Institute of Leadership and Governance

Department of Leadership and Good Governance

Assessing the Roles of Media on the Implementation of Good

Governance in Some Government Media in Bole sub City
Administration

By: Selamawit Getachew

Advisor: Waqgari Negari (PhD)

April, 2020

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

1
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

This unit includes the background of the study, a statement of the problem, objectives (general,
specific) of the study, the significance of the study and limitation of the study.

1.1. Background of the Study

According to Kim (2017) views Fast-changing media and communication environments more
people are connected than ever before. In promoting good governance media should realign their
goals away from projecting sensationalist news towards morally and politically relevant events.
With functioning as a watchdog of public interest and serving as a constant reminder to
government regarding ailments of the society, media can play a significant role in promoting
good governance. While most acknowledge that the influence and roles of media and
communication on good governance outcomes is growing, the degree to which the media
landscapes are contributing to more informed, peaceful and accountable societies. For much of
modern democratic history, media has been considered one of the most powerful agents of
democratic accountability and good governance.

According to Baran, (2001) Mass communications history is fairly short, although the various
forms of mass media that have developed over the years have made a tremendous impression on
the technological, political, economic, social and cultural trends of every nation. Mass
communications, defined as communication reaching large numbers of people, primarily
developed in just the last 500 years. Earlier developments, along with technological advances
and social change, helped spark the demand and innovation necessary for creating today's mass
media.

From the first years of independence, the African states faced different complications in
receiving, spreading and creating information products on internal, external and international
news. As a rule, African states inherited social infrastructure oriented on metropolitan countries,
especially mass media. As a result, African countries during the 20th century were not a
competent participant of informational interaction; often play the role of object of research or
consumer of information. After independence, the task of development of informational

2
infrastructure was the most vital for many African countries. Globalization of information
environment can be characterized not only by ‘internalization’ of media, when flows of
information from different sources grow up multifold and their influence become wider than
states’ boundaries but also by extremely asymmetrical flow of communication gadgets and
cultural products between developed countries and the ‘rest of the world’ (McAnany, 1980).

Ochilo (1992). stated that the modern media in Kenya was started by the Missionaries and the
British settlers. The early examples included the Taveta Chronicle which was published by Rev.
Robert Stegal of the Church Missionary Society in 1895. It was circulated among Europeans and
interested persons in England. It was later followed in 1899 by the Leader of the British East
Africa Company and Uganda Mail which was published in Mombasa. The basic objective of
these papers was to provide information for the missionaries and settlers of news that came from
home (England). Secondly, the media at this time was used as a "device to maintain the status
quo" by legitimizing the rights of the colonial masters to rule Kenya. Thirdly, the media provided
a channel for social communication among the settlers in Kenya from different parts of the
country. Radio was also started in 1928 to play the same kind of roles.

Ethiopian Ministry of Communication (1962) stated that the history of media in Ethiopia can be
traced back to the time of Awaji Negari (news announcer), during the ancient kings. As far as the
modern press is concerned, it was introduced to Ethiopia in 1890, during Menelik II, but was
only confined to Royal class.

Federal Negarit Gazeta (1966) stated the period of Imperial Hailesellasie I (1923-1974) had seen
better time in the number of media outlets, quality, and types. Then the radio was introduced and
the present daily government newspapers Addis Zemen and The Ethiopia Herald, Yezaretu
Ethiopia, and other newspapers came into the picture. Though the press in this regime had grown
to a relatively better position, it was only accessible for those who were in the royal class and the
elites.

During the military government, it was a major tool to propagate the tyranny of the regime. The
number of news newspapers during this regime was fewer as compared to the imperial

3
government of Emperor Haile Selassie I. During the military government, the works of the
newspapers had socialistic orientations and, as a result, they were the vanguard of the socialistic
ideology. It was completely unthinkable to have private press during this period because
everything was owned by the government for public consumption. Hence, the freedom of press
and expression was highly curtailed (Yonas, 2009).

Gutema (2008) stated media in the present government, however, there have been good
improvements in introducing dual ownership system, contextualizing press freedom and making
further media declarations like Press Declaration 1992, Access to Media Declaration 2007, and
Broadcasting Declaration 2009. Nevertheless, there are problems with regard to the journalist’s
intimidation and imprisonments.

However, according to Nigussie (2011), the media in Ethiopia has gone through a lot of
challenges under the imperial, authoritarian and the current governments who used the media for
fulfilling their wishes and whims. That means, the past governments have been said to muzzle
the press for their parochial interests, and consequently, the freedom of the press on the one hand
and the people’s right to free expression on the other were curtailed. However, in the present
government there have been good improvements in introducing dual ownership system,
contextualizing press freedom and making further media declarations like Press Declaration
1992, Access to Media Declaration 2007, and Broadcasting Declaration 2009 (Gudeta, 2008).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

If media is properly functioned and acted on good governance, sustainable improvement in
organizations, change in media performance, enhancing motivation and commitment of media,
developing team work and open culture to discuss on good governance related issues, and
empowering individuals and media to provide information for the success of good governance
expected to be achieved (Kefyalew,2008).

As discussed in the background, managing media is properly for the sake of the public had a
problem as shown in media history of Ethiopia, where there is un managed usage of media, leads
media to fulfilling the wishes and whims of the government. There are some researchers

4
conducted studies in the area of media and good governance in different ways. Gudeta (2008)
studies Self-regulation of the press in Ethiopia: Prospects and challenges, this research lastly
illustrated that there was a problem in the implementation of media, commitment of the media,
but the researcher did not try to discuss the roles of media towards peace and good governance.
Thus, the researcher tried to discuss the roles of media towards media.

According to Birhane (2002), on Ethiopian Freedom of Mass Media has been Disregarded and Still
Remains in an Uncertain Future stated that media has been used as a means to propagate government
agenda. There is also polarization of media where the media often negates the development
efforts of the government and the government media mostly cover favorable news about its
activities. To the researcher’s knowledge, however, the aforementioned has not investigated
media and their roles and how the media has upheld good governance in Ethiopia. Hence, the
present study, through evaluating their roles and challenges of the media in the government
media, demonstrates the interplay between media and good governance.

Tesfaye (2017) stated that Establishing and maintaining good governance and values of good
governance requires combined efforts of media organizations, and governmental without which
advancing the public concern and promoting a country’s development would be impractical
Different forms of media, whether private owned or governments owned, are responsible for
covering issues of good governance and imparting relevant information on the issues to the
public. In this regard, the media plays a huge role on good governance. However, the study did
not identify whether the media are playing their role effectively that signifies the practice of
good governance and issues or values of good governance. Thus, the researcher of this study
tries to address boldly about the roles and challenges of media on good governance.

According to Nigussie (2011), more than 75% of the governmental media in the Ethiopia did not
play their roles to provide linkage towards the government and society towards good governance.
This challenge can be generally attributed good governance to under risk and unresolved. This
situation initiates the researcher to assess the challenges of media on good governance on the
selected government media. Therefore, Media have an important role to play in governance is
not in doubt, however critical examination of the development of mass media in Ethiopia showed
that their present role which at best can be described as not too impressive, particularly in
governance is as a result of their evaluation. As it is noted earlier the mass media are amplifying

5
factors in the society that inform the people about happenings in and around them. This means
that the media are society’s mirror that reflects the government to the governed and vice versa.

From the two past autocratic regimes until now, Ethiopian mass media have been enmeshed with
the vicissitudes of governance. Thus, the researcher assesses whether the problem exactly
associated with the effect of media on Good Governance with some possible solution and
recommendation.

1.3. Research Questions

This study attempts to give responses to the following specific questions:
 How do the governmental media play their roles effectively based on good
governance pillars to ensure good governance?
 What citizens should do to maximize their involvement on governmental media to
augment good governance?
 What are the challenges of governmental media to enhance good governance?

1.4. Objectives of the Study

This study consists of both general and specific objectives.

1.4.1. General Objective of the Study

The general objective of the study to assess the roles of media on the implementation of good
governance in some governmental media in Bole Sub City.

1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the Study

This study attempts to:

 examine the roles of some governmental media based on good governance pillars to
ensure good governance.
 explore the participation level of citizens on some governmental media.
 identify the media challenges in implementing good governance on some governmental
media.

6
1.5. The Scope of the Study
This study geographically takes place in Addis Ababa city with specific reference to Bole Sub
City. It deals with Assessing the roles of media on the implementation of good governance in
some government media in Bole Sub City Administration. Thus, by considering time, finance,
knowledge and need to carry out the data collection process, the research delimited to only one
sub city and from this sub city seven sectors because of this the finding was represent the whole
sub city to make the study manageable and have direct contact to the public related to mass
media and good governance in the Sub City administration.

1.6. Significance of the Study

This study helps:

Media: The finding might provide important information for media experts and owners to what
extent media is contributed beside good governance to ensure, hopefully contribute solution for
the challenges of media, its role to ensure good governance and how to maximize the
contribution of the society on media. It also adds some values for media who tried to do a lot
on good governance by indicating the roles. It encourages media to stand for the assurance of
good governance.

Expert: The study broadens the knowledge of the researcher about the subject matter with a
range of practical application and improves the understanding of research ability of the
researcher and it also provides sufficient information to those who are interested to perform
further research in a similar area. It might also hopefully provide some insight that could trigger
other researchers to extend the study into a wider scope to make similar studies.

Citizens: it helps the citizens to contribute and play their major effort to assure good governance
by using media. Citizens are the major source of information; if citizens play a key role by
providing information to the media about good governance: Good governance will improve.

