Geometry Chapter 4 Worked Out Solutions

Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Maintaining Mathematical Prociency (p. 171) 2. The side lengths are AB = 2, BC ≈ 5.83, and CA ≈ 5.10
1. The red gure is a mirror image of the blue gure, so it is and the angle measurements are m∠ A ≈ 101.31°,
a reection. m∠ B ≈ 59.04°, and m∠ C ≈ 19.65°.
2. The blue gure turns to form the red gure, so it is a rotation. 3
C
2
3. The red gure is larger than the blue gure, so it is a dilation.
A
1
4. The blue gure slides to form the red gure, so it is a
translation. −1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
5. no; Corresponding sides are not proportional. B

−1
5 12
—7 ≠ —
14 −2
6. yes; Corresponding angles are congruent, and corresponding

side lengths are proportional. 3. The side lengths are AB = 4, BC = 3, AD = 3, and
CD = 4 and the angle measurements are m∠ A = 90°,
—
10
= —23
15 m∠ B = 90°, m∠ C = 90°, and m∠ D = 90°.
—
8
12
= —23
2
6 2
—9 = —3
B A
7. yes; Corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding

0
side lengths are proportional. −4 −2 −1 0 2
3 5 1
—6 = —
10
= —2 −1
8. no; Squares have four right angles, so the corresponding C D

angles are always congruent. Because all four sides of a −3
square are congruent, the corresponding sides will always be
proportional.
4. The side lengths are AB = 4, BC ≈ 3.16, AD ≈ 3.16, and
Chapter 4 Mathematical Practices (p. 172) CD = 4 and the angle measurements are m∠ A ≈ 108.43°,
1. The side lengths are AB ≈ 4.24, BC ≈ 4.12, and CA ≈ 4.12 m∠ B ≈ 71.57°, m∠ C ≈ 108.43°, and m∠ D ≈ 71.57°.
and the angle measurements are m∠ B ≈ 59.04°, 2
m∠ A ≈ 59.04°, and m∠ C ≈ 61.93°.
B A
1
4
0
3
C −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
A −1
2
1 −2
C D
0
−1 0 1 2 4 5 −3
−1 B
−2
5. The side lengths are AB ≈ 4.24, BC ≈ 4.24, AD ≈ 4.24, and
CD ≈ 4.24 and the angle measurements are m∠ A = 90°,
m∠ B = 90°, m∠ C = 90°, and m∠ D = 90°.
3
B
1
A 0 C
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
D
−4
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 103

All rights reserved. Worked Out Solutions
Chapter 4
———
6. The side lengths are AB = 4, BC ≈ 3.16, AD = 3, and A′C′ = √( −1 − (− 4) )2 + (−6 − 0)2
CD ≈ 2.24 and the angle measurements are m∠ A = 90°, ——
= √(3)2 + (−6)2
m∠ B ≈ 18.43°, m∠ D ≈ 26.57°, and
—
m∠ C = 360° − 135° = 225°. = √9 + 36
—
= √45
3
D
≈ 6.71
——
2 AC = √ (3 − 0)2 + (−3 − 3)2
——
1
C = √(3)2 + (−6)2
—
0 B = √9 + 36
−1 A 0 1 2 3 4 5 —
= √45
−1
≈ 6.71
——
B′C′ = √(−1 − 0)2 + (−6 − 2)2
4.1 Explorations (p. 173) ——
= √(−1)2 + (−8)2
1. a. and b. Check students' work.
—
c. The x-values of each of the three vertices in the image = √1 + 64
—
can be obtained by adding the same amount (positive or = √65
negative) to the corresponding x-values of the vertices in
the original gure. The same is true for the y-values. ≈ 8.06
——
d. The side lengths and angle measures of the original BC = √(3 − 4)2 + (−3 − 5)2
triangle are equal to the corresponding side lengths and ——
angle measures of the image. = √(−1)2 + (−8)2
—
= √1 + 64
2. a. The rule that determines the translation is if (x, y) are the
—
coordinates of the original point, then (x + a, y + b) are = √65
the coordinates of the image of (x, y).
≈ 8.06
b. A(0, 3) → A′(0 − 4, 3 − 3) = A′(−4, 0)
Yes, corresponding sides are equal.
B(4, 5) → B′(4 − 4, 5 − 3) = B′(0, 2)
y
C(3, −3) → C′(3 − 4, −3 − 3) = C′(−1, −6) 6
B
The coordinates of △A′B′C′ are A′(−4, 0), B′(0, 2), and 4
C′(−1, −6). A
c. Using the distance formula, determine the lengths of the B′

