LECTURE 1 OF 5

TOPIC : 4.0 MATRICES AND SYSTEM

OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

SUBTOPIC : 4.1 Matrices

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students
should be able to
a) identify the different types of matrices.

b) perform operations on matrices.

a) Identify the different types of matrices

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

The general form of a matrix with m rows
and n columns is

 a11 a12 a13  a1n 

 
 a 21 a 22 a 23  a2n 
a a 32 a 33  a3n 
 31 
     
a  a mn 
 m1 am2 a m3
 5 2 0
For example, A   
1 3 4
The order of a matrix with m rows and n
columns is mxn.
The order of the matrix A is 2x3.

Each entry of a matrix is called an element.

a ij refers to the element in the ith row and
jth column.
For matrix A , a11  5 , a13  0 and a 23  4 .
A matrix which has only one row is called a
row matrix.
For example,
A  1 2 , B  5 2 0 .

A matrix which has only one column is called

a column matrix.
For example,
6
 4  
A    , B   5  .
7 1
 
Zero matrix is a matrix which every entry
is zero, and denoted by O.
For example,
0 0 0
 0 0  
O    , O   0 0 0  .
 0 0 0 0 0
 

Square matrix is a matrix which has same

number or rows and columns.
For example,
 4 8 3
 1 3  
A    , B   2 5 4  .
 2 5 9 1 6
 
Diagonal matrix is a square matrix which all its
elements except leading diagonal are zeros.
For example,
 4 0 0
1 0  
A    , B   0 5 0  .
 0 5  0 0 6
 
Identity matrix is a diagonal matrix in where
all its leading diagonal are 1, and denoted by I.
For example,
1 0 0
 1 0  
I    , I   0 1 0  .
0 1 0 0 1
 
Lower triangular matrix is a square matrix
where the elements above the leading
diagonal are zeros.
For example,
 4 0 0
 1 0  
A    , B   3 5 0  .
 2 5 7 9 6
 
Upper triangular matrix is a square matrix
where the elements below the leading diagonal
are zeros.
For example,
 4 1 9
 1 8  
A    , B   0 5 8  .
 0 5  0 0 6
 
Two matrices are equal if they have the same
order and all corresponding elements are
equal.
Example 1
8 2 1 8 2 1
   
Given A   6 4 7  and B   2 x 4 y .
9 1 6 9 6 
   1

Find
a) the elements of a12 and a 33 for matrix A.
b) the order of matrix A.
c) the values of x and y if A=B.
Solution
8 2 1  8 2 1
   
A   6 4 7  , B   2x 4 y 
9 1 6  9 1 6
   

a) a12  2 , a33  6
b) the order of matrix A is 3  3
c) A  B
2x  6
x3
y7
b) Perform operations on matrices

Addition and subtraction of matrices

Addition and subtraction of matrices are only
defined when they are of the same order.

If matrices A and B are of the same order,

then A+B and A-B will be of the same order
and it is obtained by adding or subtracting
corresponding elements of A and B.
A+B or A-B are not defined if two matrices
are not of the same order.
Example 2
 1 2 3 1 0 2
   
Given A   4 5 6  , B   3 8 4  and
7 8 9 5 5 6
   
 2 3 6
C    .
 4 2 1
Find
a) A  B
b) A  B
c) A  C
Solution
 1 2 3 1 0 2
   
a) A  B   4 5 6    3 8 4 
7 8 9 5 5 6
   

2 2 5
 
  7 13 10 
12 13 15 
 
  1 2 3 1 0 2
   
b) A  B   4 5 6    3 8 4 
7 8 9 5 5 6
   
0 2 1
 
 1  3 2
 2 3 3
 
c ) A  C not defined because matrix A and
matrix C are different order.
Scalar multiplication of matrices
When matrix is multiplied by a scalar, then
every element in the matrix is multiplied by
the same scalar.
Example 3
 1 2 3 1 0 2
   
Given A   4 5 6  and B   3 8 4  .
7 8 9 5 5 6
   
Find
a) 3 A
b) 2 A  3B
Solution
 1 2 3
 
a) 3 A  3 4 5 6 
7 8 9
 
3 6 9
 
 12 15 18 
 21 24 27 

  1 2 3 1 0 2
   
b) 2 A  3B  2 4 5 6   3 3 8 4 
7 8 9 5 5 6
   
2 4 6 3 0 6
   
  8 10 12    9 24 12 
14 16 18  15 15 18 
   
 1 4 0
 
   1  14 0
 1 0 
 1
Multiplication of Matrices

The product of two matrices A and B is

defined only when the number of columns
in A is equal to the number of rows in B.

If the order of A is m  k and the order of B is

k  n then AB has order m  n
Amk Bk n  ( AB) mn
  b1 
 
A  a1 a2  an   b2 
If and B   

 
b 
 n
then

AB  a1b1  a2 b2    an bn 

Note : In general AB  BA
Example 4
 1 
 
Given A  1 2 1 , B    1 and
 0 
 
 2 1
C    .
 0 1

Find
a) AB
b) BA
c) BC
Solution
 1 
 
a) AB  1 2 1   1
 0 
 
 1  1  2  (1)  1  0
  1
  1 
 
b) BA    1 1 2 1
 0 
 
 11 1 2 11 
 
  11  1 2  1  1
 0 1 02 0  1 

 1 2 1 
 
  1  2  1
 0 0 
 0
c) BC is not defined because B is of order 3x1
and C is of order 2x2.
Example 5
1 0 2   1 2 0
   
Given A   2 1 3  and B   2 0 3  .
 3  1 0  3 5 1
   
Find
a) AB
b) BA
Solution
1 0 2   1 2 0
  
a) AB   2 1 3   2 0 3 
 3  1 0  3 5 1
  
 1 0  6 2  0  10 0  0  2
 
  2  2  9 4  0  15 0  3  3
 3  2  0 600 0  3  0 

 5 12 2 
 
  9 19 6 
 5 6  3 

   1 2 0 1 0 2
  
b) BA   2 0 3   2 1 3 
 3 5 1  3  1 0
  
 1  4  0 0  2  0  2  6  0
 
 209 003 400 
 3  10  3 0  5  1 6  15  0 

3 2 4
 
  11 3 4
16 4 21 