7
1.7. Limitation of the Study
To attain the goal of the study effectively the researcher faced some limitation. The limitations
were the lack of voluntarily people, appropriate targeted groups and lack of appropriate materials
for the researcher to conclude the study. The researcher tried to minimize the limitation wisely
and patiently through convincing the target group by telling the aim of the study. The researcher
improved the lack of appropriate materials through searching supported materials from different
website and other universities.

8
 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction
Media have a role to enhance good governance for our country. It encourages the societies to
participate and engage them in ensure good governance. It also develops awareness to the
societies about good governance.

In this chapter, the researcher will briefly discuss the concepts of media and good governance,
empirical review, and conceptual framework.

2.2. Theoretical Literature Review

2.2.1. Definition and Concepts of Media

Felicia (2012) stated that Mass media is subsystem which interpenetrates all others, sharing
control of knowledge and information through written, broadcast, or spoken—that reaches a
large audience which includes television, radio, advertising, movies, the Internet, newspapers,
and magazines. This mean that Mass media to be an effective means of communication,
spreading information, provide knowledge, advertising, marketing, and in general, of expressing
and sharing views, and opinions. The technology is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the
primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most
common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the
Internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding
political issues, social issues, entertainment, and news in pop culture.

Obasanjo and Babogunje define mass media as:

An agency, modem or traditional that operates for the articulation and
dissemination of ideas, and information generally with intent to influence or control an
audience or institutions that constitute power and authority. Mass media are those
channels or vehicles through which information, education, entertainment or general
people oriented messages are conveyed to the masses (Obasanjo & Babogunje, 1992,
p.44).

Potter (2006) stated Media refers to various channels of communication through which
information (messages) are conveyed and intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary

9
means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most
common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the
Internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding
political issues, social issues, entertainment, and news in pop culture. They are the vehicles
which transmit messages from the sender (encoder) to the receiver (decoder). Different
professionals in the field of communication have proffered various definitions of media.
Communities and individuals are bombarded constantly with messages from a multitude of
sources including TV, billboards, and magazines, to name a few. These messages promote not
only products, but moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is and is not important. Mass media
makes possible the concept of celebrity: without the ability of movies, magazines, and news
media to reach across thousands of miles, people could not become famous. Nwosu (1990) refers
to traditional rural communication media as gongs, town criers, drums, market and village for
rituals and festivals where media reflects and creates the culture.

Theory of Media
In discussing the symbiotic relationship between the media and government, it is essential to
look at the theories of media. This is necessary if we are to set the media properly within the
wider context of relationships and control the activities of governments and institutions as they
pertain to evolving democratic societies. Three main sociological perspectives on the role of
media exist: the limited‐effects theory, the class‐dominant theory, and the culturalism theory.

(a) Limited-Effects Theory

Paul (2016) stated that the limited‐effects theory argues that because people generally choose what
to watch or read based on what they already believe; media exerts a negligible influence. This
theory originated and was tested in the 1940s and 1950s. This theory used to examine the ability
of media to influence individuals that well‐informed people relied more on personal experience,
prior knowledge, and their own reasoning.

(b) Class-Dominant Theory

10
According Matthew (2014) the class‐dominant theory argues that the media reflects and projects
the view of minority elite, which controls it. Those people who own and control the corporations
that produce media comprise these elite. Advocates of this view, concern themselves particularly
with massive corporate mergers of media organizations, which limit competition and put big
business at the reins of media—especially news media. Their concern is that when ownership is
restricted, a few people then have the ability to manipulate what people can see or hear. For
example, owners can easily avoid or silence stories that expose unethical corporate behavior or
hold corporations responsible for their actions.

(c) Culturalism Theory

Gregory (2010) identified as the culturalism theory, developed in the 1980s and 1990s, combines
the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings
out of the images and messages they receive. This theory sees audiences as playing an active
rather than passive role in relation to mass media. The theory focuses on the audiences and how
they interact with media; the other strand of research focuses on those who produce the media,
particularly the news.

2.2.2. Definition and Concepts of Good Governance

The World Bank (2012) defines Good governance is epitomized by predictable and enlightened
policy making; a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos; an executive arm of government
accountable for its actions; a strong civil society participating in public affairs; and all behaving
under the rule of law. This indicates that good governance comprises of a public service that is
efficient, an administration that is accountable to the public, and a judicial system that is reliable.
it measures how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in a
preferred way. Governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions
are implemented or not implemented. Governance in this context can apply to corporate,
international, national, or local governance as well as the interactions between other sectors of
society.

Grindle (2004) stated the concept of good governance as a model to compare ineffective
economies or political bodies with viable economies and political bodies. The concept centers on

11
the responsibility of governments and governing bodies to meet the needs of the masses as
opposed to select groups in society. Because countries often described as "most successful" are
liberal democratic states, concentrated in Europe and the Americas, good governance standards
often measure other state institutions against these states. Aid organizations and the authorities of
developed countries often will focus the meaning of good governance to a set of requirements
that conform to the organization's agenda, making good governance imply many different things
in many different contexts.

Good governance might be approximated with provision of public services in an efficient

manner, higher participation given to certain groups in the population like the poor and the
minorities, the guarantee that citizens have the opportunity of checks and balances on the
government, the establishment and enforcement of norms for the protection of the citizens and
their property and the existence of independent judiciary systems (Lawson, 2012).

2.3. Empirical Review

There are several researchers conducted study in the area of performance management practice
in different organizations. Under this session, the researcher tries to discuss different studies that
were conducted by the different researcher in different countries to shows the roles of media
implementation on good governance and other related issues to put into practice and solution for
the challenges on the effects of media to ensure good governance. Based on these facts the
researcher is tried to mention different studies in the area of roles of media on Good governance
as follows:

2.3.1. The Role of Media to Enhance Good Governance

According to Wolfsfeld (2004), both government officials and individual citizens’ voices were
equally likely to be included in news coverage of the issue. He emphasized the media always
heavily rely on public officials, which has both direct and indirect influence on coverage of
politics and society in general. The participation and understanding of every member of society
are inevitable to ensure good governance. The free and fair media is the single most prerequisites

12
of good governance. But a large number of existing media, cannot take up this responsibility
because of the market influence on the media industry (Ashraf, 2014)

The transformation in media systems and in information and communication technologies are
leading to increased societal access to information but there is little evidence to suggest that this
is always translating into more informed societies. An informed society depends on citizens
having access to a media that is independent of undue control, that they can trust and is
reasonably accurate. Attempts to control, co-opt, manipulate and intimidate media and other
communication systems are increasing and arguably succeeding. Governments have always
sought to control and often monopolize the media and continue in many countries to do so.
Increasingly, government attempts to control the media are being complemented by those of
factional, ethnic, religious, and financial and other actors who are investing substantial resources
and efforts in either creating or co-opting media and online spaces to advance their own interests
at the expense of the public interest (Deane, 2013). The evidence is mounting that people in
many societies, especially in fragile states, do not have access to a media they trust or which they
feel is making them more informed (Dowson-Zeidan et al., 2014).

Norris’ (2010) stated that media act a watchdog, monitoring the performance of government,
checking of the abuse of power, and highlighting scandal and corruption within both the public
and private domain. He majorly focused on the roles that are expected done by the media to
promote good governance. His view based on the activities for the societies to stand as a guard to
minimize the lack of good governance. However, his recommendations were not explained
further and put how to exercise his findings.

2.3.2. Challenges of Media

Berlo (1960) mentioned that the audience has the potential to meet advertisers' interests when it
provides sound data. But this should not be limited to reach, scope and basic media users'
characteristics such as age, gender, and education. Rather, audience research should be more
advanced and also include media users' assessments of specific media programs and of the
quality of reporting. This broader understanding of audience research is not only a means for

13
media managers to boost their advertising business; it can also be useful for editors and
journalists to learn about their readers, listeners, and viewers.

According to Kadiri & et.al (2015) recommended that the role that media play in the
development of a society cannot be over-emphasized; therefore, any media house must strive to
live up to the expectations of the people no matter the constraints and challenges that might stand
in their ways. He emphasized the media are the last bastion of hope for the country and the bonds
of the society; hence, they must be set the agenda and terms of public debates and in the main,
determine the contents of the media. As the Fourth Estate of the realm, they must be willing to
perceive newsworthy events with due consideration to their environments and development
needs of their people.

The study by Oso (2002) on the perspective of the Development of journalism stated that the
media have a huge task of reporting process-oriented and not event-oriented news stories from
the government establishments. The media practitioners must check the abuse and misuse of the
media by government functionaries who take advantage of the media simply because some
journalists are so lazy to critically examine information that is passed down to them. At this
juncture, it must be stated categorically that these news stories must be appropriately investigated
and analyzed for the development of society. it seems that some advocates of development
journalism, share the liberal view that the state and government will always act in the interest of
the population. However, the researcher not considered the responsibilities and interests of the
population to correct the problems. And also the researcher lacks the way how the media correct
the government on the misuse and abuse media.

2.4. Conceptual Framework

. The conceptual frame work of the study built on the notion that effective roles of media will
lead to enhance good governance.