A′
segments. −6 −4 −2 4 6 x
——
A′B′ = √(−4 − 0)2 + (0 − 2)2
C
——
= √(−4)2 + (−2)2 −4
—
= √16 + 4 −6
C′
—
= √ 20
3. a. yes; By the Pythagorean Theorem:
≈ 4.47
—— (AB)2 + (AC)2 = (BC)2
AB = √(0 − 4)2 + (3 − 5)2
——
( √— 2 — 2 — 2
20 ) + ( √45 ) = ( √65 )
=√ (4)2 + (−2)2
20 + 45 = 65
—
= √ 16 + 4 65 = 65
—
= √ 20 b. yes; ABC is a right triangle. Because a translation
preserves length and angle measurement, triangle ABC is
≈ 4.47 congruent to triangle A′B′C′. Therefore, triangle A′B′C′
is a right triangle.
c. yes; The image is congruent to the original gure, so the
corresponding angles will be congruent.
104 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 4
4. To translate a gure, move each vertex of the gure the same 7. Move the square 1 unit right and 2 units up:
number of units left or right, and up or down. Connect the (x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2).
vertices with a straightedge.
4.1 Exercises (pp. 178–180)
5. A′(−4 + 3, 0 + 4) = A″(−1, 4)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
B′(0 + 3, 2 + 4) = B ″(3, 6)
1. △ABC is the preimage, and △A′B′C′ is the image.
C′(−1 + 3, −6 + 4) = C ″(2, −2)
Translating △A′B′C′ 3 units to the right and 4 units up will 2. A translation moves every point of a gure the same distance
yield the following coordinates: A ″(−1, 4), B ″(3, 6), and in the same direction.
C ″(2, −2). Each vertex of the image is 1 unit left and 1 unit
up from the corresponding vertex in the original triangle. Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
3. The vector is ⃗
CD and its component form is 〈7, −3〉.
4.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 174 –177)
1. The vector is ⃗
BK and the component form is 〈−5, 2〉. 4. The vector is ⃗
ST and its component form is 〈−2, −4〉.
2. L(2, 2) → L′(0, 8) 5. y D(2, 5) → D′(8, 5)

6
M(5, 3) → M′(3, 9) E(6, 3) → E′(12, 3)
D D′
4
N(9, 1) → N′(7, 7) E E′ F(4, 0) → F′(10, 0)
2
3. The rule to translate △A′B′C′ back to △ABC is
F F′
(x, y) → (x + 4, y − 1).
−2 4 8 12 x
4. y T′ R(2, 2) → R′(3, 4) −2
6 S(5, 2) → S′(6, 4)
T
S′ T(3, 5) → T′(4, 7) 6.
6
y D(2, 5) → D′(7, 4)
4
R′
D D′ E(6, 3) → E′(11, 2)
R S 4
2
F(4, 0) → F′(9, −1)
E E′
2
2 4 6 x
F
−2 4 8 F′ 12 x
5. U″ y
8 −2
6
U
7.
8
y D(2, 5) → D′(−1, −2)
4
T″
D E(6, 3) → E′(3, −4)
2 4
T E F(4, 0) → F′(1, −7)
F
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 D′ 4 8 x
E′
−2 −4
F′
−8
T(1, 2) → T′(−1, −1) → T ″(−5, 4)
U(4, 6) → U′(2, 3) → U ″(−2, 8)
8. y D D(2, 5) → D′(0, 1)
6. y 4 E(6, 3) → E′(4, −1)
2 E
W
2
F(4, 0) → F′(2, −4)
−8 −6 −2 x D′
F
W′ −2 −2 2 4 6 8 x
E′
−2
−4
V
−4
−6 F′
V′
V(−6, −4) → V′(−3, −3) → V ″(−9, −7) 9. The component form of the vector that translates P(−3, 6) to
W(−3, 1) → W′(0, 2) → W ″(−6, −2) P′(0, 1) is 〈3, −5〉.

