience Rubber  C 23
(dehydration, drying
and packing)
7 Product warehouse Cis-1, 4-polybutadience Rubber  C 23
(V) Chloroprene Rubber
1 Generation of Acetylene II CT2 A 2
acetylene
2 Synthetic vinyl Acetylene, vinyl acetylene II CT2 A 2
acetylene
3 Synthetic chloroprene vinyl acetylene, chloroprene II BT2 A 2
4 Polymerization Chloroprene II BT2 A 2
5 Final treatment Chloroprene, chloroprene rubber II BT2 B 23
(coacervation, drying
and packaging
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
6 Product warehouse Chloroprene rubber  C 23
(VI) Isopentyl Rubber
1 Olefine aldehyde
one-step synthesis of
Isoprene
(1) Feedstock tank yard Isobutene, formaldehyde II BT2 A 2
(2) One-step synthesis of Isobutene, formaldehyde, II BT2 A 2
isoprene isoprene
(3) Compression of Isobutene II BT2 A 2
recycle isobutene
(4) Rectification Isobutene, isoprene II BT2 A 2
2 Olefine aldehyde
two-step synthesis of
isoprene
(1) Feedstock tank yard Butane, vinyl, formaldehyde II AT2 A 2
(2) Olefine aldehyde Butane, vinyl, formaldehyde II AT2 A 2
Condensation DMD
(3) DMD DMD isoprene II AT2 A 2
3 Isopentyl rubber
(1) Monomer and solvent Isoprene, gasoline II AT3 A 2
tank yard
(2) Preparatio of catalyst Naphthenic acid rare earth, II AT3 A 2
and aids gasoline
(3) Polymerization Isoprene, gasoline II AT3 A 2
(4) Coacervation Isoprene, gasoline II AT3 A 2
(5) Monomer and solvent Isoprene, gasoline II AT3 A 2
recovery
(6) Final treatment DMD  C 23
(dehydration, drying
and packing)
(7) Product warehouse DMD  C 23
IV. Synthetic Plastics
and Resins
(I) Caprolactam
1 Cyclohexane Benzene, hydrogen, cyclohexane II CT1 A 2
generated with
hydrogenation of
benzene
2 Cyclohexanone Cyclohexane, cyclohexanone II AT2 A 2
generated with
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
oxidation of
cyclohexane
3 Cyclohexanol Benzene aldehyde, II AT2 A 2
generated with Cyclohezanol
hydrogenation of
phenol
4 Cyclohexanone Cyclohezanol, cyclohexanone II AT2 A 2
generated with
dehydration of
cyclohexanol
5 Rectification of Cyclohexanone II AT2 A 2
cyclohexanone
6 Esterification, Cyclohexanone, cyclohexanone  C 
dislocation and fat
neutralization
7 Extraction and Caprolalactam, chlorylene II BT2 B 2
refining
8 Chipping and packing Caprolalactam  C 23
(II) Polyvinyl chloride
1 Polymerization of Vinyl chloride II BT2 A 2
vinyl chloride
2 Centrifugation, Polyvinyl chloride  C 
drying
3 Packing Polyvinyl chloride  C 23
(III) High Pressure
Polyethylene
1 Compression Ethylene II BT3 A 2
2 Preparation of catalyst Catalyst, white oil II AT3 A 2
3 Polymerization Ethylene II BT3 A 2
4 Processing (extrusion Polyethylene  C 23
and pelleting)
5 Blending Polyethylene  C 23
6 Packaging & Polyethylene  C 23
intermediate storage
(IV) Polypropylene
1 Preparation of catalyst Titanium trichloride, aluminum II AT3 A 2
monochloro ethide, gasoline
2 Polymerization Propylene II AT3 A 2
3 Esterification, Gasoline, Polypropylene II AT3 A 2
scrubbing, filtering
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
4 Solvent recovery Gasoline II AT3 A 2
5 Pelleting and packing Polypropylene  C 23
(V) Polyvinyl Alcohol
1 Synthesizing ethylene Acetylene, acetic acid, ethylene II CT2 A 2
acetate acetate
2 Polymerization and Ethylene acetate, methanol, II AT2 A 2
recovery polyvinyl acetate
3 Alcoholysis Polyvinyl acetate, methanol, II AT3 A 23
polyvinyl alcohol
4 Packaging and storage Polyvinyl alcohol  C 23
5 Cleaning furnace with  D 
liquid
6 Refrigeration and air  E 
compressor room
(VI) Polyester
1 Air compressor room Air  E 
2 Terephthalic acid Terephthalic acid, paraxylene II AT1 A 2
3 Digly-cidyl Terephthalic acid, methanol II AT1 A 2
terephthalate
4 Ester interchange Terephthalic acid dimethyl ester, II AT1 A 2
ethanediol, methanol,
terephthalic acid diethyl ester
5 Terephthalic acid ethyl Terephthalic acid dimethyl ester,  C 23
ester ethanediol, methanol, poly
terephthalic acid diethyl ester
6 Pelleting and packing Poly terephthalic acid diethyl  C 23
ester
(VII) Lump Polystyrene
1 Polymerization Styrene II AT1 A 2
2 Pelleting and packing Polystyrene  C 23
(VIII) A-, B-, S- Plastics
1 Polymerization Butadiene, styrene, acrylonitrile II AT3 A 2
2 Dehydration, pelleting  C 23
and packaging
(IX) LP Polyethylene
1 Preparation of catalyst Titanic chloride, gasoline II AT3 A 2
2 Polymerization Ethylene, gasoline II AT3 A 2
3 Esterification, Gasoline, polyethylene II AT3 A 2
scrubbing and filtering
4 Drying and packaging Polyethylene  C 23
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
5 Recovery Gasoline II AT3 A 2
(X) Nylon 66
1 Cycohexanol Phenol, Hydrogen, cyclohexanol II CT3 A 2
generated with
hydrogenation of
phenol
2 Adipic acid generated Cyclohexanol, adipic acid II AT3 B 2
with oxidation of
cyclohexanol
3 Adipic dinitrile Adipic acid, ammonia, adipic II AT1 B 2
generated with dinitrile
ammonification and
dehydration of adipic
acid
4 Hexanedianmine Adipic dinitrile, ammonia, II CT1 A 2
generated with hexanediamine
hydrogenation of
adipic dinitrile
5 Polymerization Adipic acid, hexanediamine  C 23
6 Packaging Nylon 66  C 23
V. Inorganic
Chemical Plant
(I) Synthetic ammonia,
synthetic methanol
1 Desulfurization of Methane, ethane, propane, etc. II AT1 A 2
natural gas and light
oil, coke oven gas
2 Steam reforming Hydrogen, CO, methane II CT1 A 2
3 Partial oxidation Hydrogen, CO, methane II CT1 A 2
4 Gas generation Hydrogen, CO, methane II CT1 A 2
(normal pressure,
pressurized)
5 Storage, drying, Coke and its dusts  C 22
handling and
crushing of coke
6 Preparation, Coke and its dusts  B 11
crushing, screening,
storage and handling
of coal powder
7 CO removal Hydrogen, CO II CT1 A 2
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
8 CO2 removal Hydrogen II CT1 A 2
9 Preparation and Acetic acid II AT1 B 2
regeneration of
copper liquid
10 Treatment of coke Hydrogen, CO, methane II CT1 A 2
oven gas
11 Hydrogen separation Hydrogen, CO, methane II CT1 A 2
and nitrogen
scrubbing unit
12 Hydrogen and Hydrogen, CO II CT1 A 2
nitrogen
compression
13 Synthesis of Hydrogen, CO II CT1 A 2
ammonia and
methanol
14 Refining of Methanol II AT2 A 2
methanol
15 Ammonia absorbed Ammonia II AT1 B 2
liquid, storage and
bottling of ammonia
(II) Urea
1 CO2 compression CO2  E 
2 Pumps for synthesis Hydrogen II AT1 B 2
of urea, gas,
ammonia and
aminomethane
3 Decomposition and Aminomethane II AT2 A 2
absorption
4 Evaporation, Urea
pelleting, handling
and storing
5 Stripping of biurea Hydrogen, CO, ammonia II AT1 A 2
reformed gas
(III) Ammonium Acid
Carbonate
1 Ammonia absorption Ammonia II AT1 B 2
and ammonia liquor
tank
2 Carbonization of Hydrogen, CO II CT1 A 2
reformed gas, treated
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
ammonia
3 Centrifugal Ammonium acid carbonate  E 
separation, drying,
packaging and
storage
(IV) Nitric acid
1 Air absorption and Air  E 
filtering,
compression
2 Contact oxidation Ammonia, air II AT1 B 2
(normal pressure and
pressurized)
3 Normal pressure and Nitrogen oxide, nitric acid  E 
pressurized
absorption and tail
gas treatment
4 Fuming nitric acid Nitrogen oxide, nitric acid  B 
absorption
5 HP reactor section Nitrogen oxide, oxygen  B 
6 Concentrated Nitric acid  E 
sulfuric acid
extracted with
magnesium nitrate
method
7 To concentrate Magnesium nitrate solution  D 
magnesium nitrate
liquid by
evaporation
(V) Ammonium nitrate
1 Neutralization Ammonia, nitric acid  B 2
2 Crystallization by Ammonium nitrate  C 
evaporation,
centrifugal
separation, pelleting
3 Drying, cooling- Ammonium nitrate  E 
down, storing,
handling and
packaging
(VI) Ammonium nitrite
1 Crystallization by Sodium nitrite  B 
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
evaporation,
separation, drying,
packaging and
storing
(VII) Air Separation Unit
1 Air extraction, Air  E 
filtering,
compressing and
cooling down
2 Air fraction column Oxygen, nitrogen, argon  B 
(the casing contains
rare gas fraction
column)
3 Rare gas extraction
unit
4 Purification of argon Hydrogen, oxygen, argon II CT1 A 2
(with hydrogen)
5 Refining of krypton Oxygen, nitrogen, krypton,  C 
and xenon xenon
6 Combination unit of
air separation and
nitrogen scrubbing
7 Scrubbing ammonia Hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia,  C 
with purge gas of argon, methane
synthetic ammonia,
argon extraction
with drying liquefier
(IX) Combination alkali
making
1 Salt bin and salt Na CO2  E 
washing,
compression of
heavy alkali with
CO2
2 Calcination Sodium carbonate  D 
(X) Chlorine alkali 
1 Salt storage and salt NaCl solution  E 
water refining
2 Electrolysis Hydrogen, Chlorine II CT1 A 2
3 Drying and Hydrogen II CT1 A 2
 No. Description of Description of Media Class & Classification Zone of
Location Group of of Fire Hazardous
Media Hazard Location
compression of
hydrogen
4 Drying and Chlorine  E 
compression of
chlorine, filling
liquid bottles with
chlorine.
5 Evaporation Caustic soda  E 
6 Solid alkali Caustic soda  E 
7 Synthesis of Hydrogen, chlorine, hydrogen  D 
hydrogen chlorine chlorine

*Notes:

 Hot oil pump building has an operation temperature of 200 oC ~ 400 oC much higher than the flash point
temperature of diesel oil, therefore, it is classified as Zone 2 explosive hazardous location, however, its
hazardous scope is relatively small and it is only limited to the space inside the pump building.