14
 Challenges of Media
3. Good Governance Pillars
If media face challenges it is
- Lack of fair and balance - Punctuality
4. impossible to do their roles
information on Good - Accountability
5. Governance
- Transparency
- Lack of Responsibility - Rules of laws
Media

- Broadcasting fair information

- Acts as messenger
-

Society Participation:
Practices of Media
Y - information and idea flows
- Define goals Practice of media can be shape by - public support & enhance
- Consistency the society participation democracy
- Engage, interact and
- to produce better decision
humanize

Figure I. source researcher own sketch

From the above conceptual frame work we can understand that, the researcher tried to show the
roles of media, media’s challenges, citizens participation, media’s practice to enhance good
governance pillars based on the previous knowledge and findings. This conceptual framework is
designed to show the interconnection between the role of media and the challenges of media to
flourish in good governance. Based on this framework, media have higher roles to encourage
society actively participate the society and to promote good governance by providing the right

15
information and acting as a messenger between the society and the government and by helping
the government to act properly. If the media plays the role or function effectively it maximizes
its good practice, good governance, the society to participate actively and also minimize its
challenges.
UNIT THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

This section explains research design, data sources, sampling techniques, data collection
instruments and procedures, and data analysis methods while undertaking the study will be
discussed briefly as follow.

3.2.Research Approaches

For this study, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative. Using both approaches or
mixed approaches provided the result of the study more valid and reliable.

Quantitative method gives breadth to the findings of the study through systematic empirical
investigation and explanation of phenomena by collecting numerical data that can be
analyzed statistically or by computational techniques. Therefore, using this approach helps
the researcher to make the fact more valid and reliable.

Qualitative method gives better depth to the findings of the study through exploring,
understanding and analyzing of unstructured data, which requires direct interaction with
individual respondents and does not involve measurements and statistics. It involves
feelings and impressions, rather than numbers and. Thus, the qualitative research approach
helps the researcher to know the situation from the respondent’s views.

In general, using both approaches or mixed approaches use to triangulate the information.
Thus, using both qualitative and quantitative data is to increase validity and reliability of
the findings of the study

3.3. Research Design

16
This study utilized a descriptive type of research design. Descriptive research aims at
describing specific details of phenomena clearly and evidently. It attempts to describe
systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or provides information
about, say, living condition of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue.

Hence, since the aim of this research is to describe actual facts happening in Bole Sub City
Administration descriptive survey research is selected as an appropriate design.

3.4. Data Source

For the study purpose, the researcher used both primary and secondary source of data to conduct
the research. The primary data collected from employees of Bole Sub City Administration
through interview and questionnaire. Secondary source of data gathered from related books,
relevant literatures, appropriate journals, magazines, articles, different archives and other various
published and unpublished related literatures, books and journals conducted in the field gathered,
reviewed and use to substantiate the intended objectives. These data used in combination as per
the need of the study.

3.5. Population and Sampling

3.5.1. Population

The target population of this study based on the relevance to the research area. These target
populations were employees who work in seven sectors of Bole Sub City Administration. Those
sectors were Education office, Justice Office, Health office, Construction and Housing office,
Land Management office, Public Service and Good Governance office and Council the Sub City
office. The total population sizes of these sectors are 442 employees of the sectors in Bole Sub City
Administration employees. Because of the finance and human resource constrains, the study area
was limited to Bole Sub City. Thus, total population distribution of three sectors summarize as
follows:

17
Table I. Total Population Size of the Selected Sectors

No Selected Sectors Employees

1 Education office 82
2 Justice office 79
3 Health office 66
4 Construction and Housing office 46
5 Land Management office 57
6 Public service and Good Governance office 91
7 Council of the sub-city office 21
Total population 442

3.5.2. Sampling Techniques

For this study, the researcher applied a probability sampling technique for quantitative data and
purposive sampling technique for qualitative data.

3.5.2.1.Quantitative Sampling Technique

This research utilized the probability sampling through simple random sampling to provide an
equal chance for each member of a population. Because it provides a fair way of choosing
samples in any given population, the researcher is able to select any sample easily rather than to
be biased because all members are given equal opportunities to be selected. Therefore, the
probability sampling was more appropriate and sensible to generalize the results of the samples
back to the entire population because of the representativeness.

Quantitative data collected from the seven sectors of the sub city. Thus (Kothari, 2004) has
stated that, if the total number of target population is assumed less than 10,000 to use the
18
following formula to have accurate representative sample size. This was calculated by the
simplified formula.

n= designates the sample size of the researcher use

N= designates the total leaders and employees in three sectors

e= designates the maximum variability or errors 5%, (0.05).

1= designate the probability of the events occurring

Thus, the sample size can be calculated as follow

N 442
n= 2 n= 2 n = 210
1+ N ( e ) 1+ 442 ( 0.05 )

Table II. Sample Size Determined by the Selected Sectors Summarize

N Selected Sectors Employees Leaders Total

o P S S% P S S% P S S%
1 Education office 82 37 45.1 3 3 100 82 40 48.
9
2 Justice office 79 35 44.3 3 3 100 79 38 48.
1
3 Health office 66 29 43.9 3 3 100 66 32 48.
5
4 Construction and Housing office 46 19 41.3 2 2 100 46 21 45.
7
5 Land Management office 57 24 42.1 3 3 100 57 27 47.
4
6 Public service and Good 91 41 45.1 3 3 100 91 44 48.
Governance office 4
7 Council of the sub-city office 21 6 28.6 2 2 100 21 8 38.

19
 1
Total population 44 191 43.2 19 19 100 442 210 47.
2 5

3.5.2.2.Qualitative Sampling Technique

For qualitative data, the researcher used purposive sampling techniques to accomplish the task. This
means that purposive technique helps the researcher to take more important respondents who have
knowledge and experience for the study.

3.6. Data Collection Tools

For this study to collect data the researcher used a questionnaire (quantitative data) and interview
(qualitative data) data gathering tools. Therefore, for this study, the topic of the research out of
available instruments the researcher uses mainly a questionnaire, and an interview for the
research. These instruments suitable for data collection purpose for this study.

(a) Questionnaire: The questionnaire helps the researcher to achieve the research objectives by
providing specific questions to complete the study effectively. It also ensures reliability and
validity of instrument by providing what someone thinks about the issues. For these reasons,
the researcher will use a questionnaire that has close-ended and open-ended questions. A 5-
point Likert scale will apply and consists of a series of statements that express agree to
disagree.

(b) Interview: An Interview also helps the researcher to have face to face interaction with the
respondents, Clarity, and display of exhibits, for better quality and quantity of data and
Identifying respondents by providing what the respondents feel on the issues. For these
reasons, the researcher used a semi-structured interview that consists of open-ended
questions to gather information.

20
3.7. Data Analysis

For this study, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods based
on the nature of data collected.

3.7.1. The Quantitative Data Analysis Method

To analysis quantitative data gathered from questionnaire summarized and analyzed by using
descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and mean. Then the data described using tables
for more clarification and the data coded using scientific statistical data analysis software such as
SPSS.

3.7.2. The Qualitative Data Analysis Method

The qualitative data gained from interview and document review coded, organized, classified and
lastly analyzed the similar ideas through creating themes based on the research objectives.

3.8. Ethical Consideration

This research is based on the principle of making the research process professional and ethical.
The researcher acknowledges the work of others and indicated the sources in this study. The
purpose of the study clearly indicates in the questionnaire as well as in the interview.
Confidentiality of personal information and anonymity of the respondents was ensured by the
researcher. To this end, the researcher clearly informs to the respondents about the purpose of the
study i.e., purely for academic purpose. In addition, the study is based on the consents the
respondents. Furthermore, the researcher was also not personalizing any of the response of the
respondents during data presentations, analysis and interpretation.

21
 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. Introduction
This chapter of the thesis deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data
collected through questionnaire, interview and document review. Responses for measures on the
questionnaire are summarized and presented by using tables, and related documents of the
organizations and interview opinions, under the study, were used for the purpose of media on
good governance which has been used for the discussion and analysis.

The data were collected through different sectors at Bole Sub City Administration. For
quantitative data, the questionnaires were distributed for 210 employees of Bole Sub City
Administration from the selected sectors based on the simple random sampling method.

Additionally, for the qualitative data, six interviewees were chosen by the researcher from the
selected sectors. The interviewees were selected by purposive sampling to gather data from
interview.

4.2. Response Rate

22
The researcher distributed 210 questionnaires for the selected sectors from the sub city and 204
(97.1%) were collected and used for data analysis purpose. From the total of targeted
population, 6 managerial level employees were purposively selected and interviewed.

4.3. Reliability and Validity of the Instrument

The researcher has consulted language experts to comment and correct any language and concept
problems in the questionnaires. This helped the respondents to understand the concepts of the
questions that help to enhance the reliability and validity of the study.

Before the actual data collected, the researcher tested internal consistency of items incorporated
in the instrument was checked by using Cronbach alpha on the selected 18 employees of the sub
city by Cronbach’s alpha with all variable using SPSS 23. As a result, the Cronbach’s alpha of
the questionnaire revealed 0.943. As per (Walsh, 1995) recommendation a minimum level of
Cronbach’s alpha should be 70%. Hence the reliability of the response was able to be ensured.

Table III. Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha No. of Items

.943 18

Source; own data SPSS 20

4.4. Demographics of the Study

The general information of the respondents included their gender, age, educational status, job
position and sectorial office in Bole Sub City Administration.