Chapter 4
10. The component form of the vector that translates P(−3, 6) to 18. y
P′(−4, 8) is 〈−1, 2〉. P Q
P′ Q′
11. M(4, 1) → M′(−1, 3) −2 2 4 6 8 12 x
N(5, −1) → N′(0, 1) −2
R
L(1, −1) → L′(−4, 1) R′

4 + x = −1 1+y=3
P(−2, 3) → P′(7, 1)
x = −5 y=2
Q(1, 2) → Q′(10, 0)
5+x=0 y + −1= 1
R(3, −1) → R′(12, −3)
x = −5 y=2
1 + x = −4 −1 + y = 1 19. P y P(−2, 3) → P′(−4, −2)
x = −5 y=2 Q
Q(1, 2) → Q′(−1, −3)
The rule to translate △LMN to △L′M′N′ is R(3, −1) → R′(1, −6)
(x, y) → (x − 5, y + 2). −4 −2 2 x
P′ R
−2
12. M(−5, −1) → M′(−2, 0) Q′
N(−2, −4) → N′(1, −3)

L(−6, −4) → L′(−3, −3) −6
R′
−5 + x = −2 y−1=0
x=3 y=1 20. P′ y P(−2, 3) → P′(−3, 6)
6
−2 + x = 1 −4 + y = −3 Q′
Q(1, 2) → Q′(0, 5)
x=3 y=1 P R(3, −1) → R′(2, 2)
−6 + x = −3 −4 + y = −3 Q R′
x=3 y=1
−2 x
The rule to translate △LMN to △L′M′N′ is R
(x, y) → (x + 3, y + 1).
13. Using the translation (x, y) → (x − 8, y + 4), the image of 21. y X′
8
Z′
A(2, 6) is A′(−6, 10).
X
4
Z Y′
14. Using the translation (x, y) → (x − 8, y + 4), the image of
B(−1, 5) is B′(−9, 9). 4 Y8 12 16 20 x
X″ Z″
−4
15. x − 8 = −3 y + 4 = −10
Y″
+8 +8 −4 −4
x=5 y = −14 X(2, 4) → X′(14, 8) → X ″(9, −1)
The preimage of C′(−3, −10) is C(5, −14). Y(6, 0) → Y′(18, 4) → Y ″(13, −5)
16. x − 8 = 4 y + 4 = −3 Z(7, 2) → Z′(19, 6) → Z ″(14, −3)
x = 12 y = −7 22. y
12
The preimage of D′(4, −3) is D(12, −7). X″
Z″
8
17. y P(−2, 3) → P′(2, 9) Y″
X′ X
P′ Q′ 4
8 Q(1, 2) → Q′(5, 8) Z
Z′
R(3, −1) → R′(7, 5)
6 −4 Y′ 4 Y8 x
R′
4
Q
X(2, 4) → X′(−4, 4) → X ″(−2, 11)
P
Y(6, 0) → Y′(0, 0) → Y ″(2, 7)
−2 2 4 6 x
Z(7, 2) → Z′(1, 2) → Z ″(3, 9)
R

Chapter 4
23. △ABC → △A′B′C′ △A′B′C′ → △A ″B ″C ″ 28. a. A: (x, y) → (x + n, y + t)