 Most locations around open flames are also classified as Zone 2 explosive hazardous location, and only the
spaces within a radius of 1.5M around open flames (furnaces or high temperature objects) are the non-
explosive hazardous environment.

 "Hazardous Location Zones" listed for various kinds of production units in the above table are only referred
to the main areas and environments, among which partial or part of surroundings may be Zone 1 or Zone 0 and
they shall be determined by the design personnel according to the actual requirements and conditions.
 Annex II Classification and Grouping of Explosive Gas Mixtures

According to the provisions in National Standard GB3836.1, explosive gas mixtures shall be classified in
accordance with the max. test safety interval and the min. ignition current, and grouped in accordance with the
ignition temperature. See Attached Table 2-1 ~ Attached Table 2-3.

Classification According to Maximum Test Safety Interval (MESG)

Attached Table 2-1

Class Maximum Test Safety Interval (MESG, mm)

II A  0.9

II B 0.5  MESG  0.9

II B  0.5

Classification According to Minimum Ignition Current Ratio (MICR)

Attached Table 2-2

Class Minimum Ignition Current Ratio (MICR)

II A > 0.8

II B 0.45  MCR 0.8

II B < 0.45

Note: Minimum Ignition Current Ratio (MICR) is a ratio of the minimum ignition current value of various
kinds of gases and vapors to the minimum current value of laboratory methane.

Grouping According to Ignition Temperature

Attached Table 2-3

Group Ignition Temperature Group Ignition Temperature

t (oC) t (oC)

T1 450 < t T4 135< t 200

T2 300 < t  450 T5 100 < t 135

T3 200 < t  300 T6 85 < t 100

 Annex III Grouping of Dust Temperature and
Classification and Identification of
Dust Explosion-proof Enclosures of Electrical Equipment

(I). Grouping of Dust Temperature

Dust is grouped into 3 groups according to its ignition temperature as shown below in Attached Table 3-1.

Grouping of Dust Ignition Temperature

Attached Table 3-1

Temperature Group Ignition Temperature T (oC)

T11 T > 270

T12 200 < T  270

T13 150 < T  200

Note: When grouping of dust temperature is determined, the smaller value of the ignition temperature value of
dust cloud and the ignition temperature value of dust layer shall be taken.

(II). Classification and Identification of Dust Explosion-proof Enclosures of Electrical Equipment

Dust Explosion-proof enclosures of electrical equipment shall be classified as 2 classes in accordance with their
capacities to limit dust entering into the equipment:

Dust-tight Enclosure: the protection class of the enclosure is IP6X, and identified as DT.

Dust-proof Enclosure: the protection class of the enclosure is IP5X, and identified as DP.
 Annex IV Notes of Wording

It is required in this provision to define the wordings used to express the degrees of strictness. In
implementation, deal with each case in accordance with the following statements of wordings:

(I). Wordings used to express requirements that must be very strictly followed without any deviation therefrom.

Wording in positive form to be used is "shall", and the equivalent expressions are "it is necessary (required to)
…", " only … is permitted…".

Wording in negative form to be used is "shall not", and the equivalent expressions are " it is not allowed
(permitted, acceptable or permissible)…".

(II). Wordings used to express something shall be done in this way under normal conditions.

Wording in positive form to be used is "shall".

Wording in negative form to be used is "shall not" or "is required to be not …", "it is not allowed (permitted,
acceptable, permissible)…".

(III). Wordings used to expression the action steps are allowed with possibilities for selection or when the
conditions are permissible it should be done first:

Wording in positive form to be used is "should" or "may", and the equivalent expression is "it is recommended
that…".

Wording in negative form to be used is "should not", and the equivalent expression is "it is not recommended
…".
 SINOPEC STANDARD

Specifications for Design

of Electrical Power
for
Production Plant
of Petrochemical Enterprises

SHJ38-91

Description of Specifications

1991 BEIJING
 Chapter 1 General

Article 1.0.1 Based on relevant international and ministry level standards, this article is stipulated according to
the requirements on the writing of scheme auditing, which are put forward in the Sinopec Electrical Center (88)
Electric No. 2 document. The specifications are mainly applied to the design of electrical power for the newly
building–up, rehabilitated and expanded projects of production plants and auxiliary facilities in large and
medium petrochemical enterprises (including oil refineries, chemical plants and chemical fiber plants). For
small plants, these specifications can be applied with most requirements less strict except that their load
grading must be made according to relevant regulations.

In order to ensure a reliable power supply, not only the electricity consumption and load grading but also the
capacity and the output value of the plant shall be considered in the design of production plant power supply.

The construction scale of oil refineries shall be classified according to their quantity of crude oil processed per
year:

Large oil refinery: 2,500,000 tons or more;

Medium-sized oil refinery: over 500,000 tons but less than 2,500,000 tons;

Small oil refinery: lower than 500,000 tons.

The size of nitrogenous fertilizer plant:

Large nitrogenous fertilizer plant: annual synthetic ammonia output of more than 150,000 tons;

Medium-size nitrogenous fertilizer plant: 40,000 to 150,000 tons of annual synthetic ammonia output;

Small nitrogenous fertilizer plant: annual synthetic ammonia output of less than 40,000 tons.

There are a wide variety of petrochemical plants and they are in constant development and transformation, so at
present there is no official document that can be used to define them accurately. The further definition of the
sizes of these plants shall be made based on the information to be collected in the future.

Article 1.0.3 During the compilation of these specifications, national standards and relevant ministry-level
standards were also being revised. In this case, there must have differences in some parts between them. When
conflicts arise in actual operation, they shall be discussed and solved on the basis of coordination and mutual
respect. At the same time, the characteristics of petrochemical plants and the guarantee of emergency power
supply shall be considered under the condition that the construction progress is not affected.
 Chapter 2 Load Grading and Power Supply Requirements

Section I Load Grading

Article 2.1.1 As for load grading, this article analyzes the stipulation in 2.0.1 of the national standard GBJ52-
83 that electrical loads shall be classified as three grades according to their importance and the political impacts
and economic losses that power failure brings about. At the same time it also considers the stipulation in 2.1
Specifications for Design of Power Supply for Chemical Enterprises CD90A5-85 that load grades shall be
classified as emergency load, important load (important continuous chemical production load), secondarily
important load (common continuous chemical production load). The general load grading method shall not only
comply with the national standards as much as possible but also consider the high variations in complexities of
chemical reactions of various production plants in petrochemical enterprises especially the special requirements
for reliable power supply due to the existence of flammable, explosive and toxic matters in the production
process. These specifications list separately Grade 0 load. In recent years, with the introduction of large and
medium-size petrochemical plants, power supply design standards in foreign countries urge us to conduct
useful studies on the grading of electrical loads. In addition, according to the national standard GBJ52-83 3.0.1,
electricity users in the following cases shall equip themselves with auxiliary power supply:

I. Auxiliary power supply shall be provided to ensure the first grade power consumption (refers to the
uninterrupted power supply even when the whole system breaks down). In fact, the ideas of emergency load
and emergency power supply had been put forward early in Iron and Steel Design Manual (Edition 1974). The
manual also pointed out that emergency load refers to the situation of serious casualties and damages due to the
abrupt power failure in Grade 1 load. Emergency power supply refers to the reliable power supply for the
emergency use of emergency load in order to ensure the safe shutdown of the plant of the enterprise when the
production power supply in the enterprise is abruptly failed. This emergency power supply shall have adequate
independence in its geographic location and cable connection. Auxiliary power plant provided with low cycle
stepout device shall be used as the power supply to high-capacity emergency load and diesel generator as the
power supply to low-capacity emergency load. The idea of Grade 0 load in this article is also based on the
above-mentioned production characteristics especially with the petrochemical plants so that it is easier to take
corresponding measures to realize reliable power supply.

Article 2.1.2 If the power supply to Grade 0 load is abruptly failed , the consequences will be very serious and
most dangerous. If flammable, explosive or toxic matters are involved in the chemical reactions, abrupt power
failure may lead to sharp increase or decrease in reaction temperature and pressure and even explosion, fire or
massive leakage of poisonous matters, which will cause casualties and serious damages. In order to prevent this
kind of accident or carry out timely rescue activities in case of these accidents, the power supply to rescue
equipment and apparatus needed to evacuate the people shall be classified as Grade 0 load.

The purpose of setting up Grade 0 load is to prevent accidents and realize safe shutdown. Therefore, emergency
load shall be stipulated on the basis of switching off the sources of chemical reaction materials, stopping
chemical reactions and ensuring the safe operation of large and critical production units.

Another purpose of Grade 0 load is to facilitate quick salvage of equipment and personnel evacuation in case of
an accident and stipulate the level of emergency loads on this ground.
There are countless kinds of petrochemical production units. These specifications only give a partial list of
Grade 0 load equipment, which is to be supplemented in actual production practices.

Article 2.1.3 - 2.1.5 When deciding Grade 1 and Grade 2 loads in continuous petrochemical production, it
should be emphasized that the whole petrochemical production process shall be regarded as the main starting
point but shall not be based on the characteristics, functions and capacity of a single machine. We can find the
definite dividing lines of continuous production loads between production units of different functions. Abrupt
power failure in petrochemical raw material production units will mainly lead to the break of chemical
reactions and production chaos, which in turn causes reduction in output and even the shutdown of the whole
plant. Although it won’t cause casualties or serious damages of critical units, it takes time to resume production
resulting in great economic losses. Therefore, these important kinds of continuous chemical production load
shall be classified as Grade 1 load. As for power failure in petrochemical product processing units, it will not
take a long time to resume production and the economic losses are low. So we list the load for this ordinary
continuous petrochemical production as Grade 2 load, and this is the same case with small electricity-
consuming petrochemical units. However, in small refineries, power failure may cause explosion and fire
hazards, so individual or some electricity-consuming units shall still be listed as in Grade 0 or Grade 1 load.
Loads other than Grade 0, 1, and 2 will be classified as Grade 3 loads.