Table IV. Demographics of the Study

Description Descriptions Frequency Percentage

Male 96 47.1%

23
 Sex Female 108 52.9%
Total 204 100%
20-30 67 32.8%
31-40 82 40.2%
Age 41-50 38 18.6%
51 and above 17 10.4%

Total 204 100%

1-10 36 17.6%
Experience 11-20 77 37.7%
21-30 62 30.4%
31 and above 29 14.5%
Total 204 100%
Employee 186 91.2%
Job Position Leaders 18 8.8%
Total 204 100%
Certificate 0 0
Educational Diploma 27 13.3%
Background First degree 136 66.7%
Masters 33 16.1%
Others 8 3.9%
Total 204 100%

As observed from the above Table IV, it is clear that the majority of the respondents 108 (52.9%)
were females as compared to males 96 (47.1%). This implies proportional representation of
gender groups to respond for this research but insignificant for this study.

Furthermore, from Table IV above, it shows that the majority of respondents, 82 (40.2%) were in
the age range of 31-40, this was followed by 67 (32.8%) in the age of 20-30, again this followed
in the age 38 (18.6%) in the age 41-50, while the last age range was 17 (10.4%) age range 51 and
above. This implies unequal representation of age groups to respond for this research hence,
most of the respondent’s in this study are young people.

24
Moreover, from Table IV, the majority of the respondents to the study77 (37.7%) had 11-20 year
in work experience yet 62 (30.4%) had 21-30 year in work experience and 36(17.6%) had 1-10
year in work experience in line with this 36 (14.5%) had 31-40 and above year in work
experience.

Based on the above table the higher 91.2% of the respondents were employees and 8.8% of them
were leader’s respondents. This gives the researcher to get varieties of useful information for the
study.

On the other side of this research from Table IV above, the respondents educational background
Majority 66.7% of the respondents indicated that they were degree holders, 16.1% of them are
masters’ degree holders, 13.3% of the respondents and 3.9 % of the respondent replied others.
But none of them had certificate. This implies that the majority of respondents are degree holders
and it is better opportunities for the researcher to acquire relevant and adequate information for
the study.

Generally, as we can observe from the above table most of the respondents are females and on
the middle age however the master’s holders and most experienced are insignificant and very
few respectively.

4.5. Presentation and Analysis of Media on Good Governance

4.5.1. Roles of Governmental Media on Good Governance

Media have major roles to enhance good governance. To assess the current practice of media
roles, of thirteen questions or items were given to respondents to express their level of agreement
on the ideas related to media roles. The respondents were required to give their opinion on a five-
point Linkert scale ranging from strongly disagree (5) to strongly agree (1). The responses of the
respondents are presented in tables or charts shown. the findings of the study are summarized
below.

25
 Table VI. Responses of the Respondents on the Roles of Governmental Media on Good Governance

Strongly Disagree = SDA Disagree = DA Neutral = N Agree = A Strongly Agree =SA

No Items Frequencies and Percentage

SDA DA N A SA Mean
ƒ % ƒ % ƒ % ƒ % ƒ %
1.1 Media show commitment to 2.34
facilitate awareness on good 22 10.8 71 34.8 56 27.5 49 24 6 2.9
governance for citizens
1.2 Media regularly review own and 1.65
others’ practices on good 64 31.6 39 19 47 23 39 19 15 7.4
governance
1.3 Media ensure good governance
through maximizing individual 2.96
and team to access, and 41 20.1 19 9.3 91 44.6 35 17.2 18 8.8
participation in, teaching and
learning opportunities
1.4 Media support and encourage 31 15.2 81 39.7 53 26 27 13.2 12 5.9 2.41
institution and individuals that
ensure comfortable workplace
opportunities and contribute their
knowledge, skills and attitudes

26
 efforts on good governance
1.5 Media develop and implement
teaching plans as an integral part
27 13.2 93 45.6 75 36.8 9 4.4 0 0 2.92
of self, individual, group or team
on good governance
1.6 Media act its task based on good
59 28.9 43 21.1 53 26 41 20.1 8 3.9 1.78
governance pillars
1.7 Media develop strategies to
ensure the workplace by
providing opportunities are used
to encourage communities to 16 7.8 47 23.1 68 33.3 56 27.5 17 8.3 3.07
share their skills and knowledge
to enhance culture good
governance within the country
1.8 Media use feedback from
individuals, teams and institution
to identify and introduce 14 6.9 79 38.7 41 20.1 64 31.4 6 2.9 2.47
improvements in future on good
governance
1.9 Media identify, analyze and
prioritize relevant compliance on
good governance in terms of
critical implications based on 67 32.8 39 19.2 60 29.4 36 17.6 2 1 1.74
risks and consequence of possible
breaches to the country and the
institution
1.10 Media Monitor trends in the
external environment to identify 8.8
13 6.4 39 19.1 58 28.4 76 37.3 18 3.37
events or trends that impact on the
achievement of good governance
1.11 Media Consult specialists and
experts to assist in the
identification of major change 9 4.4 57 28 48 23.5 63 30.9 27 13.2 3.14
requirements and opportunities on
good governance
1.12 Media undertake risk analysis, 23 11.2 81 39.7 56 27.5 39 19.1 5 2.5 2.37
identify barriers to change, and

27
 agree and record mitigation
strategies on good governance
1.13 Media monitor and evaluate the
implementation of the
41 20.1 66 32.4 69 33.8 27 13.2 1 0.5 3.08
management strategy on good
governance

Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2020 N=210

As showed on the above Table V, the respondents responded whether media shows commitment
on facilitating awareness, 34.8% disagreed, 27.5% were neutral, 24% agreed, 10.8% strongly
disagreed and 2.9% feel strongly agreed. Most of the respondents reflected that the media lacked
commitment to facilitate awareness on good governance. Compare 34.8% with 24% +10.8%
My friend, these are the same. But you said most of----- You have to tell what a reality seems.

In addition to the questionnaire, this question which question? was raised in the interview and
seen in analysis. As the interview consistently indicated that all employees were mentioned that
media had a problem on creating awareness for citizens on good governance to improve the lack
of good governance. Media should engage every This is not clear. individual to fight bad
governance as a citizen to lift up good governance.

Furthermore, 31.6% replied strongly disagree for Media regularly review own and others’
practices on good governance, 23% were neutral, 19% responded disagree and agree equally, and
7.4% strongly agreed. The respondents majorly identified there were a problem on reviewing
media regularly their own and others practice on good governance.

On the other hand, one of the media role is to ensure good governance through maximizing
individual and team to access and participation in, teaching and learning opportunities on good
governance, however 44.6 % were neutral, 20.1 % felt strongly disagree, 17.2% replied agree,

28
9.3% disagreed and 8.8% responded strongly agreed. From the reply, the respondents did not
show whether the media ensured good governance through maximizing individual and team to
access and participation in, teaching and learning opportunities or not.

From table V, whether Media support and encourage institution and individuals that ensure
comfortable workplace opportunities and contribute their knowledge, skills and attitudes efforts
on good governance, most of 39.7% of respondents responded disagree, 26% were neutral,
15.2% replied strongly disagreed, 13.2% agreed on the item and 5.9% strongly agreed.
According the respondents respond, they tried to show the problem on media support and
encouragement of institution and individuals to use their efforts.

The study also investigated if Media develop and implement teaching plans as an integral part of
self, individual, group or team on good governance, more of the 45.6% felt disagreed, 36.8%
were neutral, 13.2% were strongly disagree, while 4.4% were agree and none of them were
strongly disagree. They confirmed that media have a problem on developing and implementing
teaching plans to attain good governance.

According to most of the interviewees, Media have a role on setting action plan for individuals
and team to maximizing their responsible on good governance. media should create formal
training and awareness for individuals and team to take themselves as a solution by contributing
their knowledge, skills and attitudes to enhance good governance. Without the contribution of
team or individual’s effort it is impossible to enhance good governance. Moreover, the
documents show that, media had bad practice in preparing the strategic plan by involving
citizens in order to make ownership of the plan on citizen’s mind and build clarity to the whole.

It was identified that (28.9%) felt strongly disagree on Media act its task based on good
governance pillars. Another 26% were neutral then 21.1% disagreed while 20.1% were agreed
and 3.9% were strongly agree. Thus, the majority of respondents reflected that Media lacked to
act its task based on good governance pillars.

Related to the above issue, majority of the interviewees consistently argued that Media have
problem on working it task based on responsibility, accountability, citizen based information,

29
honesty, and trusted information on good governance. Media should play effectively and
efficiently irreplaceable responsibilities and task based activity to enhance Good Governance.
According to the respondent’s agreement If media provide accurate and valid information timely
on Good Governance to the concerned bodies effectively; the concerned bodies have the ability
and confidence to take measures and improve it. This will bring good governance in the country.

The study sought to find out whether Media develop strategies to ensure the workplace by
providing opportunities are used to encourage communities to share their skills and knowledge to
enhance culture good governance within the country and the most of 33.3 were neutral, 27.5%
agreed that Media develop strategies to enhance good governance, 23.1% of the were disagree
and another 8.3 % were strongly agreed while 7.8 % strongly disagreed. The respondents did not
reply whether media develop strategies to enhance good governance or not.

On the above issue, Majority of interviewees indicated that media lacked to provide and
developing different strategies for communities to lift good governance. According to their view
due to the failures of media working their task effectively on the good governance; nowadays
different problems happened all over the country. The problems laid the citizen to lose believe
and confident in the government and media. So the government should expect to do a lot on
Media to develop different strategies and opportunities for the community to actively participate
to enhance good governance.

Pertaining to the case on which Media use feedback from individuals, teams and institution to
identify and introduce improvements in future on good governance, 38.7% disagreed, 31.4%
agreed, 20.1% were neutral while 6.9% strongly disagreed and 2.9% were strongly agreed. This
implies that media have a problem on using feedback to introduce improvements of good
governance.