−4 + x = 1 2 + y = 3 1 + x = −4 3 + y = −2 B: (x, y) → (x + s, y + m)
x=5 y=1 x = −5 y = −5 Translation A followed by translation B is
(x, y) → (x + n + s, y + t + m).
−1 + x = 4 1 + y = 2 4 + x = −1 2 + y = −3
b. B: (x, y) → (x + s, y + m)
x=5 y=1 x = −5 y = −5
A: (x, y) → (x + n, y + t)
−4 + x = 1 1 + y = 2 1 + x = −4 2 + y = −3
Translation B followed by translation A is
x=5 y=1 x = −5 y = −5 (x, y) → (x + s + n, y + m + t).
The translation from △ABC to △A′B′C′ is c. no; Because addition is commutative, s + n is the same as
(x, y) → (x + 5, y + 1) and the translation from △A′B′C′ n + s, and m + t is the same as t + m. So, each image
to △A ″B ″C ″ is (x, y) → (x − 5, y − 5). will end up in the same place.
24. DEFG → D′E′F′G′ D′E′F′G′ → D ″E ″F ″G ″ 29. The blue gure is congruent to the red gure. r = 100
−5 + x = 1 3 + y = −1 1 + x = −5 −1 + y = −1 because corresponding angles are congruent.
x=6 y = −4 x = −6 y=0 162 = 3w → w = 54 because corresponding angles are
congruent. 2t = 10 → t = 5 because corresponding sides are
−3 + x = 3 3 + y = −1 3 + x = −3 −1 + y = −1 congruent. s = 8 because corresponding sides are congruent.
x=6 y = −4 x = −6 y=0 30. The blue triangle is congruent to the red triangle.
−1 + x = 5 1 + y = −3 5 + x = −1 −3 + y = −3 90° − 55° = 35° → a = 35
x=6 y = −4 x = −6 y=0 b + 6 = 20
−5 + x = 1 1 + y = −3 1 + x = −5 −3 + y = −3 b = 14
x=6 y = −4 x = −6 y=0
4c − 6 = 14
The translation from DEFG to D′E′F′G′ is
(x, y) → (x + 6, y − 4) and the translation from D′E′F′G′ +6 +6
to D ″E ″F ″G ″ is (x, y) → (x − 6, y). 4c = 20
c=5
25. E′F′G′H′ should have been translated left and down.
E(3, 2) → E′(3 − 1, 2 − 2) → E′(2, 0) 31. D(−1, 2) and D′(−2, −2)
F(7, 3) → F′(7 − 1, 3 − 2) → F′(6, 1) −1 + x = −2 2 + y = −2
G(7, 0) → G′(7 − 1, 0 − 2) → G′(6, −2) x = −1 y = −4
H(4, 1) → H′(4 − 1, 1 − 2) → H′(3, −1) So, the component form of the translation is 〈−1, −4〉.
y
E′( −2 + (−1), 0 + (−4) ) → (−3, −4)
F
E F′( −1 + (−1), −1 + (−4) ) → (−2, −5)
2
H F′
G
G′( 1 + (−1), 3 + (−4) ) → (0, −1)
E′
2 4 x
H′ 32. The two gures that are translations of each other are gures
−2
G′ 5 and 7. The translation of gure 5 to gure 7 is 4 units right
and 8 units up, (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 8).
26. 1st translation: (x, y) → (x + 2, y − 1)
33. (x2, y2) → (x1 + m, y1 + n)
2nd translation: (x, y) → (x + 1, y − 2)
x2 = x1 + m y2 = y1 + n
Composite translation: (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 3)
x1 = x2 − m y1 = y2 − n
27. a. The amoeba moves right 5 squares and down 4 squares. — —
The rule to map PQ to P′Q′ is (x, y) → (x − m, y − n).
b. 102 + (−8)2 = c2
100 + 64 = c2
— —
√164 = √c2
c ≈ 12.81
The amoeba travels about 12.81 millimeters.
12.81 mm
c. — ≈ 0.52 mm/sec
24.5 sec
The amoeba moves about 0.52 millimeter per second.