Section II Power Supply Requirements for Various Load Grades

Article 2.2.1 The actual operations of petrochemical production units in recent years prove that the power
supply mode of two loops connected from the network plus BZT cannot satisfy the requirements of Grade 0
load for the reliability and the continuity of the power supply. In the 13 large-scale synthetic ammonia (300,000
tons/year) plants imported from the foreign countries in 1970s, the dual-loop power supply mode is most
common. According to the accident statistics between May 1976 and May 1980, there are 33 plant-wide power
failure accidents in total. Moreover, several other large-scale petrochemical plants also have dual-loop power
mains and their own auxiliary thermal power plants, such as Shanghai Petrochemical Plant, Yanshan
Petrochemical Plant, Qilu Petrochemical Plant, and Sichuan Vinylon Plant etc. According to the statistics made
since 1974, altogether 18 plant-wide power failures happened in these plants. In the above-mentioned 51 plant-
wide power failure accidents, over 50% are caused directly by internal failures in the enterprises. However,
there are also many accidents caused by the failures on power grid Three plant-wide power failure accidents in
Shanghai Petrochemical Plant were all resulted from its internal failures. Among the ten plant-wide power
failures happened in Sichuan Chemical Plant between 1974 and 1979, nine were resulted from the power grid
failures, in which two were caused by power grid breakdown. As the regional main grid is parallel in its main
network voltages, petrochemical works cannot obtain in a strict sense two independent power supplies no
matter how many loops they draw from the grid. Therefore, any power grid malfunctions may lead to the power
failures in all loops connected to the production plants and result in power failure accidents. When the auxiliary
power plants are provided, low cycle stepout measures are taken to increase the reliability of power supply for
the production plants. However, the operation experiences show that the plant-wide power failure accidents can
not be completely prevented. In the three power failure accidents happened in Shanghai Petrochemical Plant,
internal failures mixed with the operation conditions at the time and the malfunction of relay protection, in the
end neither internal auxiliary power supply nor external power supply from the grid can supply power for the
loads. It is a problem that can be resolved by the low cycle stepout devices. So, we think that normally the
auxiliary power plants that run in parallel with the power grid should not be used as the emergency power
supply. That’s why the article here regulates that the power for Grade 0 loads shall be supplied by independent
(independent in the sense of its geographic location, energy sources and water sources etc.) emergency power
supply system.

Article 2.2.2 In the course of production, the processes that needs emergency protection measures which can
be achieved through technological means shall not adopt electrical protection measures. Grade 0 loads shall be
strictly controlled for the equipment.

Article 2.2.3 It is stipulated in U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) Section 700: the emergency power supply
systems shall consist of one or more than one of the following units: ① batteries; ② automatically starting-up
generator system; ③ dual overhead/buried power lines that are in strict separation from each other
geographically and electrically according to the regulations, which shall minimize the probability of power
failure in both lines; ④ power line connections at the power supply side of the circuit breakers that can
effectively isolate the faults happened within a building or a group of buildings, but this measure shall be used
in combination with one of the above-mentioned three items.

The “strict separation … geographically and electrically” mentioned in item ③ actually refers to two
independent power supplies in a strict sense as we usually say. This situation only exists in the few power
plants such as Cangzhou Power Plant or remote areas. Generally speaking, most large systems are in parallel
operation. The above-mentioned item ④ can serve as emergency power supply only when the failure is
occurred internally and external power supply is guaranteed. Long years of experiences show that it is
impossible to limit the electrical failures to a certain scope. Meanwhile power supply departments have never
promised that no failure will happen to their supply service. So, the special lines defined in item ④ shall not be
used as safety supply by itself. It shall be used in combination with the former three items. To sum up, we can
say that emergency power supplies are referred to as the power supplies electrically independent from the
power grid.

In Japanese fire control codes and construction codes, the emergency power supply is defined as follows: ①
self-contained power supply; ② external power supply. In Japanese regulations, emergency power supplies
mainly refer to batteries (including UPS) and diesel generators and other independent power supplies.

Article 2.2.5 For grade 1 loads, single loop power supply mode is not considered. Experiences in every
petrochemical plant have proved that single power supply mode is not good for the long and continuous
production of the plant. Thus, in this article it is stipulated that dual power supplies are required for grade 1
loads and the specific requirements for the dual power supplies are also made.
 Chapter III Automatic Switching-over of Power Supply and Motor
Restart System

Section 1 Automatic Switching-over of Power Supply

Article 3.1.1 The purposes for providing automatic switching-over deveices

Article 3.1.2 The installation location of the automatic power switching-over device is stipulated according to
the accident probability of production units’ power supply system. The main purposes of the stipulation is to
reduce as much as possible the stages and the activation time of the automatic power switching-over systems
on the condition that the power supply reliability is not affected, so as to ensure the restarting up of motors.

Article 3.1.3 Wiring requirements for automatic power switching-over systems are made according to the
national standard Code for Design of Relay Protection and Automation Devices in Industrial and Civil
Electrical Installations and References of Electrical Power Design for Iron and Steel Works and in combination
of the characteristics of power supply and distribution for production units.

Article 3.1.4 This article is set to prevent this situation: due to the insufficient overload capacity of the
auxiliary power supply or failure to guarantee the motor restart conditions, bus line voltage is lower than the
allowable limit after the successful automatic power switching over and the fault makes the whole restart action
fail. In this case, the originally normal bus voltage is dragged down and the accident is in turn expanded to a
larger scale.

Article 3.1.5 It stipulates the optional matching conditions for automatic power switching0-over devices and
relay protection according to the structural characteristics of production unit power supply and distribution.

II. When feeder does not install reactors, it can only depend on start time limit to match the protection time
limit in order to prevent itself from activating before the isolation of faulty units.

III. It must be guaranteed that only after the motors that are not allowed to start again are disconnected can
standby power supply be activated.

IV. In order to prevent the surge of asynchronism, the start time limit of automatic power switching-over
devices shall be higher than the under-voltage protection time limit of synchronous motors.

Article 3.1.6 The general conditions for the optional matches between automatic power switching-over
devices are stipulated.

Article 3.1.7 The high-voltage power lines in petrochemical plants are usually overhead lines with
considerable lengths. The probability of overhead line non-stability is high, especially in areas frequented by
thunderbolts. So it is necessary to install the automatic reclosing devices at the power supply side of the
connection. For the purpose of enhancing the rate of successful reclosing act, the existing power systems
incline to increase the reclosing time. In some areas, the time is increased to 1.2 seconds. In this case the start
time of the automatic power switching-over devices is prolonged and it will affect the restart-up of motors.
Therefore, some regulations are stipulated here to solve the problem.
I. Reduce the stages of automatic power switching-over devices. The units shall be arranged according to the
accident rate of the power supply and distribution network and the on the basis of not affecting the reliability of
power supply. Item 3.1.2 has taken this factor into account.

II. Reduce the time of protection. This measure is quite beneficial when the conditions are available. However,
it is not easy to do so when the power supply and distribution network has its own structural peculiarities. The
reduction shall be made on the basis of optional matching. For example, the time of relay protection acts at
both ends of a line can be the same.

III. As for the automatic power switching-over devices with current lockout, its start time shall be coordinated
with the protection timing of the relay protection devices and automatic devices of the upper stage instead of
the protection timing of the feeder line from the distribution substation. When the production process requires
quick restart, it is possible for automatic power switching-over unit not to coordinate with the upper-stage relay
protection and automatic device feeder lines.

Section 2 Motor Restart System

Article 3.2.1 The scope of motor restart system shall be defined.

Article 3.2.2 Motor restart mode shall be arranged using one or more restart modes listed here in this article
according to the actual conditions in the project engineering.

Real crossover restart is good in some imported production units, but it needs DC control power supply, DC
contactors, etc., and it brings no special advantages for the restart. So, in normal cases, crossover-like or time-
lapse restart is enough to satisfy the requirements.

Article 3.2.3 The restart methods for high and low voltage asynchronous motors listed in this article are the
most commonly used methods in production and can be used according to the specific conditions of the project
engineering.

Of course, the new advanced restart methods in some recently imported units can also be applied and
popularized, but they are not listed in this article since it is difficult to manufacture them domestically.

Article 3.2.4 Item I, II and IV are extracted from the chemical design specifications, Specifications for Design
of Electric Power for Nitrogen Fertilizer Factories 12.2.3.

I. 1．Restart load current shall not exceed the calculated peak value allowed in the external power supply loop,
so that the restart of motor groups will not lead to current fluctuation in the power grid and there is no need to
ask the power dispatcher to permit the restart. If the peak current of the restart will exceed the calculated
maximum value, it needs to discuss with power supply departments before the restart.

2 ． Overload multiplication factor of workshop transformers is determined by the bus line voltage drop
requirements in the course of restart. If the multiplication factor is set at 2, for the workshop transformer with
rated capacity lower than 1000kVA and the secondary voltage of 400／230V, when its impedance voltage is
lower than 5.5％, the bus line voltage 0.9UH can be ensured in the course of restart.
3． When mortor is restarted up, the restart peak current shall not exceed 1.1 times the rated current of the
emergency generator. This is a rule stipulated in International Technical Conditions for Diesel Generators
(Verified Draft).

II. As one of the basis performances of squirrel cage motors is that the motor shaft torque is in direct ratio with
the square of the supply voltage, the motors will absorb high current from the power system when they are
restarted in groups and thus the bus line voltage and the corresponding motor terminal voltage will decrease. As
a result, the shaft torque of the motor will also be lowered. Moreover, the restart is made at load. In some cases,
restart is a bit more difficult than a normal start, so the decrease of shaft torque shall be considered and it shall
be checked that the shaft torque of restarting motors must be higher than the drag torque of the corresponding
mechanical rotating speed.

As for general purpose centrifugal pumps, the excess torque is relatively high between the motor shaft torque
and the pump’s drag torque, so voltage drops will not bring any difficulty to the restart of this kind of motors.
However, for the restart of motors that drive some hard loads, the conditions shall be checked in detail. If the
restart is difficult, the dimension of the driving motors can be increased a little so as to increase the excess
torque for a successful restart.

III. This item is stipulated on the basis of the Electrical Power Ministry standard Specifications for Design of
House Load in Thermal Power Plant DLGJ17-D81 Article 49 and the characteristics of petrochemical
enterprises.

IV. Restarts are almost always occurred under hot conditions. Each restarting motor will respectively absorb
restart current close to the start current from the power supply and at the same time these restarts are all made
at load. Therefore, in the design of restart circuits, the heating of motor windings in the restart process shall be
checked..

Only four major conditions necessary for restart are listed, and the other conditions, such as the general time
limit of restart and the prevention of residual voltage impact in the instant of restart, will be discussed in other
articles.

Article 3.2.5

II. The purpose of this rule is to regard the restart current as a possible maximum short time overcurrent, so that
the overcurrent protection meter with time limit in the feeder line and the effect of the current will not activate
the misoperation of overcurrent protection in the restart.

III. As stipulated in this article that it is better to arrange the real crossover restart at the time when residual
voltage is lower than 40% of the rated voltage, because the vectors and the values of residual voltage and
supply voltage in the course of motor restart are the two major parameters that effect the asynchronous surge.
When the two have relatively high absolute values but small phase-angle difference (as soon as the motor
power is just failed and the motor starts inertial rotation, its phase angle is not in time for increasing), or when
the phase difference between the two reaches its maximum value but the absolute value of residual voltage
reduces to a low level, the asynchronous surge for the motor restart can be avoided.

In the power supply system of the existing production units, it is difficult to apply the former solution because
of some coordination problems between relay protection devices and the timing problem in on and off actions
of the switching-over. Therefore, the latter one is extensively used in the restart circuit design. For motors in
normal operation, in case the power goes off, we shall not resume the power immediately. Only when the
feedback voltage is lowered to the permissible value as the magnetic field of the rotor weakens can we resume
the power supply and realize the restart.