Regarding to the role of media, from the table V, if Media identify, analyze and prioritize
relevant compliance on good governance in terms of critical implications based on risks and
consequence of possible breaches to the country and the institution, 32.8% were strongly dis
agreed, 29.4 were neutral, 19.2% were disagreed, 17.6% were agreed and 1% were strongly

30
agreed. This implies that most of the respondents responded that there was critical problem on
media analyze and prioritize the relevant compliance on good governance.

For, Media Monitor trends in the external environment to identify events or trends that impact on
the achievement of good governance had responded 37.3% agreed, 28.4% were neutral, 19.1%
disagreed while 8.8% strongly agreed and 6.4 strongly disagreed. This indicates that the
respondents interested on media in monitoring trends from the external environment for the
achievements of good governance.

with regarding to Media Consult specialists and experts to assist in the identification of major
change requirements and opportunities on good governance, the respondents responded 30.9%
agreed, 28% disagreed, 23.5 were neutral, 13.2 % were strongly agree and 4.4% strongly dis
agreed. This shows that media had consult specialists and experts on good governance.

The study identified, most of 39.7% reflected disagree to imply there was a problem on Media
undertake risk analysis, identify barriers to change, and agree and record mitigation strategies on
good governance, 27.5% were neutral, 19.1% agreed while 11.2% were disagree and 2.5%
strongly agreed.

It was noted that the majority (33.4%) felt neutral on whether Media monitor and evaluate the
implementation of the management strategy on good governance or not. Another 33.4%
disagreed then 20.1% strongly disagreed while 13.2% were agree and 0.5% were strongly
agreed. Thus, the majority of respondents responded that Media need to improve monitoring and
evaluate the implementation on good governance.

4.5.2. Participation Level of Citizens on Governmental Media to Enhance

Good Governance

This section has nine items in the questionnaire which address the research question to
investigate the performance of citizen’s participation on governmental media to enhance Good
Governance. The respondents were required to give their opinions on a five-point like scale

31
ranging from strongly disagree (5) to strongly agree (1). The qualitative data also analyzed
beside the quantitative data as well through descriptive analysis. The results and analysis from
respondents are presented in the tables as follows;

Table VI. Responses of the Respondent on Citizens Participation on Governmental Media

No Items Frequencies and Percentage

SDA DA N A SA Mean
Ƒ % ƒ % ƒ % ƒ % ƒ %
2.1 I develop a culture of higher
expectations for media to 17 8.3 29 14.2 78 38.3 61 29.9 19 9.3 2.89
enhance good governance
2.2 I encourage other individuals to
contribute their effort on media
9 4.4 43 21.1 54 26.5 87 42.6 11 5.4 3.42
to improve lack of good
governance
2.3 I have a positive attitude towards
72 35.3 58 28.4 43 21.1 27 13.2 4 2 1.56
government media
2.4 I show my commitment to
3.06
participate on media to ensure 41 20.1 37 18.1 66 32.4 57 27.9 3 1.5
good governance.
2.5 I encourage myself to evaluate 29 14.2 44 21.6 57 27.9 61 29.9 13 6.4 3.31
the performance of media and
identify areas for improvement
on media to enhance good

32
 governance
2.6 My voices are taken into account
21 10.3 67 32.8 41 20.1 56 27.5 19 9.3 2.43
by the government media
2.7 I agree that media have roles to
ensure good governance and 11.
11 5.4 24 11.7 52 25.5 94 46.1 23 3.37
work collaboratively with 3
citizens on good governance.
2.8 As a citizen or responsible
person I play my roles to ensure 39 19.1 79 38.7 61 29.9 23 11.3 2 1 3.02
good governance by using media
2.9 I use different strategies to
ensure good governance on 43 21.1 63 30.9 51 25 29 14.2 18 8.8 2.31
media
Strongly Disagree = SDA Disagree = DA Neutral = N Agree = A Strongly Agree =SA
From the findings, 38.3% of the respondents responded neutral for whether they develop a
culture of higher expectations for media to enhance good governance, 29.9% were agreed, 14.2%
were disagreed, and 9.3% were strongly agreed, and 8.3% were disagreed. This implies that the
respondents were confused whether they develop a culture of higher expectations for media to
enhance good governance or not.

The study indicated if the citizens encourage other individuals to contribute their effort on media
to improve lack of good governance and from the analysis, 42.6% of the respondents agreed,
26.5% of the respondents were neutral, 21.1% of the respondents disagreed, and another 5.4%
were strongly agreed while 4.4 % were strongly disagreed. This tells that there were the positive
things on the citizens to initiate individuals to contribute their effort to enhance good
governance.

When respondents asked about whether they have a positive attitude towards government media,
35.3% were strongly disagreed, 28.4% were disagreed, 21.1% were neutral while 13.2 % were
agreed that they have attitudes on governmental media and 2% were strongly agreed. This
implies that citizens lack conviction on governmental and it is a big assignment to change the
attitudes of the citizens to maximize their acceptance.

33
Similarly, the interviewees suggested that citizens lacked positive attitudes towards on media.
Thus, citizens should change their attitudes and trust media by playing their roles. If citizens give
factual information for media on the lack of good governance and this brings confident and
better condition on the good governance.

From the study, it was indicated that 32.4% of the respondents responded neutral whether they
show my commitment to participate on media to ensure good governance or not, 27.9 %
respondents replied agree, 20.1% strongly disagreed, and 18.1 % disagreed while 1.5% were
strongly agreed. Thus, the respondent's indicated that most of them confused whether they shown
my commitment to participate on media to ensure good governance.

Concerning on the table VI, whether they encourage themselves to evaluate the performance of
media and identify areas for improvement on media to enhance good governance, 29.9% were
agreed, 27.9% were neutral, 21.6% were dis agreed, 14.2% were strongly disagreed and 6.4%
were strongly agreed. Therefore, most of them argued that they encourage themselves the effort
of media to enhance good governance.

Accordingly, for the item, citizens’ voices were taken into account by the government media,
32.8 % were disagreed, 27.5% were agreed, 20.1% were neutral while 10.3% were strongly
disagreed and 9.3% were strongly agreed. The respondents ensured that their voices were not
considered as useful by the media.

the interviewees also responded that their involvement on media should be crucial for media to
play their roles to enhance good governance from the interviewees one can understand that the
media have a responsible to play their roles. Media get relevant and validity information from the
citizens. This information initiates the media to take its responsibility effectively. Therefore, the
participation of citizens is important for media to be effective as the data collected from
questionnaire indicates 46.1% of the respondents agreed that they recognized that media have
key roles to ensure good governance and work collaboratively with media on good governance,
25.5% were neutral, 11.7% were disagreed, another 11.3% were strongly agreed and 5.4% were
strongly disagreed. This indicates that the majority of respondents recognized that media have
key roles to lift good governance.

34
 For item, as a citizen or responsible person whether they play their roles to ensure good
governance by using media, 38.7% disagreed, 29.9% were neutral, 19.1% were strongly agreed,
11.3% were agreed while 1% were strongly disagreed. This indicate citizens lack responsibility
to play their roles to raise good governance.

Pertaining to the case which refers to whether they used different strategies to enhance good
governance on media, 30.9% Citizens were disagreed, 25% were neutral, 21.1% were strongly
disagreed, 14.2% were agreed and 8.8% were strongly agreed. This reflects that citizens had a
problem to engage on media to enhance good governance.

The interviewees raised that citizen should develop different Mechanism to use media to lift
good governance. This brings crucial opportunities to avoid the bad governance. The
mechanisms that should be willingness to give factual information through phone or face to face
approach on media. This gives an important efforts and helps as a backbone for media to play
their roles effectively to enhance good governance.

4.5.3. The Challenges of Governmental Media on Good Governance

This section has 12 items in the questionnaire which address the research question to investigate
challenges of governmental media to enhance Good Governance. The respondents were required
to give their opinions on a five-point like scale ranging from strongly disagree (5) to strongly
agree (1). The qualitative data also analyzed beside the quantitative data as well through
descriptive analysis. The results and analysis from respondents are presented in the tables as
follows.
Table VII. Responses of the Respondent on Challenges of Media to Enhance Good Governance
Strongly Disagree = SDA Disagree = DA Neutral = N Agree = A Strongly Agree =SA

No Items Frequencies and Percentage

SDA DA N A SA Mean
ƒ % ƒ % ƒ % ƒ % ƒ %
3.1 Media never encourage 15 7.4 51 25 28 13.7 69 33.8 41 20.1 3.15

35
 potentials of individuals to play
their roles effectively to enhance
and create awareness on good
governance
3.2 Media hardly review and
interpret collected information in
42 20.6 58 28.5 37 18.1 61 29.9 6 2.9 2.13
terms of good governance based
on the relevance to society
3.3 Media lack searching of
compliance requirements; scan
across all relevant jurisdictions
of laws, regulations, 24 11.8 37 18.1 57 27.9 71 34.8 15 7.4 3.21
organizational code and
standards to ensure good
governance.
3.4 Media do not create awareness
on progressive review
18 8.8 69 33.8 74 36.3 19 9.3 24 11.8 2.24
information related to good
governance for citizen.
3.5 Media lack responsibility to
provide information on Good 63 30.9 27 13.2 58 28.4 41 20.1 15 7.4 1.79
Governance
3.6 Media do not organize and
gather relevant information on
11 5.4 38 18.6 69 33.8 57 27.9 29 14.3 2.86
good governance for further
analysis
3.7 Media hardly discuss and clarify
with relevant internal or external
personal ambiguities,
uncertainties and problems 47 23 21 10.3 39 19.1 38 18.7 59 28.9 3.71
experienced in interpreting
identified compliance
information on good governance
3.8 Media do not support institution 25 12.3 41 20.1 77 37.7 54 26.5 7 3.4 2.88
in monitoring and evaluating
their performances regularly on

36
 good governance
3.9 Media lack to ensure
community involvement on good 34 16.7 61 29.9 50 24.5 37 18.1 22 10.8 2.27
governance
3.10 Media do not propose efficient
and transparent assessment 57 27.9 23 11.3 31 15.2 54 26.5 39 19.1 1.54
methods on good governance
3.11 Media lack to develop and
maintain systematic structures
for ongoing communication as
37 18.1 51 25 44 21.6 49 24 23 11.3 3.31
part of continuous improvement
process of good governance
strategic plan
Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2020 N=210
The study finds that whether Media never encourage potentials of individuals to play their roles
effectively to enhance and create awareness on good governance, 33.8% were agreed, another
25% were disagreed, 20.1% were strongly agreed, 13.7% were neutral and 7.4% were strongly
disagreed. This implies media had problem on initiating individual’s efforts by providing
awareness on good governance.