Chapter 4
34. a. Q(2, −3) → Q′(2 − 3, −3 − 3) = Q′(−1, −6) b. Cross two coplanar lines with a transversal.
R(2, 4) → R′(2 − 3, 4 − 3) = R′(−1, 1)

C
S(5, 4) → S′(5 − 3, 4 − 3) = S′(2, 1)
A E
T(5, −3) → T′(5 − 3, −3 − 3) = T′(2, −6)
D
QT = ∣ 5 − 2 ∣ = ∣ 3 ∣ = 3
B
TS = ∣ 4 − (−3) ∣ = ∣ 7 ∣ = 7
⋅
Area of QRST = 3 7 = 21 square units
Q′T′ = ∣ −1− 2 ∣ = ∣ −3 ∣ = 3
T′S′ = ∣ −6 − 1 ∣ = ∣ −7 ∣ = 7 Because ∠ ABD ≅ ∠ CDE, a translation along BD ⃑
⋅
Area of Q′R′S′T′ = 3 7 = 21 square units maps ∠ ABD onto ∠ CDE. Because translations map lines
The area of rectangle QRST is 21 square units and the area to parallel lines, ⃖⃗
AB  ⃖⃗
CD.
of rectangle Q′R′S′T′ is 21 square units.
b. The areas of the translated gures are equal. The preimage 37. Draw a rectangle using the vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2),
and the image of a translation are congruent, so their areas C(x3, y3), and D(x4, y4). Add to each x-coordinate a value of h
are congruent.
and to each y-coordinate a value of k: A′(x1 + h, y1 + k),
35. Given the translation △ABC → △A′B′C′ and B′(x2 + h, y2 + k), C′(x3 + h, y3 + k), and D′(x4 + h, y4 + k).
△A′B′C′ → △A ″B ″C ″, prove that the composition Then connect A → A′, B → B′, C → C′, and D → D′. Finally,
translation △ABC → △A ″B ″C ″ is a rigid motion. A
make the hidden lines dashed.
translation is dened as a rigid motion that preserves length
and angle measurements. Therefore the translation of 38. A(−1, w) → A′(−1 + 4, w + 1) = A′(2x + 1, 4)
△ABC → △A′B′C′ will yield △ABC ≅ △A′B′C′, where
— ≅ A′B′
—, −1 + 4 = 2x + 1 w+1=4
the corresponding sides and angles are congruent. AB
— ≅ A′C′
—, BC— ≅ B′C′
—, ∠ A ≅ ∠ A′, ∠ B ≅ ∠ B′, and 3 = 2x + 1 w=3
AC
2 = 2x
∠ C ≅ ∠ C′. Likewise, the translation △A′B′C′ → △A ″B ″C ″
— ≅ A— — ≅ A— — ≅ B— x=1
will yield A′B′ ″B ″ , A′C′ ″C ″ , B′C′ ″C ″ ,
B(8y − 1, 1) → B′(8y − 1 + 4, 1 + 1) = B′(3, 3z)
∠ A′ ≅ ∠ A ″, ∠ B′ ≅ ∠ B ″, and ∠ C′ ≅ ∠ C ″. By the transitive
— ≅ A— — ≅ A— — ≅ B— 8y − 1 + 4 = 3 1 + 1 = 3z
property, AB ″B ″ , AC ″C ″ , BC ″C ″ ,
8y + 3 = 3 2 = 3z
∠ A ≅ ∠ A ″, ∠ B ≅ ∠ B ″, and ∠ C ≅ ∠ C ″. The composition 2
8y = 0 z = —3
of two translations is itself a translation. So, by the denition
of rigid motion, the composition of two or more y=0
( △ABC → △A ″B ″C ″ ) rigid motions is a rigid motion.
39. yes; According to the denition of translation, the segments
36. a. connecting corresponding vertices will be congruent and
C parallel. Also, because a translation is a rigid motion,
A — ≅ G′H′
GH —. So, the resulting gure is a parallelogram.
D
40. Sample answer:
B
y
7 8 9
42 5 6
Because ⃖⃗
AB  ⃖⃗
CD and translations map lines to parallel
⃑
lines, a translation along BD maps ⃖⃗
AB to ⃖⃗
CD . −3 1 2 2 3 5 x
Because translations are rigid motions, angle measures −2
are preserved, which means the angles formed by ⃖⃗