According to the experiment data of a project in China, when 6KV bus line is in operation with load, the
waiting time (when residual voltage lowers to 35%UH) between power cut off and restoration is about 0.7s -
1.5s. So, for real crossover restart, when necessary and possible, we can purposely add about 1s time lag in the
automatic devices and set the time of motor restart to about 2s, so that high residual voltages can be avoided
and the successful restart will be ensured. The increase in action time of the automatic devices will not affect
the time for inactivating the faulty parts, so it will not affect the reliability of relay protection. Normally dual
power supplies are used in the production units. Therefore the increase in the activating time of automatic
device will not bring notable impacts upon the whole power system. In addition, we seldom meet cases of real
crossover circuits, so it will not be a problem.

IV. Requirements for automatic devices: the time setting of automatic power switching-over devices shall get
out as much as possible of the action time limit of the reclosing devices while the timing cannot be prolonged
arbitrarily. If the requirements cannot be satisfied, see 3.1.7 for solutions.

3.2.6. For the smooth application of the various kinds of coordination listed in the article, the main steps of
motor restart system design are listed below for readers’ reference.

I. The topic of restart shall be put forward by the process specialty, and the necessity and possibility for the
restart shall be discussed jointly by the related specialties of electrical, process, automatic control, equipment,
etc.

II. Accept and re-examine the restart requirements proposed by the process specialty:

1. The importance of loads driven by electric power (its importance concerning personal safety, production
safety and continuity);

2. Requirements for restart sequences;

3. Requirements for restart timing;

4. Special requirements for the restart of some types of motors;

5. Specify the equipment which is not allowed to be restarted up.

III. Collect all the useful information concerning the severity and the occurring frequency of relevant power
supply failures, including the information on the automatic devices of the system and whether some specific
motors are allowed to be restarted in the system.

Collect as much as possible the properties of the motors that need restarting, the properties of driven equipment
and the data of the system impedance.

IV. Design the power supply and distribution system according to the restart requirements and consider the
installation of automatic devices and relay protection in the main bus connection.

V. Study the necessity for using real crossover restart and determine the mode of connection for the restart.

VI. Calculate the restart current and voltage of the motors and determine the sequence and the interval of the
restarts.

Article 3.2.7 Calculation of restart current

I. The motor start current only relates to the parameters of motor instead of the load. Load only affects the start
time of motor and not the level of start current. During the motor restart, due to the inertia property of the
motor and the interval of power cut off, the rotation speed of the motor cannot be zero (slip ratio S is not 1). In
other words, the motor is actually restarted at a certain slip ratio. Here the start current of the motor is different
from the value when the motor is directly started under full voltage. However, according to theoretical analyses
and calculations and the data and curve obtained in the experiment on the motor’s inertia properties, the restart
current will come close to the start current when the restart is done at the time that its rotation speed is reduced
to 70-85% of its rated speed. Therefore, it is specified that the restart currents of medium and small capacity
low-voltage squirrel-cage induction motors can be calculated on the basis of their start currents. For the
convenience of calculation, the current is directly set to 6 times the rated current.

II. As for most high-voltage motors, their rotation inertia and the stored energy are high, so their inertia
duration is relatively long and their speed reduction is slow. According to test data and inertia property curve,
the equivalent restart current multiplication factor of high-voltage motors takes different values along with the
different duration of power breaks.

Here we use the comprehensive equivalent start current multiplication factor to represent the start current. The
effect of voltage drops on the start current during the starting is not considered, because the restart process is
similar to the start process, both are very quick. Moreover, the effect of restart voltage drop on the restart
current is quite complicated. There are many effecting factors and it is difficult to explain this with a universal
formula.

In addition, different high-voltage motors have different start current multiplication factors and the differences
are so big as ranging from 4.4 - 7.0. However, for most high-voltage motors, the current multiplication factors
are lower than 6 or at about 6, so we set the multiplication factor of the equivalent restart current at 6. If we
only calculate the restart current of one high-voltage motor, the multiplication factor shall take the specific
value in the sample.

Article 3.2.8 Calculation of restart voltage

List the differences between the restart voltage calculation and the calculation of ordinary motor start voltage
and the precautions to be taken.

Article 3.2.9 All or most motors of the whole workshop are require to be restarted up since there are strict
requirements for the production continuity and importance of process and the safety and reliability of the power
system . However, as restricted by several factors of voltage, current for restart up, it is not practical to make all
or most motors on a main bus line restarted simultaneously in a short time after the disappearance of main bus
voltage and the restoration of power supply. In this case it is necessary to restart the motors step by step in
batches.

In project engineering, the capacity limit for restart shall be decided by calculating the restart voltage, and then
batches for restart shall be set. This article suggests determining the batches of motor restarts according to the
ratio between the rated capacity of the motors to be restarted and the rated capacity of the transformer.
In the present-day project engineering, the load factor of transformers has been set relatively low (about 50%)
in order to increase the capacity limits of the first batch of motors to be restarted. If it still won’t work, we can
further reduce the UK value of the transformers and then implement the restarting in batches.

Article 3.2.10 In determining the intervals between the time-lapse restart of each motor group, we have
consulted the actual timing of some recently imported equipment and the design values in some domestic
projects. The interval values here have been proven feasible in actual practices. For those special motors, its
restart timing will be determined according to its special requirements for the restart.

Article 3.2.11 This article is stipulated on the basis of the chemical engineering specifications for Design of
Electrical Power of Nitrogen Fertilizer Plants 12.2.4 and 12.2.5, and the characteristics of petrochemical
production units.

Chapter 4 Explosion and Fire Hazard Environment

Section I General

Article 4.1.1 The issue discussed here is a common question stressed by similar specifications in many
countries such as U.S. and Japan. We shall regard the regulations here as guidelines in our work instead of
unalterable dogmas.

Relevant stipulations in national industrial standards and specifications shall also be observed during the
implementation of these specifications. If the regulation here conflicts with higher level specifications, the
higher level specifications will prevail.

Article 4.1.2 The purpose of this article is to draw the attention of designers. In the industry of explosion-proof
products, it is forbidden to produce and sell the explosion-proof electric products that are not certified by the
relevant national authorities.

Section II Classification of Gas or Vapor Explosion Hazard Zones

Article 4.2.3 Previously the measures to prevent explosion hazard were neglected by most manufacturers.
They did not seriously think about the problems in their actual work. The precautions mentioned here are
comprehensive measures taken before the implementation of electrical measures in aspects of production
process, open-air installations, safety interlocking, nitrogen protection, ventilation, etc.

Article 4.2.4 “Release source” is an important concept and it is a major element for dividing the hazard zones.
Before the classification of hazard zones, the first thing to be considered is the grading of relevant relief
sources.

Article 4.2.5 Classification of explosion hazard zones

For correct classification of the hazardous environment, refer to the following steps:

I. It is required in the following steps to give the answers to a series of questions. The positive answer to any of
the questions will confirm the existence of an environmental zone. The boundary limits of the environment can
be defined according to Figures 4.3.1—1 to 4.3.1—9. When the zones are determined, the considerations shall
be made to each room, location or area respectively.

II. The necessity of the classification:

Positive answer to any of the following questions verifies that it is necessary to make the classification of
zones.

1. Do flammable liquids or gases tend to exist?

2．Is it possible that flammable liquid with flash point  45℃ will be transferred, processed or stored at the
temperature higher than its flash point?

III. Second step of classification of environmental zones

Provided that there is positive answer in the first step, the following questions will be used in classifying the
zones.

1．Positive answer to any of the following questions will lead to the conclusion that it is zone 1 environment:

(1) Does critical concentrations of flammable gases tend to occur in the air under conditions of normal
operations?

(2) Does the critical concentration of flammable air mixture tend to occur frequently as a result of maintenance,
repair or leaking?

(3) Will processing, storage or faults of other units tend to lead to faults of electrical systems and the discharge
of flammable liquids or gases?

(4) Is the pipeline system for flammable liquids or gases arranged in poorly ventilated environments? Is the
pipeline system (including valves, instruments or piping fastened by bolts or flanges) in bad conditions of
maintenance?

(5) Are there some low places where flammable gases or liquids tend to accumulate?

2．Positive answer to any of the following questions will lead to the conclusion that it is Zone 2 environment:

(1) Does the pipeline system for flammable liquids or gases locate in poorly ventilated environments? Is the
piping system (including valves, instruments or pipes fastened by bolts or flanges) in good conditions of
maintenance ?

(2) As for production units containing flammable liquids or gases in well-ventilated environments (except those
pipeline systems that are in good conditions of maintenance), will liquids and gases leak from potential
discharge sources such as pump seals, vent holes or venting valves, sampling points, discharge openings
because of abnormal operation conditions?

(3) Is the location adjacent to Zone 1 environment? Can flammable gases infiltrate into the location through
trenches, pipelines or protective conduits?
(4) If positive-pressure mechanical ventilation is applied, will the faults or abnormal operation of ventilation
equipment result in the formation of flammable vapor mixtures in the air?

Article 4.2.6 In actual designs, we often see that non-explosion hazard zones are classified as explosion hazard
zones, for example, the lab for water-cooling tower. The reason is that the designer does not calculate whether
the maximum volume concentration of flammable matters that can be possibly formed will exceed 10% the
lower limit value of explosion, especially under the conditions of good mechanical ventilation or natural
ventilation.

Two points will be specially stressed here. First, the classification of zones for water-cooling towers. Here in
this article, it is regarded as non-explosion hazard zone. The flammable liquid or gas contained in circulation
are from the process equipment leak. Usually the leak is not in a large volume even in abnormal production
conditions. Furthermore, the amount of circulating water is usually very high and the percentage of flammable
matters in water is a trace. Moreover, the cooling tower is set up in open air and there are force fans that can
quickly blow away the flammable matters. So the flammable matters will not build up to a concentration 10%
higher than the lower limit value of explosion. Years of practical experiences also prove that it is not necessary
to make the classification of zones for the cooling tower unit.

Second, regarding the classification of areas where there are units applying open flame or red-hot parts. Both
the domestic and foreign standards stipulate that there is no need to classifying the areas. The problem is that
there is no definition of the limits for the area that requires no classification. It is specified in this article that the
limits are 1.5 meters. Seen from the perspectives of heat radiation and gas flowing, the distance is small and
relatively appropriate and can be regarded as a reference in actual design.

Article 4.2.7 - 4.2.9 Ventilation is an important element for the classification of explosion hazard zones. Here
the issue is described in detail so that the measure can be correctly understood and applied in the actual design.
Although mechanical ventilation is an effective method in reducing the hazards in an environment, it shall not
be applied unless in special conditions or unavoidable situations. Normally in most cases production units will
be arranged in open-air or half-open-air environments and natural ventilation is used to reduce the hazards for
the environmental zones..