When the respondents were asked about whether Media hardly review and interpret collected
information in terms of good governance based on the relevance to society, 29.9% of the
respondents were agreed, 28.5% of the respondents were disagreed, 20.6% of the respondents
were strongly disagreed while 18.1% of the respondents were neutral and 2.9% were strongly
agreed. This indicates that media have a gap on reviewing and interpreting collected good
governance on good governance.

From the finding, 34.8% of the respondents were agreed on the statement whether Media lack
searching of compliance requirements; scan across all relevant jurisdictions of laws, regulations,
organizational code and standards to ensure good governance, 27.9% were neutral, 18.1% were
disagreed to the statement, while 11.8% of respondents were strongly disagreed and 7.4% were
strongly agreed. the finding indicates that media have a poor performance on searching of
compliance procedures, scan relevant jurisdictions of laws, regulation to enhance good governance.

37
33.8% respondents disagreed on Media do not create awareness on progressive review
information related to good governance for citizen., 36.3% were neutral, 11.8% were strongly
agreed while 9.3% were agreed. This implies that media worked to give information on good
governance for citizens.

When the respondents were asked about their opinion on whether Media lack responsibility to
provide information on Good Governance, 30.9% of the respondents were strongly disagreed, 28.4
% of the respondents were neutral, 20.1% of the respondents were agreed, while 13.2% were
disagreed and 7.4% were strongly agreed. This shows that media had to play its duties on providing
information on good governance.

It was noted that the most of 33.8% felt neutral on Media did not organize and gather relevant
information on good governance for further analysis. Another 27.9% were agreed while 18.6%
were disagreed. 14.3% were strongly agreed while 5.4% were strongly disagreed. This implies
that the respondents were confused whether media organized relevant information on good
governance or not.

The same as on the above agreement the interviewees replied that media have a problem on
gathering and organizing useful information. They emphasized media active work on providing
further analysis on the gathered information through problem solving research on bad
governance.

Respondents were required to indicate if Media hardly discuss and clarify with relevant internal
or external personal ambiguities, uncertainties and problems experienced in interpreting
identified compliance information on good governance, 28.9% of the respondents were strongly
agreed, 23% were strongly disagreed, 19.1% were neutral while 18.7% were agreed and 10.3%
were disagreed. The respondents replied that did not discuss and clarify the facts on good
governance.

The study also investigated Media did not support institution in monitoring and evaluating their
performances regularly on good governance and according to the respondents 37.7% felt neutral,

38
26.5% were agreed, 20.1% were disagreed, and 12.3% were strongly disagreed while 3.4 % of
the respondents were strongly agreed. This shows that majority of the respondents did not
ensured that whether media supported the institution in monitoring and evaluating their
performance regularly or not.

Additionally, from the different documents, the researcher identified that there were the lacks on
monitoring and evaluating their performances. They don’t have checklist to measure their
performance.

According to the study, the respondents indicates whether Media lack to ensure community
involvement on good governance, 29.9% felt disagreed, 24.5% were neutral, 18.1% were agreed,
16.7% were strongly disagreed and 10.8% % of the respondents were strongly agreed. This
shows that media did not have a problem to lift community involvement on good governance.

The study identified that 27.9% felt strongly disagreed on Media do not propose efficient and
transparent assessment methods on good governance, 26.5 % were agreed while 19.1% were
strongly agreed about media had a problem on proposing an efficient and transparent
assessments on good governance, 15.2 % were neutral and 11.3% were disagreed. This implies
that the respondents strongly believed that media propose efficient and transparent assessment on
good governance.

When the respondents were asked about whether Media lack to develop and maintain systematic
structures for ongoing communication as part of continuous improvement process of good
governance strategic plan 25% of the respondents disagreed, 23% of the respondents were
agreed, 21.6% were neutral, while 18.1% were strongly disagreed and 11.3% of the respondents
were strongly agreed. This shows that Most of the respondents mentioned media had positive
attitudes towards developing and maintaining systematic structures on good governance.

39
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Introduction

This chapter focuses on the summary of the major findings of the research questions, conclusions
and recommendation. Summary were drawn from the major findings and conclusions sketched
from the summary. Implication and recommendations guided by the research significance for
further studies were included.

The main objective of the study is to assess the roles of media on the implementation of good
governance in some governmental media in Bole Sub City.
. The specific objectives of this study attempt to;

 examine the roles of some governmental media based on good governance pillars to
enhance good governance.
 explore the participation level of citizens on some governmental media.
 identify the media challenges in implementing good governance on some governmental
media.
To achieve the objectives of this research, descriptive survey research design was employed by
using mixed research approach of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were gathered
through questionnaire, interview and document review to triangulate and increase the validity of
the obtained data.

40
The data was collected from the whole population of the Sub City those who have been working
one year and above in the Administration. From the total of 442 staff employees who have been
working one and more years in the academy, 210 questionnaires were distributed and 204 were
collected. Six employees were interviewed by selecting purposively. In addition to the
questionnaire and interview, document analyses were taken to triangulate the obtained result.

The collected data from the respondents through questionnaire were analyzed and interpreted by
using statistical software SPSS. The variables were of the questionnaire analyzed by using
frequency, percentages and mean values. Lastly, information obtained through open ended
questionnaire, interview and document review were thematically analyzed and interpreted.

5.2. Summary of the Findings

Based on the data analyzed results, the major findings were summarized in accordance with the
research objective under the following sub topics.

I) Findings on the Roles of Governmental Media on Good Governance

Based on the basic objective, examine the roles of some governmental media based on good
governance pillars to enhance good governance, the researcher organized the following major
findings

 Most of the respondents reflected that the media lacked commitment to facilitate
awareness on good governance. Media helps people to remain ad updated on good
governance irrespective governance problems. Because media are storehouse of
information. Lack of information enhance bad governance in the country. It creates
awareness for information day to day occasions or new revelations on good governance.
If media provide peace of information on good governance create awareness and avoid
ambiguity.

41
 The respondents strongly identified that media have problem on review own and others’
practices regularly on good governance on good governance. reviewing different
practices of owns and others give chance for media to prove different difficulties on good
governance. Reviewing Practice provide an opportunities of references that used
interrogate a complex reality on good governance.

 According the respondents respond, they shown that there was problem on media support
and encouragement of institution and individuals to use their efforts. Media play a big
role in the life of the individual and the institution. Because media influences the way
people or institutions look at good governance and make them change on their views.
Media play important role on encouraging and organizing individuals and institutional
opinion on good governance.
 Media play a significance role in shaping public perception on good governance. It
intended to address and reach a large target group. They have an ability to create and
shape people and strengthening the society through developing and implementing
different teaching plans. However, most respondents and interviews confirmed that media
lacked on developing and implementing teaching plans to attain good governance.

 As a fourth pillar of government along with judiciary, executive, and legislative, media
today has an all embracing role to acts against injustice, oppression, misdeeds and
partiality of good governance based on accountability, trusted, responsibly, transparent,
effective and efficient. Thus, majority of respondents and interviewees reflected that
Media lacked to act its task based on good governance pillars.

 Most of respondents mentioned that media have a problem on using feedback to

introduce improvements of good governance. Feedbacks provide how successful they
have been, in transferring messages for media on good governance. It also determines
how whether understanding has been achieved or not.

42
  Media have a crucial role to identify, analyze and prioritize relevant compliance on good
governance. This brings trust and confident on the facts for the citizens that they got from
media. However, most respondents responded that there was critical problem on media to
analyze and prioritize the relevant compliance on good governance.

 Media monitoring keeps track tracks on media coverage of issues related to their
campaign. the respondents indicated that media have a monitoring trends from the
external environment for the achievements of good governance.

 Media should come up with different expertize and consults on good governance. This
brings more clarification and avoid vague issues on good governance. Tis provide for
citizens to participate actively to maximize their contribution on good governance. There
for, most of respondents argued that media had consult specialists and experts on good
governance.

 The gaps seen in your analysis are also seen in your summary. You have not stressed the conspicuous or
eye catching issues in yor findings. The has been repeated in your summary. I want you to revisit the
analysis and align the summary with the same

II) Findings on the Participation of Citizens on Governmental Media to

Enhance Good Governance Please say Summary on------
the basic objectives of this study were to explore the participation level of citizens on some
governmental media.