AB and
⃖⃗ are congruent to the corresponding angles formed by
BD 1 to 2: (x, y) → (x + 2, y)
⃖⃗
CD and ⃖⃗
BD. 1 to 4: (x, y) → (x, y + 2)
1 to 6: (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 2)
1 to 8: (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 4)

Chapt er 4
41. no; Because the value of y changes, you are not adding the 4.2 Explorat ions (p. 181)
same amount to each x-value. 1. a. Check students’ work.
y
b. Check students’ work.
C C′
4 c. Sample answer:
2 m
A B A′ B′ A A′
2 4 6 8 x
B B′
42.
STATEMENTS REASONS
C C′
1. —
MN is perpendicular to line ℓ . 1. Given
d. Sample answer:
2. —
M′N′ is the translation of —
MN 2. Given
m
2 units to the left. A A′
3. If M(x1, y1) and N(x2, y2), then 3. De nition of
B B′
M′(x1 − 2, y1) and N′(x2 − 2, y2). translation
y2 − y1 4. De nition of slope
4. m—
MN = —
x2 − x1 and
C C′
y2 − y1
m—
M′N′ = ——
(x2 − 2) − (x1 − 2)
2. a. Check students’ work.
y2 − y1 b. Each vertex of △A′B′C′ has the same y-value as its
= —
x2 − x1 corresponding vertex of △ABC. The x-value of each
vertex of △A′B′C′ is the opposite of the x-value of its
5. m— 5. Transitive Property
MN = m—
M′N′ corresponding vertex of △ABC.
of Equality
c. The corresponding side lengths and corresponding angle
6. —
MN —
M′N′ 6. Slopes of Parallel measures are congruent.
Lines (Thm. 3.13)
d. Sample answer:
7. —
M′N′ ℓ 7. Perpendicular
C
Transversal Theorem 4
(Thm. 3.11) A 3
2
B′
1
M aint aining M at hemat ical Pro ciency 0
−5 −4 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
43. yes; The gure can be folded in half in several ways so that −1
one side matches the other. B

−2
A′ −3
44. no 45. no −4
C′
46. yes; The gure can be folded in half so that one side matches
the other. Each vertex of △A′B′C′ has the same x-value as its
corresponding vertex of △ABC. The y-value of each
47. − (− x) = x 48. − (x + 3) = − x − 3 vertex of △A′B′C′ is the opposite of the x-value of its
corresponding vertex of △ABC; The corresponding sides
49. x − 12 + 5x = 6x − 12 50. x + 2x − 4 = 3x − 4 and corresponding angles are congruent.
3. If a gure is re ected in the y-axis, then each pair of

corresponding vertices will have the same y-value and
opposite x-values. If a gure is re ected in the x-axis, then
each pair of corresponding vertices will have the same
x-value and opposite y-values.
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geomet ry 109

All right s reserved. Worked Out Solut ions
Chapter 4
6. Reect △JKL in the y-axis:

J(1, 3) → J′(−1, 3), K(4, 4) → K′(−4, 4), L(3, 1) → L′(−3, 1)
1. Point A is 3 units to the left of x = 4, so A′ is 3 units to the
y
right of x = 4 at (7, 3). B′ is 1 unit to the left of x = 4 at
(3, 2), and C′ is 2 units to the right of x = 4 at (6, 1). 6
y A A′ K′ K
J′ J
2 B′ B
2
C C′
L′ L
2 6 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
−2 x=4
−2
2. Point A is 4 units to the right of x = −3, so A′ is 4 units to

7. Image of △JKL after the reection in the line y = x:
the left of x = −3 at (−7, 3). B′ is 8 units to the left of
x = −3 at (−11, 2), and C′ is 5 units to the left of x = −3 J(1, 3) → J′(3, 1), K(4, 4) → K′(4, 4), L(3, 1) → L′(1, 3)
at (−8, 1). 4
y K
J K′
A′ y A
L′
B′ B 2 y=x
2
J′ L
C′ x = −3 C 2 4 x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 x
8. Image of △JKL after the reection in the line y = −x:

3. Point A is 2 units above y = 2, so A′ is 2 units below y = 2
J(1, 3) → J′(−3, −1), K(4, 4) → K′(−4, −4),
at (1, 1). Because point B is on the line y = 2, B = B′. C′ is
L(3, 1) → L′(−1, −3)
1 unit above y = 2 at (2, 3).
y K
y A C′ 4
J
B
2
B′
y = 2 A′ C y = −x
L
2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
J′
−2
4. Point A is 4 units above y = −1, so A′ is 4 units below
L′
y = −1 at (1, −5). B′ is 3 units below y = −1 at (5, −4), −4
K′
and C′ is 2 units below y = −1 at (2, −3).
y
9. F(−1, 2), F′(−2, 1)
A B
2
1−2 −1 −1
Slope of FF′ = — = — = — = 1
C −2 − (−1) −2 + 1 −1
−2 2 4 6 x For two lines to be perpendicular, the slopes must be
y =−2
−1 negative reciprocals of each other. Because y = −x has a
C′
B′
— is perpendicular
slope of −1 and the slope of FF′ = 1, FF′
−4
A′ to y = −x.
10. Begin by graphing △ABC and translating 4 units down:

5. Reect △JKL in the x-axis: A(3, 2) → A′(3, −2), B(6, 3) → B′(6, −1), and 
J(1, 3) → J′(1, −3), K(4, 4) → K′(4, −4), L(3, 1) → L′(3, −1)   C(7, 1) → C′(7, −3). Then reect △A′B′C′ in the y-axis:
y A′(3, −2) → A ″(−3, −2), B′(6, −1) → B ″(−6, −1), and
K C′(7, −3) → C ″(−7, −3).
4
J y B
2 A
2
L
C
−2 2 4 6 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 B′ x
L′
−2 B″ A″ A′
−2
J′ K′ C″ C′
−4

Chapter 4
11. The glide reection from △A′B′C′ to △ABC consists of 7. Reect △JKL in the x-axis: J(2, −4) → J′(2, 4),
translating 12 units right and reecting in the x-axis. K(3, 7) → K′(3, −7), L(6, −1) → L′(6, 1)
y K
12.
6
J′
4
2
L′
There are two lines of symmetry.
2 4 x
13. L
−2
−4
J
−6
K′
There are ve lines of symmetry.
14. 8. Reect △JKL in the y-axis: J(5, 3) → J′(−5, 3),

K(1, −2) → K′(−1, −2), L(−3, 4) → L′(3, 4)
L y L′
4
J′ J
2
There is one line of symmetry.
−4 4 x
15. Sample answer:
K′ K
9. Reect △JKL in x = −1: J(2, −1) → J′(−4, −1),

K(4, −5) → K′(−6, −5), L(3, 1) → L′(−5, 1)
—
16. Reect A in line m to obtain A′. Then draw A′B . Label the L′ y L
—
intersection of A′B and m as C. Because A′B is the shortest
−6 −2 4 x
distance between B and A′ and AC = A′C, park at point C. J′ J
−2
B A
−4
C m x = −1
K′ K
A′
10. Reect △JKL in x = 2: J(1, −1) → J′(3, −1),
4.2 Exercises (pp. 186–188) K(3, 0) → K′(1, 0), L(0, −4) → L′(4, −4)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check y K′ K
J 4 x
1. A glide reection is a combination of a translation and a J′
reection. −2
−4
2. The second transformation does not belong because it is a L L′
translation and the other three are reections. x=2
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 11. Reect △JKL in y = 1: J(2, 4) → J′(2, −2),
3. Reection in the y-axis K(−4, −2) → K′(−4, 4), L(−1, 0) → L′(−1, 2)
y
4. Neither K′ J
4
5. Neither L′ y=1
2
6. Reection in the x-axis