For petrochemical production units, the open air or the open arrangement has the following advantages:

1. It is the most convenient and the simplest way to achieve good ventilation. However, we have to consider the
environment, terrain and installation location around the unit and analyze whether the expected effects can be
achieved.

2. Compared with enclosed buildings, it can reduce the explosion hazards and alleviate the consequences of
explosions.

3. It will save the expenses of mechanical ventilation system (including the standby system), the cost for civil
construction and operations.

Section III Scopes of Gas or Vapor Hazard Zone

Article 4.3.1 This article is an excerpts from relevant API 一 500A regulations. It helps us understand the
characteristics of different materials and decide the range of hazard zones. Its appendix provides descriptions of
the nature of flammable gases and liquids and the knowledge is highly useful in our actual work.

Article 4.3.2 Plenum is a safety measure that we have take when we have no other choices. The regulations
and requirement on plenums will help us use them correctly.

Article 4.3.3 When the volume, pressure and flow rate of flammable liquid is controlled within the levels
stipulated in the article, the amount and the possibility of its leak is low and thus the scope of hazard zone is
small. Moreover, as the installation is set under open-air or half-open-air conditions, good natural ventilation
will also help reduce the scope of hazard zone.

Section IV Electrical Installations in Gas or Vapor Explosion Hazard Environment

Article 4.4.2 Table 4.4.2 gathers the explosion-proof structures of motors, transformers, electric apparatuses,
lamp fixtures and instruments to facilitate the application of users.

The use of sparkless motors in Zone 2 environment has been emphasized on in this article, because sparkless
motors have been extensively used in imported plants and in foreign countries (in foreign countries it is
actually totally-enclosed industrial induction motor), and are now in good operation. It is economically
significant that sparkless motors are used in Zone 2 environments. Theories and practices also prove that the
use is safe and reliable and there should not be any worries and other psychological blocks.

Article 4.4.3 Anti-explosion labeling is a safety item in the engineering and production management.
However, few people come to understand its importance. This article makes a detailed explanation about the
labeling.

Article 4.4.5 To ensure safety in hazard zones, it is necessary to use copper core cables and wires. It is safer
and more economical than the aimless use of explosion-proof or positive-pressure-ventilated motors.

Moreover, we shall pay attention to the overall safety of electrical anti-explosion arrangements. This is an
important concept. We think that we shall solve the following problems in order to improve the overall safety
of electrical anti-explosion arrangements:

1．Overall and long-term safety must be maintained during the course of design, installation, operation and
maintenance. It requires not only the complete procedures but also the strict management made by qualified
personnel.

2．Engineering design lacks the coordinated overall safety between different specialties. For example, in some
specialties, some safety measures are not proper, not complete, or lack of coordination with other measures in
other specialties.

3. Overall electrical safety is not coordinated for all the parts or links of this specialty. As for the electrical
specialty there are some points to be noted as follows:

(1) The safety measures taken in the power design are to the high requirements while the safety measures for
lighting design are to the relatively low requirements. For example, in Zone 2, 2.5mm2 aluminum wires are
used for lighting circuits while power cables must be 4mm2 or higher. Another example: branches and joints in
lighting circuits are seen everywhere while no joint is allowed for power cables (in fact, joints are unavoidable
in places such as motor terminal boxes). This is not so appropriate.
(2) If higher explosion proof grades are adopted for the motors while the aluminum-core wires are used, the
overall safety level will be relatively low.

(3) Temperature increase curve of increased-safety motors does not match up with the behaviors of overload
protection thermal relay.

Article 4.4.10 In explosionhazard environment, special copper conductor shall be used for the protective earth
wire (PE) for the electrical equipment housings so as to ensure that single phase earthing failure will be cut-off.

Section V Dust Explosion Hazard Environment

Article 4.5.1 Types of Dust Explosion Hazard Medium

According to their characteristics and degrees of danger, there are three kinds of dust explosion hazard
mediums: explosive dust, flammable conductive dust, and flammable nonconductive dust. Explosive dust is a
kind of dust that is flammable in the air that is lack of oxygen or even in carbon dioxide and it can explode
terribly when in the suspending state. Aluminum catalyst is usually used in chemical production. The catalyst is
made from aluminum powder, which is a kind of explosive dust.

Flammable dust is the dust that can react with oxygen in the air and let out heat that eventually leads to
burning. Flammable dust is less dangerous than explosive dust. According to their different natures, flammable
dust falls into two kinds - flammable conductive dust and flammable nonconductive dust. For electrical units,
flammable conductive dust is more dangerous than flammable nonconductive dust. As for flammable dust
dangers induced by the dangerously high temperature and the electric sparks of the electrical equipment,
conductive dust is more dangerous than nonconductive dust.

Article 4.5.2 The fundamental solutions to the dust explosion problem is to take precautions against it. Great
importance shall be attached to these precautions.

It is described in these specifications that the measures mechanical ventilation shall be used for the precautions
against Different countries have different descriptions about the measure. For example, in the Australian
specifications the Classification of Hazard Zones, Part II Dust (AS2430 Part II —1981), it says: …… dust is
different from gas. Excessive ventilation is not always appropriate, because accelerated ventilation may lead to
the formation of suspending dusts, which means greater instead of smaller dangers…… It is stressed in these
specifications to use mechanical ventilation to prevent the formation of suspending dusts. In the process of
production, ventilation facilities will be carried over the dusts leaking from containers or equipment into a dust
collector, as a result, raw material loss will be reduced and so will the danger lying in the production site. It is
not that simple kind of accelerated ventilation, which makes dusts suspending in the air and increases degree of
dangers.

Article 4.5.7 As suspending dust has a quite limited range of diffusion in the air and it is easy for it to be
thinned out to under the lower explosion limit, the method of defining the ranges by rooms is adopted in this
specification and no explosion hazard environments are defined outside the doors and windows of buildings.

Article 4.5.8 The main content of this article is the selection of electrical equipment. Though some countries
(such as Japan and France) produce explosion-proof electric equipment that are specially used in dust explosion
hazard environments, most countries use dust-proof and airtight electrical devices. Therefore, the dust-proof
and airtight electric equipment are included in the range of selection under this specification. The electrical
equipment designed for gas or vapor explosion hazard environments can also be employed in environments
with dust explosion hazards (the temperature grade of the equipment housing should be considered), but it is
not cost effective and is not recommended.

Section VI Fire Hazard Environment

Article 4.6.1 Discrimination of the fire hazardous substance and explosion hazardous substance shall be paid
attention to. Discrimination of some substances is easy in normal cases, but quite difficult in some other cases
or should be handled cautiously. For example, in case of diesel oil with its operating temperature higher than its
flash point or some kind of flammable dust with large particle size, the quantity, arrangement and environment
(ventilation) conditions shall be taken into consideration and the practical experiences shall be based on for
discrimination.

In such rare cases as with very large space of the location and small quantity of inflammable liquid, where the
actual operation experience has proved that there are no explosion hazards, the hazard may also be defined as
fire hazard.

Article 4.6.2 As for zoning of fire hazard environment, the quantity and arrangement of flammable substances
in the environment shall be first considered to decide whether occurrence of a fire disaster possible. If it is, the
area may be defined as a fire hazard environment. It is not right to think that any area with flammable
substances is certainly a fire hazard environment.
 Chapter 5 Substation

Section I Site Selection

Article 5.1.2 It is defined that the power transmission and distribution unit shall be generally located outside
the explosion hazardous area and specified at the same time, for the sake of safety, the requirements when it has
to be located inside the hazardous area.

Section II Power Supply and Distribution System

The articles of this section are abstracted from or written by referring to the following Codes and Standards
I. Standards of Ministry of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Articles 2.1, 3.2 of SD126-84 “Tentative
Regulations for Harmonic Management of Electric Power System”.

II. Standards of SINAPEC

Articles 3.3.6 of SHJ1066-84 “ Technical Specification for Power Design of Refineries”.

III. Design Standards for Chemical Engineering

1. Articles 3.1.11, 3.1.13, 3.1.15, 3.1.19, 3.2.1, 3.2.10, 3.2.12 and 3.4.1 of CD90A2-81 “Regulations for Design
of Electric Power of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plants”.

2. Articles 4.2.3 ~ 4.2.6, 4.3.2 and 4.3.3 of CD90A5-85 “Technical Specification for Design of Power Supply of
Chemical Enterprises”.

Section 3 Operation Power Supply

Article 5.3.1 The chrome-nickel battery has a number of advantages, of which, the main advantage is that it
can ensure the reliable operation of the relay protection and automatic unit. Compared with the capacity
energy-storage unit, not only can it reduce the maintenance time, but also simplify the wiring, thus it is
recommended.

Article 5.3.2 AC operation is a method currently used. With present development, chrome-nickel battery can
also be used if required by relay protection and automatic unit.

Section 4 6 ~ 10KV Main Electrical Equipment Selection

Article 5.4.2

I. Because of breaking capacity depending on voltage, for convenient usage and reducing the conversion
calculation and unifying with the National Breaker Standard (GB1984-80), it is defined to use rated open
current instead of rated breaking capacity.

Since most of the breakers are opened after 2~3 cycles, periodic component and non-periodic component of
short-circuit current are all attenuated somewhat then, it is more practical to calibrate by short-circuit current of
the actual opening time. The short–circuit capacity of the power supply and distribution system of the industries
and enterprises is not that large, for simplifying the calculation, the selection may be done based on the super-
transition short-circuit current first. When not satisfied, then check against the previous conditions.

II. The new series products produced recently are all passed the open current test under specified cycle
operation as per breaker standard and usually their breaking ability will not be reduced due to re-closing.
However, some of the breakers are not up to the nameplate rated parameters because of the manufacturing
quality, so care must be taken. Example: SN 0-10 (G) can only be opened normally at the 30% opening capacity
and become abnormal at 50%.

III. Rated closing current refers to the maximum current when breaker can close without resulting in contact
fusing connection and obstructing continuous normal operation under defined conditions and is expressed in
peak value. For closing current, manufacturer usually takes 2.5 times of the rated open current (1.8x2, where,
1.8 is the impact coefficient). Therefore, under normal conditions, when the open current can be passed
through, its closing current can be passed through accordingly. However, the limited passing through current of
SN0-10 breaker made by Beikaiyuan is 65KA and its closing current is only 59KA due to the mechanism,
therefore, closing current should be calibrated.

IV. The problem is that there is no special breaker in our country applicable to the test condition. Although the
performance of vacuum breaker is relatively complete, the dynamic and static contacts are usually contacted by
flat pressing, which is the cause of over-voltage of capacitor bank re-closing and the problem of opening
restrike can not be avoided completely. The theoretic analysis evidences that the re-closing over voltage will
not be higher than 2Vex when placing the capacitor bank into service, but practice shows it is higher than this
value. For 10KV vacuum breaker, it may reach the value of 2.73Vex, and over voltage of breaker cut-out
restrike may reach 4.8Vex. Therefore over voltage protection must be taken. Zinc oxide lightning arrester is
used in most time.