As it was assessed through the questionnaire and interview the majority of respondents
identified: leave this

 Based on the study the respondents indicated that citizens encourage other individuals to
contribute their effort on media to improve lack of good governance. Citizens were
themselves as of the parts the solution to contribute their effort to bring good governance.
This tells that there was the positive situation on the citizens to initiate individuals to
contribute their effort to enhance good governance.

43
  For the development and acceptance of media the participation of citizens is the crucial
things. If citizens lost their trust on media, it would be failure for media. However, most
of respondents and interviewees responded that citizens lack conviction on governmental
and it is a big assignment to change the attitudes of the citizens to maximize their
acceptance.

 The respondents identified that they were actively involve to evaluate the performance of
media and identify areas for improvement on media to enhance good governance. It
contributes as an effort for media to do their task actively and effectively. The
participation of citizens is a backbone for media. Therefore, most of them argued that
they encourage themselves the effort of media to enhance good governance.

 According to the study result, most of the respondent replied that citizens’ think their
voices were not taken into account by the government media. This brings a lack of trust
on media by the citizens. This becomes a big challenge for media not to do their tasks
effectively. Media get relevant and validity information from the citizens

 Most of the respondents indicated that citizens lack responsibility to play their roles to
raise good governance. Without the participation of citizens, it is impossible to achieve
media’s goal. Citizens play a significant role to provide the factual information media.

III) Major Findings on the Challenges of Governmental Media to Lift

Good Governance
Under these major findings, the objectives of the study identify the media challenges in
implementing good governance on some governmental media. Most respondents indicated major
challenges in media to enhance good governance in media were lack of initiating individual’s
efforts by providing awareness on good governance, lack of reviewing and interpreting collected
good governance on good governance, poor performance on searching of compliance procedures,
lack of scanning the relevant jurisdictions of laws, regulation to enhance good governance, organized
relevant information on good governance, lack of discussing and clarify the facts on good

44
governance, and lack of lifting community involvement on good governance In general, the
above problems identified as the challenges of media to enhance good governance and other
findings were considered as opportunities by the respondents.
Briefly I want you to revisit the analysis and then generate your summary.

5.3. Conclusion

From the foregoing, it is crystal clear that media can play a vital role in the efforts of promote
good governance in the country. For media to perform this role creditably, it must allow citizens
to participate and working hard to improve challenges.

Media encompasses much more than just news because it plays vital roles for one’s country to
lift good governance. it also informs, educates and shapes people view and paying attention to
deliver factual information enhance good governance. According to the analysis one can
understand that Media were not in a good position. Because the study investigated that media
have a problem to play their roles effectively. Most respondents argued that media have a lack of
commitment to create awareness, reviewing owns and others practice effectively, lack of acting
based on good governance pillars and lack of using feedbacks shows that media have major gap
on playing its roles effectively. Efforts of media needed to play more effective role in the
implementation. Therefore, media need a lot to do to be better.

Furthermore, as influential part of daily life, media influences the public to great extent. It is
voices of voiceless and a great force in building the national consensus. It is the most powerful
tool for the formation of public opinion on good governance. Effective media manage and
motivate citizens. it creates an opportunity for citizens to actively participate on media. The
respondents mentioned they were encouraging themselves and other individual’s efforts of media
as positive things. In other side, the respondents replied their poor performance on maximizing
their acceptance and voice on governmental media, playing their roles on government media to
enhance good governance. Therefore, citizens should maximize their positive side and
minimizing the negative side on media to enhance good governance. Because citizens perform a
vital and a crucial role on media through providing factual information.

45
 5.4. Recommendations
By considering the major findings of the study, the following recommendations have been made.
The suggestions may help the citizens and expertise at any level and different concerned body in
order to make effective media practice in the country. Moreover, these suggestions can improve
for success of media practices by solving the challenges of the sector to implement. This
recommendation is for;

5.4.1 For Government

About Media system, already formulated policies and regulations are existed but it needs great
follow up and regular feedbacks to the media owners to put in to practice to be made effective
media performance practices in governmental media and other institutions. At the side of
existing policies and regulations, attitudinal change training, workshops and other important
packages concerning on media for the sake of good governance needs to be planned to improve
the perceptions and knowledge governmental media towards implementation good governance in
public institutions.

 The government should design a clearly legitimatized policies and rules of rewarding high
performers of media and journalist on good governance. To encourage good performance, a
firm should design and implement a reliable performance appraisal system and then reward
the most productive media and individuals accordingly.

5.4.2. For Media

 To achieve the objectives of the roles of media on good governance effectively, at the time
of setting their annual action plan media should include good governance issue in their plan
clearly.
 Provide the mechanism that citizens have to participate in discussions and setting of
action plan to take it as their own plan.
 The act of working jointly during setting evidence-based improvement plans, goals and
standards on good governance will provide a clear direction in the form of increasing
effort, persistence of citizens towards goal accomplishment on good governance.
 Motivating and encouraging the citizens that contribute their effort on good governance
through providing factual information and other means.

46
  Creating awareness on good governance for citizens to break the possible gaps and
challenges concerning knowledge, skill, experience.
 The media should be committed and transparent to facilitate an open communication
environment and provide continuous developmental feedback on good governance to the
citizens by following their performance progress. The commitments of the media are the
crucial point to the effectiveness of good governance.
 Media should have to provide a discussion meeting with citizens and institution to review
their performance on good governance. These makes clear understanding on the situation of
good governance and develop trust and confidence of the citizen’s involvement on the
media.
 Media should provide their activities open, free and suitable environment for citizens to
actively participate to enhance good governance on media through developing trust between
their citizen through participatory, transparent, and consensus-oriented, accountable,
responsive and citizen-friendly their activity.
I d not think the problems recur because the problems you have mentioned are in place. It is
beyond that.

5.4.3. For Citizens

 Citizens should responsible to create awareness through educating their family, society
about the usefulness of good governance through using media.
 Citizens should work jointly with media on good governance.
 They should willingness to give factual information for media on good governance. Their
active participation will enhance good governance. Without citizen’s involvement
neither media nor good governance effectiveness unthinkable. Thus, citizens should
engage themselves to work on media eagerly and developing the culture to take parts to
enhance good governance.
 citizens should be practical about their responsibility on using media to lift good
governance rather than talking media are mistrust.


5.4.4. For Researchers

47
Finally, the findings of this study may not be generalized to the whole media in the country. The
researcher having identified the needs, recommends further researcher in the area with broader
scope and depth including other variables like private media to enhance good governance.

References

Ashraf, P. (2014). The Role of Media in Good Governance: Paid News Culture of Media and the
Challenges to Indian Democracy. INDIA: School of International Relations and Politics,
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala.

Baran, S.J. (2001). Introduction to Mass Communications: Media Literacy and Culture, 519 pp.
Mountain View, CA, USA: Mayfield. [This work provides a thorough look at all mass
media from a cultural rather than technological perspective.

Berlo, D. K. (1960). The process of communication: An introduction to theory and practice. New
York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

Chaffee, S. H. (1980). Mass media effects: New research perspectives. In G. C. Wilhoit & H. De
Bock (Eds.), Mass communication review yearbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

48
Curran, J. (1997). Rethinking the Media as a Public Sphere. In Dahlgren, P. & Sparks, C. (Eds.),
Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere (pp. 27- 57). London:
Routledge.

Deane, J. (2013). “Fragile States: The role of media and communication”, Policy
the briefing, No. 10, BBC Media Action.

Dowson-Zeidan, Najla, Tim Eaton and Karen Wespieser (2014). “After the revolution: Libby an
and Tunisian media through the people’s eyes”, Research Dissemination Series
Working Paper, No. 8, BBC Media Action.

Ethiopian Ministry of Information (1962). Telecommunications in Ethiopia: a Historical Review,

1894-1962. Addis Ababa: Birhan and Selam prin.

FDRE Constitution (1995). The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Addis Ababa: Berhehanena Selam Printing Press.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1997). “Ethiopian Press Agency Establishment

(Amendment) Proclamation” (p520-21) Federal Negarit Gazeta. 3rd Year No. 38: Addis
Ababa.

Federal Negarit Gazeta (2008). Freedom of the Mass Media and Access to Information
Proclamation No 590/2008.

Fox, W. & Bayat, M.S. (2007). “A Guide to Managing Research” Juta Publications. From
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mass+media.

Gudeta Seifu (2008). “Self-regulation of the private press in Ethiopia: Prospects and challenges.
Faculty of Journalism and Communication, School of Graduate Studies Addis Ababa
University, MA Thesis (Unpublished).

Kadiri, K., Yinusa, A., Raji, A. and Sulaima, A. (2015). Constraints and challenges of the media
in the development of Nigeria: University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

49
Kim Ann Zimmermann & Jesse Emspak (2017). ARPANET to the World Wide Web.
http://window.edu.ru/library/pdf2txt/938/29938/13167/page1.

Leedy, P. D. and Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: planning and design (8th edition).
Prentice Hall. ... Assessing research/contextual needs Leedy Chapter 3, 4.

McAnany, E.G. (1980). The Role of Information in Communicating with the Rural Poor: Some
Reflections in McAnany (Ed) Communications in the Rural Third World: The Role of
Information in Development. Prager Publications, New York.

Mouton, J. (2001). The Practice of Social Research. In Research Methodology: Practical

Research Planning ND Design, 7th Edition, Study Guide for DIM 601. Bloemfontein:
University of the Free State.

