SISTEM POLITIK ISLAM

THE PROFESSIONAL P R E S E N TAT I O N TE M PA LT E

Pengertian Sistem Politik Islam

 Ilmu atau persoalan yang berkaitan dengan ketatanegaraan

atau pemerintahan dalam pandangan Islam

 Wewenang penguasa dalam mengatur kepentingan umum,

sehingga terjamin kemaslahatan dan terhindar dari
kemudharatan, dalam batas-batas yang ditentukan syara’
dan kaidah umum yang berlaku.

 Dalam istilah Arab sering dikenal dengan sebutan

Siyaasatusy Syar’iyyah
Setidaknya ada 3 pendapat Umat Islam dalam memandang
kedudukan sistem politik dalam syariat Islam

 Islam adalah agama yang serba lengkap, sehingga juga

memuat sistem ketatanegaraan, fiqih siyasah
merupakan bagian integral dari ajaran Islam. Hal ini

1
telah dicontohkan oleh Rasulullah dan Khulafa’
Rasyidin.

 Islam tidak mengatur ketatanegaraan. Muhammmad

adalah rasul yang tidak bertugas untuk mendirikan atau
memimpin suatu negara.

 Dalam Islam tidak terdapat sistem ketatanegaraan,

tetapi hanya terdapat seperangkat tata nilai etika bagi
kehidupan bernegara.
Nilai-nilai Dasar Sistem Politik Dalam Islam
 Kemestian mewujudkan persatuan dan kesatuan umat (Q.S. 23:52)
 Keharusan musyawarah dalam menyelesaikan masalah -masalah ijtihadiyah
(Q.S. 42:38, 3:159)
 Keharusan menunaikan amanat dan menetapkan hukum secara adil
 (Q.S. 4:58)
 Keharusan menaati Allah, Rasul, dan Ulil Amri
(Q.S. 4:59)
 Keharusan mendamaikan konflik antar kelompok dalam masyarakat
(Q.S. 49:9)
 Keharusan mempertahankan kedaultan negara dan larangan melakukan
agresi dan invensi (Q.S. 2:190)
 Mementingkan perdamaian daripada permusushan (Q.S. 8:61)
 Keharusan meningkatkan kewaspadaan dalam bidang pertahanan dan
keamanan (Q.S. 8:60)
 Keharusan menepati janji (Q.S. 16:91)
 Keharusan mengutamakan perdamaian bangsa-bangs
 (Q.S.49:13)
 Mengupayakan peredaran harta dalam seluruh lapisan masyarakat (Q.S.
59:7)
Ruang Lingkup Sistem Politik Islam (Siyasah Islamiyah)
Secara garis besar obyek pembahasan sistem politik
Islam meliputi :

 Siyasah Dusturiyah, dalam fiqh modern disebut

dengan Hukum Tata Negara
 Siyasah Dauliyah, biasa disebut dengan Hukum
Internasional (hukum dalam hubungan antar
bangsa)
 Siyasah Maliyah, mengatur tentang pemasukan,
pengelolaan, dan pengeluaran uang milik negara.
Beberapa hal yang berkaitan dengan Siyasah Dusturiyah
antara lain :

 Persoalan imamah ( hak, kewajibannya)

 Persoalan rakyat (status, hak, dan
kewajibannya)
 Persoalan baiat (sumpah setia)
 Persolan waliyyul ‘ahdi (pemimpin/khalifah)
 Persoalan perwakilan rakyat
(Ahlul Halli Wal ‘Aqdi)
 Wizarah (kementrian) dan pembagiannya

Siyasah Maliyah meliputi pembahasan :

 Prinsip-prinsip dalam kepemilikan harta

 Tanggung jawab sosial dalam masalah harta
 Zakat, infaq, shadaqah, waqaf.
 Khoroj, jizyah, ghanimah, fai’, ‘usyr
 Aturan dalam eksploitasi sumberdaya alam
Adapun orientasi masalahnya berkaitan dengan :

 Penentuan situasi damai atau perang (penentuan

sifat darurat kolektif)
 Perlakuan terhadap tawanan
 Kewajiban suatu negara terhadap negara lain
 Aturan dalam perjanjian internasioanal
 Aturan dalam pelaksanaan peperangan

Sedangkan dasar-dasar Siyasah Dauliyah antara lain :

 Mewujudkan kesatuan umat manusia

 Mewujudkan keadilan
 Menghargai persamaan
 Menghargai kehormatan manusia
 Mengembangkan toleransi
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