V. Restrike breakdown rate of the vacuum breaker is smaller and has a desired arc wiping performance with
less maintenance time, and especially applicable to the frequent operation application.

Article 5.4.3

I. Capacitor may take high power grid voltage resulting from connecting to the power grid, high grid voltage
resulting from high sub-harmonic wave, over voltage resulting from series reactor, high-operation-voltage
resulting from light load etc. Thus the capacitor withstanding voltage limit is defined.

When capacitor is operation under over voltage, its performance and life will be affected due to its enhanced
fluid field. When the voltage value and operation time exceeds its permitted value, capacitor fluid will be
locally discharged which will lead to more hazards. Therefore when selecting the capacitor, its rated voltage
must be slightly higher than the actual power grid voltage, but not much higher, otherwise the capacity of the
capacitor will be remarkably reduced.

II. When any one of the parallel capacitors fails, rest of the capacitors of that fault section will release the
stored-energy to the fault capacitor in the form of discharge. When its energy is more than the min. explosion
energy of capacitor enclosure, the capacitor will explode. The min. explosion energy of the enclosure the
capacitor can withstand will be increased with the increasing of the capacity. Therefore by selecting capacitor
with larger capacity, not only the enclosure explosion possibility can be reduced, but also the space (cubicle
number), the installation and maintenance work can be reduced as well. Therefore, it is better to select the
capacitors with larger single capacity with the precondition of closing to the calculation capacity and uniformly
distributed among the three phases.

III. The discharge process of capacitor insulation film is relatively slow and the capacitor with larger capacity
will be slower. To ensure the safety of personnel and equipment, the discharge process should be speeded if the
manufacturing condition allowed. Therefore it is defined to use the capacitor of 100KVar and above.

Article 5.4.4

I. It is defined the principle of selecting the reactance value of series reactor to limit re-closing surge flow.

It is stipulated in the National Standard “Parallel Capacitor” that capacitor must be able to withstand the
transition over-voltage of the first peak value which not exceeding the effective rated voltage of and 1/2
cycle of the duration. Over-voltage often occurs for the capacitor opening and closing by breaker, which is
breakdown without force, at the time when it is closing. Its max peak value of transition over current is allowed
to be 100 times of the rated current.
If high frequency surge flow passes through the smaller current transformer when placing breaker bank into
service, due to the higher conductance of the primary winding of the current transformer, higher over-voltage
will occur during re-closing, which may breakdown the insulation of the primary winding of the current
transformer. The similar accident happened before in the electric power sector and it was tried to connect LV
lightning arrester at both ends of the winding, as a result both were exploded. At present the only way to solve
the problem is to limit the re-closing surge flow and increase the current transformer ratio.
It is also noted that the actual reactance value of the China made core reactor, under the action of re-closing
surge flow and due to core saturation, is only 30%~60% of the rated reactance value. Therefore it is better to
select air reactor to obtain the desired limit property from the view of limiting the surge flow.

II. In order to make the capacitor circuit induce the comprehensive reactance of limited harmonic to avoid
amplification of higher harmonic of capacitive reactance, the inductive reactance value of the reactor must meet
XL>XC/n2(XC is the capacitive reactance of the capacitor bank), for the fifth harmonic, X L>XC/52 =0.04XC; for
the third harmonic, XL>XC/32 =0.11XC . Therefore, in the actual application, to limit the fifth harmonic and the
above, the selected reactance value should be 5%~6%X C; to limit the fifth harmonic and the above, the selected
reactance value should be 12%~13%XC.

III. It is stipulated based on the capacitor acceptable long-time over-current and the saturation effect of the core
reactor. 35% equivalent current of higher harmonic is included in 1.35 times of the rated current.

The series reactor should satisfy the dynamic stability when shorting and the thermal stability during shorting.

Article 5.4.5

I. In the past, porcelain insulation structures are often used and at present, epoxy cast insulation structures are
used more. The volume of the later is smaller and light, which helps reduce the volume of the power
distribution unit and have better basic stability. Since the heat radiation of the structure itself is not so good, the
thermal stability will not be so stable, this should be decided based on the installation and operation conditions.

II. The current transformer, used as the neutral zero sequence protection of the transformer, its primary current
is selected based on the transformer allowed unbalance current, the neutral current of yyno wiring transformer
shall not exceed 25% of the LV side rated current; there is no stipulation for dyn11 wiring transformer. The
unbalance of transformer 3- phase AC depends on the unbalance of the 3-phase reactance. According to the
stipulation of power transformer (GB 1094 ‥D71) the unbalance of the 3-phase DC resistance of the
transformer winding, 630KVA and below will be line 2%, phase 4%; for all the other transformers, phase 2%,
the unbalance of the 3-phase reactance will be 10%. The max unbalance of the reactance may reach up to
20%. The unbalance current of the transformer will be at about 20% if the effect of the unbalanced resistance
is ignored. The analysis made by the electrical power department holds that since the system reactance is
further greater than that of transformer, the unbalance of 3-phase current of the transformer shall be considered
based on the reactance unbalance of the whole power grid. For the selection of the correct current transformer
for the transformer neutral point, it should be decided according to the max zero sequence current of the
transformer installation location.

III. Since the proportion of the primary ampere-turn ratio of the zero sequence current transformer is greater, its
current and turns are not in the inverse proportion relationship and secondary winning turns cannot be
established based on the current, therefore the rated transformer ratio of zero sequence current transformer has
no actual sense. In actual application, it is difficult to calculate the primary star-up current of current
transformer, the method often used is to obtain first the terminal voltage of the secondary winding of current
transformer based on the selected relay operation current, then find out the protection sensibility using the
curves provided by the manufacturer (i.e. primary start-up current).

Article 5.4.6

I. Oil-immersed type transformer is often used before and operation experience shows that it is reliable. In
recent years, epoxy cast type potential transformers are used more often, the volume of which is smaller and
light, but casting quality is not ensured. Air bubbles occurred in casting are harmful to safety operation because
of the field concentration and too low free voltage, and explosion accident happened before due to this reason.

III. When it is necessary to prevent ferroresonance, resistor or bulb may be connected to the secondary opening
triangle, 220V 220W bulb is suitable for 6~10KV potential transformer, or use resonance absorption
instrument.

IV. When single phase is grounded for neutral point direct grounding system, non-grounding phase is still the
phase voltage and the voltage at the opening voltage of the third wing of the transformer is 100V. When single
phase is grounded for neutral point non-direct grounding system, non-fault phase voltage of the primary
winding of the transformer increases times and the opening voltage of the third winding of the transformer
increases 3 times. To ensure the opening triangle voltage will be 100V, the third winding voltage must be
100/3V.

Article 5.4.7 Notes for parameter selection of metallic oxide lightning arrester are as follows:

I. Continuing operation voltage of the lightning arrester uby

Since there is no series gap in metallic oxide lightning arrester, its resistor disc will withstand power frequency
phase voltage over a long period of time. To ensure its service life, the operation voltage applied over a long
period of time to the arrester must not exceed the continuing operation voltage of the arrester. That is u by≥ukg.

Where: uby-----effective continuing operation voltage value of metallic oxide lightning arrester (KV);
 ukg-----system max. phase voltage effective value (KV).

II. Rated voltage of the arrester ube

For the rated voltage of metallic oxide lightning arrester, the value, which is the same as arc suppression
voltage of valve type arrester can be taken in general case. In addition to consider the amplitude of power
frequency over voltage af the installation location, the duration of the over voltage has to be considered and its
rated voltage should be selected by considering the initial energy of the arrester.

III. Through current capacity of the through current capacity metallic oxide lightning arrester indicates the
ability valve block passing through impulse current and expressed in energized peak value under the defined
wave shape and through-current times. After test, the change of valve block parameter shall not exceed the
acceptable value. The follow current passed through by metallic oxide lightning arrester is very small, which
can be ignored. Therefore, during actual application, only the energy of thunder and lightning over voltage and
operation over voltage should be considered.

The calibrations of other parameters are similar to that of general valve type arrester.

Section V Arrangement of Power Transmission and Distribution Units.

Article 5.5.1

II. Lay stress on saving doesn’t mean ignoring the actual needs. Although substations are non-attended, if a
maintenance room can be considered in the arrangement, it will be convenient not only for the substation’s
maintenance work, but also provides a special maintenance area for the production.

III. Its self has greater heat productivity plus the sunlight on the west, making the temperature become higher,
which will be liable to fire. During design, full consideration has to be taken to make good use of the favorable
conditions to minimize its influence. However plane arrangement is limited by many factors, especially the
petrochemical enterprises, which exists potential explosion hazard, so try to have a all round consideration.

IV. Specifically defines the requirements for the plane arrangement of the important control room.

V. Most of the substations use cable trench for wiring. As the scales of the units are getting larger, wiring by
using cable room is getting more and more. Head room of 1.8m is decided based on the present project
situation at home and abroad.

VI. Water induction of cable trench is more serious and popular for the substations with higher underground
water level. For the substations with lower underground water level, due to raining water penetration during
raining season and back flow of sewers, water flooding in cable trench also becomes popular. Even there is a
case that the surface water sheet flood into the substation. Therefore, there is a requirement for the grade inside
and outside the building.

Article 5.5.2.

IV. Although there is no great opportunity to have transformer damaged due to accident, the opportunity to lift
the core to do some maintenance is not that less, e.g. oil leakage or penetration of cover and sleeve; loosing or
heating of connection parts; loosing or vibration of fasteners; improper contact of the tap change etc. According
to the report from the site, there are very fewer of transformers to operate without core being lifted out every
year. Some of them have their cores to be lifted out as many as 4~5 times, and to solve the problem at site when
the problem occurs will cost a lot of time and the safety power supply will not be ensured. Some times, it is
difficult to lift out the cores because of the insufficient clearance of the room. Therefore it is suggested to have
lifting device at production site. In chemical enterprises, lifting device is not a problem, provided that there is a
maintenance path for transformer in and out of the room, it will not be necessary to use core-lifting device.
Therefore, the capacity of the core-lifting device should be considered based on core weight.

Article 5.3.3

I. It is defined not only the requirement for general arrangement, but also for special case for consulting.

II and III. Seeing from the past experience, it is often happened to have technical transformation and expansion
to the production units after a period of operation time. Some of the units, which can be improved through
technical transformation, have to be expanded due to less space reserved during design phase. Therefore, there
is detailed requirement for space reservation for future use.

IV ~ VI. Integrated related standards at home and summarized the arrangement sizes, which are beneficial to
normal maintenance and test.

VII. Outgoing and setting up conditions of power distribution system have directly impact on the personnel
safety and maintenance work, so it is strictly stipulated in the articles, anyhow, there are still flexibility in
application.

Section VI Related Requirements for Buildings

Article 5.6.1 During operation of the transmission and distribution units, they will be getting hot due to power
losses, there must be good ventilation conditions for heat disperse. Rreports from production site show that
under the same temperature condition, great temperature difference are observed owing to the housetop with or
without heat insulation and the height of the house. For some of the LV power distribution room, their
temperatures are above 40℃, some are as high as 45℃~46℃.