Neuman & Guggenheim (2011). The Evolution of Media Effects Theory. USA:University of
Michigan.

Nigussie Meshesha (2011). The Press and Democracy in Ethiopia: A Content Analysis of Some
Selected Newspapers: Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, India (Ph.D. Thesis)
(Unpublished).

Norris, P. (2010). Public Sentinel: News media & governance reform. Washington, DC: World
Bank Publications.

Obasanjo, O. & Babagunje, A. (1992). Elements of Democracy. Abeokuta: ALP Publishers.

Ochilo, P. J. Omolo. (1992). "Training of Journalists and Democratic Transition in Kenya" in A

New Democratic Error? A report of a Journalism Seminar on Ethical Decision Making in
News Processing in Multi-party Kenya. Edited by Magayu K. Magayu and Kibisu
Kabatesi.

Oso, L. (2002). Perspective on Development Journalism. In L. Oso (Ed.), Communication and

Development: A reader (pp.1-28). Abeokuta: Jedidiah Publishers

50
Potter, D. (2006). Handbook of Independent Journalism. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of
International Information Programs.

Reed, D. (2004). Good Corporate Governance in the Global Economy: OECD

PUBLICATIONS, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16 PRINTED In
FRANCE (26 2004 02 1 P) ISBN 92-64-01597-3 – No.

Shrum, Larry J. 2002. "Media Consumption and Perceptions of Social Reality: Effects and
Underlying Processes." In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Second
edition. Edited by Jennings Bryant, and Dolt Zillmann, 69-96. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.

Sussman, L., & Karlekar, K. D. (2002). The annual survey of press freedom in 2002. New
York: Freedom House.

Tesfaye Bezabih(2017). Mass Media and Governance: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary
Ethiopia. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325019699.

UNESCO (2005). Media and Good Governance: The United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization 7, Place de Fonenoy, 73532, Paris, France

United Nations (2000).United Nations Millennium Declaration, Resolution adopted by the

General Assembly 8 September 2000, United Nations, New York,
www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm

Yonas Tafese (2009). Coverage of Democratic Issues in Addis Neger and Addis Zemen. Addis
Ababa: Addis Ababa University.

Yosef Girmay (2005). Press and Election in Ethiopia: An Analysis of the Extent and The bias of
the Press on the Coverage of the 2005 Ethiopian Election M.A (thesis) School of
Journalism and Communication: Addis Ababa University: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(unpublished).

51
 Appendices
Appendix I

Ethiopian Civil Service University

Institute of Leadership and Good Governance

Survey Questionnaires

I am a Master’s degree student at Ethiopian Civil Service University in the field of Leadership
and Good Governance. This questionnaire is designed to assess the Roles of Media
implementation on Good Governance in Bole Sub City Administration.

The information you provide through this questionnaire will be use strictly only for academic
purpose, your careful and honest response determines the quality & success of the research, and
thus you are kindly requested to fill carefully. Any participant response will keep confidential.

This questionnaire gathered by the researcher use only for academic purpose your honest
response is the main determinant of the research quality and success fullness. Because of this you
are requested to fill and complete the questionnaire honestly.

52
Please read each item of the question carefully before put your response and please respond to all
items by ticking (√) appropriately.

I. Detailed information about respondents

1. Sex = 1.1. male  , 1.2. female 

2. Age = 2.1. 20-30, 2.2. 31-40, 2.3. 41-50, 2.4. 51 and above 

3. Year of service = 3.1. 1-10, 3.2. 11-20, 3.3. 21-30, 3.4. 31 and above 

4. Job position = 4.1. leader , 4.2. employee ,

5. Education Back ground = 5.1. Certificate , 5.2. Diploma, 5.3. First Degree, 5.4.
Masters , 5.5. others 

Sectorial office= Health , Education, Justice , Housing & construction office  Public
service and Good Governance , Land Management , council of the Sub City ,

Directions
 Please read each statement carefully
 Make tick on the box (√) provided for your response
 Write precise response on space provided for
 Make sure your answer is single for each question
 Instruments includes 5-1 point Likert scale
 No need of writing your name

Thank you for your cooperative

53
 Items Related with Research Questions

1. The Roles of Some Governmental Media Based on Good Governance

Pillars to Ensure Good Governance.
Dear respondent, you should identify the extent of agreement or disagreement with the items in
the table using the Linkert scale provided to each statement. In this questionnaire, your feeling
justifies equally. There is no right or wrong answer here.

(SDA) Strongly Disagree = 1, (DA) Disagree= 2, (N) Neutral = 3, (A) Agree= 4, (SA) Strongly Agree = 5

Dear Respondent, show your feeling (X) sign on the space provided

No- Items Feedbacks

5 4 3 2 1
1.1 Media show commitment to facilitate awareness on good
governance for the citizens.
1.2 Media regularly review own and others’ practices on good
governance
1.3 Media ensure good governance through maximizing
individual and team to access, and participation in, teaching

54
 and learning opportunities.
1.4 Media support and encourage institution and individuals
that ensure comfortable workplace opportunities and
contribute their knowledge, skills and attitudes efforts on
good governance.
1.5 Media develop and implement teaching plans as an integral
part of self, individual, group or team on good governance.
1.6 Media act its task based on good governance pillars
1.7 Media develop strategies to ensure the workplace by
providing opportunities are used to encourage communities
to share their skills and knowledge to enhance culture good
governance within the country.
1.8 Media use feedback from individuals, teams and institution
to identify and introduce improvements in future on good
governance.
1.9 Media identify, analyze and prioritize relevant compliance
on good governance in terms of critical implications based
on risks and consequence of possible breaches to the
country and the institution
1.10 Media Monitor trends in the external environment to
identify events or trends that impact on the achievement of
good governance
1.11 Media Consult specialists and experts to assist in the
identification of major change requirements and
opportunities on good governance
1.12 Media undertake risk analysis, identify barriers to change,
and agree and record mitigation strategies on good
governance
1.13 Media monitor and evaluate the implementation of the
management strategy on good governance

55
 2. The Participation Level of Citizens on Government Media

No- Items Feedbacks

5 4 3 2 1
2.1 I develop a culture of higher expectations for media to
enhance good governance
2.2 I encourage other individuals to contribute their effort on
media to improve lack of good governance
2.3 I have a positive attitude towards government media
2.4 I show my commitment to participate on media to ensure
good governance.
2.5 I encourage myself to evaluate the performance of media
and identify areas for improvement on media to enhance
good governance
2.6 My voices are considered and listened by the government
media
2.7 I agree that media have roles to ensure good governance and
work collaboratively with media on good governance.
2.8 As a citizen or responsible person I play my roles to ensure

56
 good governance by using media
2.9 I use different strategies to ensure good governance on
media

3. Media Challenges in Implementing Good Governance on

Government Media
No- Items Answers
1 2 3 4 5
2.1 Media never identify potential to play their roles
effectively to enhance and create awareness on
good governance
2.2 Media hardly review and interpret collected
information in terms of good governance based
on the relevance to society
2.3 Media lack searching of compliance
requirements; scan across all relevant
jurisdictions of laws, regulations, organizational
code and standards to ensure good governance.
2.4 Media do not create awareness on progressive
review information related to good governance
for citizen.
2.5 Media lack responsibility to provide information

57
 on Good Governance
2.6 Media do not organize and gather relevant
information on good governance for further
analysis
2.7 Media hardly discuss and clarify with relevant
internal or external personal ambiguities,
uncertainties and problems experienced in
interpreting identified compliance information on
good governance
2.8 Media do not support institution in monitoring
and evaluating their performances regularly on
good governance
2.9 Media lack to ensure community involvement on
good governance
2.10 Media do not propose efficient and transparent
assessment methods on good governance
2.11 Media highly design collaborative and systemic
approach to collect and analyze information about
good governance progress towards the shared
vision, and to attain the established goal
2.12 Media lack to develop and maintain systematic
structures for ongoing communication as part of
continuous improvement process of good
governance strategic plan

58
 Appendix II

Ethiopian Civil Service University

Institute of Leadership and Good Governance

Interview to be filled by leaders

I am a Master’s degree student at Ethiopian Civil Service University in the field of Leadership
and good governance. This interview is designed to assess the effects of Media Implementation
on Good governance in Bole Sub City Administration. This study designed only for academic
work. The researcher prepared this interview to gather information on the effects of Media on
Good Governance. Dear respondent, the researcher believes that your answers will provide a
great offer for the validity and reliability of this work. Therefore, the validity and reliability of
this study depend on the way of your reply. Thus, I kindly request your belongingness responses
during your reply to the interview.

Dear respondent, I promise to keep your response confidential.

Thank you!!

59
 1. The Roles of Some Governmental Media Based on Good Governance

Pillars to Enhance Good Governance.

1.1. Do you think media have a role to ensure good governance?
1.2. What are media roles to ensure good governance?
1.3. Do you believe that the media played their roles effectively to ensure Good
Governance?
1.4. What mechanism do you suggest for media to ensure good governance?

2. The Participation Level of Citizens on Government Media

2.1. Do you think that citizens have roles to ensure Good governance by using media?
2.2. What are the roles of citizens to ensure good governance by using media?
2.3. How do you illustrate the culture and involvement of citizens using media to ensure
good governance?
2.4. What mechanisms do you suggest citizens maximize their participation in media to
ensure good governance?

3. Government Media Challenges in Implementing Good Governance

3.1. Do you think that media have challenges to avoid the lack of good governance?
3.2. What are the challenges of media to ensure good governance?

60