For some of the control rooms, sometimes it is impossible to avoid the sunlight on west. If curtains are used,
the temperature inside the room will become high, the attendants will get upset; if they are not used, then
control panels will be directly under the sunlight and have reflect light, which will not be good for panel
minitoring.

In cold weather, owing to the poor heat insulation of the floor and roofing, roof will be condensed with freeze
and forest or will have condensate dripping, which will be absolutely unsafe for power transmission and
distribution equipment.

Article 5.6.2 General Requirements for Ground treatment Defined

Article 5.6.3 the wall of power distribution unit room in refineries were white washed before and looked nice.
An incomplete investigation shows there is no accident caused by wall surface stripping, but such kind accident
did happened in other department: over short circuit trip happened due to stripping off of the cement plaster of
the rain shed of the secondary bus entrance of a general substation of a refinery. Therefore, it is defined that the
roof of power distribution room shall not be plastered.

Article 5.6.5 Lighting condition is directly related to ventilation condition. If natural lighting condition is not
available, its ventilation condition will be poorer, which will not be good for equipment operation. Therefore, it
is better to use natural lighting.

Article 5.6.6 In the past, water-proof of cable trenches was not be paid great attention to, especially, the bury
points of cable supports and out connectors of cables, they were not plugged and treated for water-proof, thus
causing sever water leakage and penetration.

Article 5.6.7 Conditions and requirements for HVAC defined.

Article 5.6.9 In the past, cement slabs were used for the cable trenches inside and outside room, but the ground
become uneven due to poor construction quality, and there will be noise when people walking on them, and
they are not convenient for maintenance work due to heavy cement slabs. But architectural view holds that steel
plates will make the ground untidy and they cannot bear heavy weight. If construction quality is not ensured, it
will make more noise, so high construction quality is essential. For the locations where plates have to be moved
from time to time, (e.g. behind panels), checkered steel plates may be used.

Section VII Requirements for Fire Prevention

The problems raised in this section are only related to those liable to be over-sighted on fire prevention and the
extent (strict or loose) on grasping the standards, and clarification has been made as well. Explanation is not
necessary.
 Chapter 6 Cable Selection and laying

Section I Cable Selection

Article 6.1.1 The selection of power cables for the petrochemical and chemical fiber project shall be in
accordance with the load character, surrounding environment, laying method and cable property.

Article 6.1.2 The selection of material of power cables shall be in accordance with the load character and
laying environmental conditions of cable lines. Since the copper core cable has higher current capacity and
better flexibility, it is necessary to use copper core cable in the environment where frequent moving and sever
vibration often occurs.

The coil material for increased safety and explosion proof type motor is copper, if aluminum core cable used,
copper-aluminum transition measures or other measures shall be taken before cable connecting to motor
terminal, thus there is an additional intermediate wiring; in addition, the wiring bell of explosion proof motor is
smaller, it is difficult to lead the larger section cable to motor, but copper core cable can reduce the core wire
broken problem, therefore, copper core cable shall be used for the cable lines in explosive hazardous
environment of Zone 1 or Zone 10; and it is better to use copper core cable for the cable lines in explosive
hazardous environment of Zone 2.

Article 6.1.3 For the selection of HV cable line, at present, it is selected based on the economic current density
or the long-term acceptable cable current capacity. Since the existing data for the economic current density are
1950s’, not applicable now. In this article, it recommends to select the HV cable according to the long-term
acceptable cable current capacity (all the factors included) and thermal stability, and calibration of voltage loss
is also necessary.

For the selection of LV cable line sections, they must be selected based on the long-term acceptable cable
current capacity (all the factors included) and calibration is also necessary.

Article 6.1.4 Cross-linked cable is a new type cable, which is made by modifying the molecular structure using
chemical or physical method, i.e. to convert the thermoplastic polyethylene into thermoset cross-linked
polyethylene to increase remarkably its thermo-mechanical property. This kind of cable has the advantages of
simple structure, light in weight and no limitation for laying drop. However, the price of the cross-linked cable
is more expensive.

The cross-linked polyethylene insulation cable has better cold withstanding characteristics, which can be used
in the ambient temperature of –40℃. It is inadmissible to use polythene cable for the ambient temperature
below –20℃.

To select the cable type has to follow the requirement of this article and take the consideration of local
conditions during design.

Article 6.1.5 To select proper type of cables, according to different laying method and surrounding
environmental conditions.

Article 6.1.6 This article refers to the stipulation made in “Technical Specification for Design of Cable Laying
of Coal-fired Power Plant and Substation”, article 4 of SDJ 7‥D79 of the Ministry of Electrical Power.

Article 6.1.7 When the heat radiation conditions, where the cable passing through, is different, the cable
current capacity will be different. Take the section (no less than 10m) where the heat radiation condition is the
worst as the basis when selecting cable, to ensure safety operation of cable.

Article 6.1.8 When laying cable line in the sand-filled cable trench, reduction of the comprehensive coefficient
of long-term cable acceptable capacity is related to the soil thermo-resistance coefficient, multi-cable laying in
parallel coefficient and temperature coefficient. Test conclusion has to be used for this data, however, this test
has not carried out yet, and some of the design institutes attached to China Petrochemicals, Zhenghai
Petrochemical Complex, Yangzi Petrochemicals were investigated when writing this standard and it is
tentatively fixed at 0.5~0.6 and can be adjusted when the test data are available.

Table 6.1.8-1, 6.1.8-2, 6.1.8-3, 6.1.8-4 refer to Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 in Appendix 2 of “Operation Rules for Power
Cables” of Ministry of Electrical Power.

Table 6.1.8-5 is abstracted from the test results jointly performed by Technical Center of Electrical Design of
Ministry of Chemical Industry and Shanghai Cable Research Institute.

Table 6.1.8-6 is mainly abstracted from catalogues of cable manufacturer.

Section II General Requirements for Cable Laying

Article 6.2.1 This article is mainly to ensure safety operation of cable lines, avoid their damages by foreign
force as less as possible, save investment and to be easy for maintenance and repair according to the
characteristics of petrochemical and chemical fiber industries.

Article 6.2.2 The purpose of this article is mainly to protect the spreading of cable fire and the immersion of
explosive gas mixtures.

Block tightly all the holes to prevent small animals and insects from entering into electrical room to avoid any
heavy electrical accident, and the immersion or penetration of waste water and rain water outside the room,
since the waste water produced by petrochemical and chemical fiber unit usually carries various kinds of
chemical composition, which are corrosive to cable lines.

Article 6.2.3 Steel supports are usually used for cable supports. Galvanized steel supports may strengthen the
anticorrosion property; for better anticorrosion property, applying anticorrosion paint and spreading plastic are
admissible for chemical corrosion area, salt fog and humidity torrid zone.

Article 6.2.4 The cable acceptable min. bending radius data are summarized mainly based on the information
provided by manufacturers.

Article 6.2.5 This article is abstracted from Article 6.5.11 of “Technical Specification for Power Design of
Refineries”.

Section III Cable Laying Methods

Article 6.3.1 Cable open-laying shall be in conformity with the following:

I. Cable open-laying, the following methods are basically used.

II. This article refers to article 5.4.2 of “Code for Design of LV Power Distribution Units and lines” (GBJ‥
D83).
III. This article refers to article 5.4.1 of “Code for Design of LV Power Distribution Units and lines” (GBJ ‥
D83).

IV. When cables are often exposed to the sunlight, outer sheath of the cables will absorb heat, which will
increase the thermal resistance of outer medium and reduce the cable current capacity. Cables with rubber and
plastic sleeve will be liable to aging under the direct sunlight and its service life will be shortened, therefore,
shelter shall be installed when necessary.

V. This article refers to article 5.4.4 of “Code for Design of LV Power Distribution Units and lines” (GBJ‥
D83).

VI. This article is abstracted from the fifth of article 6.5.10 of “Technical Specification for Power Design of
Refineries” (SHJ1066‥D84) (Tentative).

Both insulation evaporation pipes and thermal pipes will disperse heat, therefore, there must be a certain
distance between cable and thermal pipes and insulation pipes, and protect them from mechanical damage.

Article 6.3.2 Cables direct-bury shall be in conformity with the following requirements:

I. Cables laid in adjacent or parallel in the same route may subject to mechanical damage at the same time, or
the adjacent cable will be effected due to one fault cable. To ensure safe power supply and reduce accident, the
cables shall be laid separately or their parallel spaces shall be increased.

II. To ensure safe operation of the direct-buried cables, reduce mechanical damages, and locate the fault cable,
reduce the accident correction time when there occurs fault cable, conditions for setting up cable line signs and
laying spaces are defined.

III. This table is compiled based on the article 13.4.5 of “Technical Specification for Power Design of Plants”
(JBJ6‥ D80), article 5.4.14 of “Code for Design of LV Power Distribution Units and Lines” (JBJ54‥D83),
data of article 5.4.3 of chapter 11 of “Code for Installation Construction and Acceptance of Electrical Units”.

IV. The frozen soil in Northeast China some times reaches 1m or even over 2m in depth, it will be difficult to
bury the cable below the frozen soil layer. Therefore, the bury depth has to be deeper according to local frozen
soil depth, which shall be considered during design phase and proper measures have to be taken to protect the
cables from damaged.

V. In the section where cables will pass through may exist various factors, which will damage the cables (e.g.
chemical reaction, underground current, thermal impact, corrosion substances etc.). cable damages can be
avoided if proper measures have been taken.

VI. Soft soil or sand layer will be laid around the cables to protect them from damaged.

Covered with concrete slabs or bricks to protect them from mechanical damage.

VII. This article is written by referring to note ⑥ of article 5.4.14 of “Code for Design of LV Power
Distribution Units and Lines” (JBJ54‥D83).

VIII. This article is written by referring to note ④ of article 5.4.14 of “Code for Design of LV Power
Distribution Units and Lines” (JBJ54‥D83).

IX. This article uses the data of article 5.3.1 of chapter 11 of “Code for Installation Construction and
Acceptance of Electrical Units” (JBJ232‥D82).

X. This article is written by referring to article 5.4.1 of “Code for Design of LV Power Distribution Units and
Lines” (JBJ54‥D83).

Article 6.3.3 Cables laid in cable trench shall be in conformity with the following requirements:

I. Cable trenches shall be built by bricks, which will be simple in construction and less cost in investment.
When underground water level higher than bottom of the trench, reinforced concrete structure will be preferred
in order to prevent water penetration.

At present, cable trenches are built by bricks covered by reinforced concrete slabs and reinforcement measures
will be taken only at the places where liable to subject heavy pressure.

II. The gaps of trench slabs are one of the causes of water penetrated into trenches. Therefore, seal requirements
for slabs are put forward to avoid the entering of water, steam, oil, dusts etc.

III. water accumulation in cable trenches is very popular, on one hand, large amount of underground water or
rain water penetrated due to high underground water level and improper water proof measures taken during
construction; on the other hand, improper water discharge measures, especially during raining season, raining
water back flow into the trenches to cause water flooding in trenches, resulting inconvenience for cable line
operation, maintenance and repair.

IV. Different cover plates can be considered during design based on the local conditions. For the indoor cable
trenches, which have to be opened frequently, light type plates, like checkered steel plates, can be used usually,
for convenient line maintenance.

V. This article is written based on the sixth of article 5.4.7 of “Code for Design of LV Power Distribution and
Lines” (GBJ54-83), data of article 4.0.3, chapter 11 of “Code for Installation Construction and Acceptance of
Electrical Units” (GBJ232‥D82).

VI. This article refers to article 13.5.14 of “Technical Specification for Power Design of Plants” (GBJ6‥D80).

VII. Seal measures taken at the building entrances will prevent the entering of harmful gases into trenches,
thus, prevent the development and spreading of an accident.

VIII. Power lines in the corrosion environment are usually open laid (e.g. laid in cable tray), and if laid in the
trenches, they are liable to be corroded and flooded in the water, as a result, their service life shortened.

IX. For the sand-filled cable trenches used in explosive environment, trench type, depth, laying methods for
different cables, arrangement, number of cable layers and distances are defined.

Article 6.3.4 Cables laid in cable trays shall be in conformity with the following requirements;

I. Cable trays are widely used in petrochemical enterprises for laying cables. In the engineering, it is better to
make use of the floors of buildings and structures, walls, supports and hangers, process piping works etc, as the
supports of the cable trays.

II. Base on the report of “Temperature Rising Calculation and Test Study under Transient State, Steady State
and Periodic Load when Cable Bundles Laid in Cable Tray”, when cables laid in cable tray without space, its
current capacity will be reduced in different extent, raceway reduces the most, tray the next and ladder the least.
Therefore specific conditions have to be considered during engineering.

III. When installed outdoors, protection covers have to be installed on the top of cable tray to protect the cables
from the sunlight and welding slag and mechanical damage.

IV. The cables leading up and down the cable trays have to be run in protection conduit or enclosed support to
protect them from mechanical damages.

V. Based on the report of “Temperature Rising Calculation and Test Study under Transient State, Steady State
and Periodic Load when Cable Bundles Laid in Cable Tray”, when cables laid in cable tray without space, its
current capacity will be reduced as the layers of cables laid in the cable tray increased. Therefore, when cable
channel is commodious, no more than two layers of cables will be laid in each tray and three or four layers will
be laid only when the cable channel is tight.

VI. The main purpose is to ensure safety power supply of the cable lines and to reduce accident impact.

VII. There are several anticorrosion treatment methods for cable trays, such as galvanizing, spreading paint,
electrostatic spreading plastic zinc-nickel alloy electric plating etc., they will make cable trays have higher
anticorrosion abilities under different service environment.

VIII. For future use (future construction of the project and newly built cable lines).

XI. When defining load of the cable trays, additional load (e.g. working personnel and maintenance tools etc.)
has to be considered for installation and maintenance, in addition to the weight of cables laid and their
accessories.

X. All the cable trays have to be grounded to form electric path and there must be reliable electric connections
between cable trays and grounded as well.
 Chapter 7 Motor and Lighting

The articles in this chapter are abstracted from or written by referring to the following codes and standards.

For the articles, which are fully applicable, they are basically the original articles. For the original, which
includes the non-production units, only the applicable parts are maintained. Some of the articles are related to
refinery units or chemical units, they were combined into one when writing.

I. Article 2.3.2 of “Code for Design of Electric Power Units of Industrial and Civil General Equipment”.

II. Articles 7.4.4, 7.4.6, 7.5.1, 7.5.3, 7.5.4, 7.5.5, 7.5.7, 7.6.1, 7.6.2, 7.6.3, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.5, 8.2.7, 8.2.19
of “Technical Specification for Power Design of Refineries”

III. Articles 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 3.2.3, 3.2.7, 3.2.9, 3.2.10, 3.2.11, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.7, 6.9, 6.13, 7.2.7
of ‘Technical Specification for Lighting Design of Chemical Enterprises”.

IV. Articles of 12.1.12, 12.1.14, 12.1.17, 12.1.18, 12.1.2, 12.1.4, 12.1.8 of “Technical specification for
Power Design of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plants”.

V. No description for articles 7.2.6 and 7.6.3, they are the summaries of present design practice.
 Appendix Natures of Inflammable Gases and Liquids

1.1 General

This appendix is abstracted from American API RP500A, which is helpful to have the knowledge of American
explosion-proof specification, negotiate with foreign merchants and procure equipment etc.

1.1.1 Inflammable Mixtures

When inflammable gas mixed with air and there is firing source, whether the mixture will spread fire
(explosion) will depend on the mixed proportion of the inflammable gas and air. If the mixture concentration is
too high or too low, fire will not be spread through it. Thus, the minimum and maximum concentration of the
inflammable mixture, which will spread fire in the air is referred to “inflammable (or explosion) limit”, they are
usually expressed in volume %, which is the mixture in the air under normal atmosphere and temperature. The
lowest limit for common inflammable liquids will be less than 1% (fuel oil of JP‥D6.1) and the highest
inflammable limit will be 100% (acetylene, ethane oxide).

1.1.2 Inflammable Range

The concentration range of the inflammable gases in the air between the lowest and the highest is referred as
“inflammable (explosion) range”. This range may be as narrow as 0.6%~3.7% (JR-6), or as wide as
2.5%~100% (acetylene). For general hydrocarbons, their inflammable range will be 1%~10%, but the
inflammable range for hydrogen will be 4%~75%. Certain gas concentration may be higher than its highest
inflammable limit. This cannot be hold that it will provide any extent of safety, because before concentration
reaches its highest inflammable limit, it must pass through its inflammable range.

1.2 Grouping of inflammable air mixture in “National Electric Regulation”

The explosion-proof devices, which passed through the national explosion-proof inspection can only be used in
the inflammable substances of specific class or group. Since the maximum explosion pressure and ignition
temperature of the inflammables changes widely, “National Electric Regulation” groups the air mixtures based
on their inflammable property. Some of the inflammables are grouped as the table below. For the inflammable
substances list, see NFPA70.

1.3 Selecting electrical devices based on the nature of inflammable air environment

Based on the above grouping of the inflammable air mixtures, most of the inflammable environment of
petrochemical plants belong to Group C and D. But acetylene production, hydrogenation, catalyst regeneration
and other processes may cover their classes, especially Group B and C (equivalent to II Group C). According to
the requirement of “National Electric Regulation”, when using explosion-proof type electrical devices, fittings
and enclosures suitable for the specific air mixtures shall be selected. This is not requested for the electrical
device types, such as increased safety, non-spark and positive pressure.

Classification and Grouping of Inflammable Gases and Steam

 Grouping of Inflammable Gases and Steam
T. Group Ignition T.
D C B A

T1 450 Steam, ethane, Ethanal, Acryladehy acetylene

benzene naphtha, acrylic de, arsenic
T2 300
butane, propane, alcohol, compound
T2A 280 ethanol, methane, butyradehy (3), H2, H2,
T2B 260 phenylethene, de, CO, oxide
methylbenzene, cyclopropan ethylene,
T2C 230 dimethylbenzene, e, butylene, oxide
T2D 215 propylene, 1- diethyl propylene,
propylalcohol, 2- ether, product gas,
T3 200
propylalcohol, (n) ethylene H2 content
T3A 180 pentane, 1-pentanol, more than
methanol, acetone, 30%
T3B 165
propylene, nitril
T3C 160 ammonia, ethylic acid
T4 135 (iso), butaester,
butanol
T4A 120

T5 100

T6 85
 Appendix Risks of Crude Oil Storage and Transportation and
Safety Measures to be Taken
Several explosion accidents happened before in our country during crude oil storage and transportation and the
after-effects were serious. This indicates that we did not fully understanding their risks. Many people hold that
crude oil is black and thick, look like heavy oil, residual oil, which is not that dangerous, and not as dangerous
as gasoline and light oil. In fact, crude oil components are very complicate, it has not only the light components
like butane, propane or natural gasoline, but also the heavy components. In addition, the crude oil is always
stored and delivered in the atmospheric pressure and unenclosed status in large quantity, this constitute more
dangerous conditions than that of gasoline, light oil, even LPG.

We know from the three elements (e.g. flammables or inflammables, air and fire source), which constitute the
explosion conditions that crude oil, during storage and transportation, has explosion hazards all the time
(actually, belongs to Zone 0 environment). Since crude oil often directly exposed to air during storage and
transportation, the top spaces of the storage tank and compartment are full of hazardous explosive gases formed
by light component gases and air. If electrostatic sparks occur due to filling and vibration etc. explosion may
happen.

Gasoline, light oil, LPG are explosive hazardous products. Usually, people know them and they are filled in
pressure enclosed vessels when in storage and transportation, air cannot enter into the vessels. Even if there is
little air in the vessel, gasoline or light oil is volatile under normal temperature and the mixtures in the top
space of the vessel is often above the explosion high limit, there should be no explosion hazard. However,
when the temperature is lower and volatile mixture less, the mixture in the top part of the vessel may be
between the explosion high and low limits, therefore they are also hazardous.

Storage and transportation vessels under normal pressure are more hazardous than that under pressure, which is
difficult to understand. It seems that the pressure vessel is liable to explosion, but that kind of accident,
resulting from insufficient structure strength in design, is seldom to happen in fact. On the contrary, air cannot
enter into the vessel and the explosive hazardous mixture cannot be formed because the vessel is pressurized.
So the explosive hazard of pressure vessels are not as dangerous as that of normal pressure vessels. For the
normal pressure vessels, although, there is no risk of explosion or cracking, air can enter into the vessel freely,
explosive mixture will be formed on the top space of the vessel over a period of time, which is evidently
dangerous. Some times, on the top space of the storage and transportation vessel of normal pressure, slightly
vacuum pressure may be formed due to the changes of temperature etc., which will be liable to have air and fire
entering into the vessel leading to ignition and explosion.

The crude hazard is related to the amount of light components and the temperature at which it is stored and
transported. It will be more hazardous with more light components in crude oil and higher temperature and
become less hazardous in the opposite conditions. In a word, it will be the most hazardous when temperature
makes the volatile amount of light components of crude oil and the air mixture are just between the explosion
high and low limit

For the above reasons, to prevent crude oil from explosion during storage and transportation, the following has
to be observed:
1. The personnel at all levels working at crude oil storage and transportation system have to be made
understood that crude oil is the most hazardous medium, especially made them understood in theory.

2. The personnel working at crude oil storage and transportation system have to be selected and trained both at
quality and responsibility.

3. Work out and complete the operation and management rules and regulations for crude oil storage and
transportation.

4. Try to fill fully the vessel or compartment and leave the top space as small as possible and fill the space with
N2 to keep it in slightly positive pressure. Monitoring instruments and alarm devices are also requested.