−4 L 2 x
−2
K J′

Chapter 4
12. Reect △JKL in y = −3: J(3, −5) → J′(3, −1), 17. Translation (x, y) → (x, y − 1): T(6, 4) → T′(6, 3),
K(4, −1) → K′(4, −5), L(0, −3) → L′(0, −3) S(7, 3) → S′(7, 2), R(4, 1) → R′(4, 0)
y Reection in the y-axis: T′(6, 3) → T ″(−6, 3),
2 J′ 4 x S′(7, 2) → S ″(−7, 2), R′(4, 0) → R ″(−4, 0)
K
−2 L
y T
y = −3 4
−4 L′ T″ T′
K′ S
2
J S″ R S′
R″ R′
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
13. Reecting △ABC in y = x, the original point is (a, b) and the
image point is (b, a).
18. Translation (x, y) → (x − 3, y): T(6, 4) → T′(3, 4),
A′ y
6 y=x S(7, 3) → S′(4, 3), R(4, 1) → R′(1, 1)
C′ Reection in the line y = 1: T′(3, 4) → T ″(3, −6),
4
S′(4, 3) → S ″(4, −5), R′(1, 1) → R ″(1, −3)
2 y
C T′ T
4
B′ S′ S
−2 2 4 6 x 2
−2 R′ R
B
A 2 4 6 x
−2 y = −1
R″
14. Reecting ABCD in y = x, the original point is (a, b) and the
−4
image point is (b, a).
S″
y D′ −6
4 T″
y=x
B C D
A′ C′ 19. Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 4): T(6, 4) → T′(6, 8),
S(7, 3) → S′(7, 7), R(4, 1) → R′(4, 5)
−2 4 x
A B′ Reection in the line x = 3: T′(6, 8) → T ″(0, 8),
−2
S′(7, 7) → S ″(−1, 7), R′(4, 5) → R ″(2, 5)
y T′
T″
15. Reecting ABCD in y = −x, the original point is (a, b) and S′
the image point is (−b, −a). S″
6
y D′ R″ R′
4 T
A′ 4
x=3
A C′ S
2 2
R
−2 B′ x 2 4 6 x
D B y = −x
−2
C
20. Translation (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 2): T(6, 4) → T′(8, 6),
S(7, 3) → S′(9, 5), R(4, 1) → R′(6, 3)
16. Reecting △ABC in y = −x, the original point is (a, b) and Reection in the line y = x: T′(8, 6) → T ″(6, 8),
the image point is (−b, −a). S′(9, 5) → S ″(5, 9), R′(6, 3) → R ″(3, 6)
y y S″
A B
2 8
T″
R″ T′
6
−2 4 6 x
A′ y=x T S′
4
C
y = −x
B′ C′ R′ S
2
R
2 4 6 8 x

Chapter 4
21. —
29. Reect A in the x-axis so the line y = 0 and A′B intersect.
A(1, 4), B(6, 1), A′(1, −4)
Using the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line,
y = mx + b, determine the equation of the line that contains
—.
A′B
There is one line of symmetry.
—: m = —
Slope of A′B
1 − (−4) 5
=—=1
22. 6−1 5
To determine the y-intercept, substitute the slope, 1, and a
point on the line, (1, −4).
y = mx + b
−4 = 1 + b
b = −5
There are four lines of symmetry. So, the equation is y = x − 5. To determine the intersection
— and y = 0, set the equations equal to each other and
of A′B
23. There are no lines of symmetry. solve for x.
24. 0=x−5
x=5
So, the point that minimizes AC + BC is C(5, 0).
30. The line segment connecting A(4, −5) to B(12, 3) crosses the
x-axis. Using the slope-intercept form of the equation of a
line, y = mx + b, determine the equation of the line that
There are ve lines of symmetry. —.
contains AB
25. a. There are no lines of symmetry. —: m = —
Slope of AB
3 − (−5) 8
=—=1
b. The line of symmetry can be drawn down the middle of 12 − 4 8
the O. To determine the y-intercept, substitute the slope, 1, and a
point on the line, (4, −5).
MOM y = mx + b
−5 = 1(4) + b
c. The lines of symmetry can be drawn horizontally centered b = −9
through the O and X.
So, the equation is y = x − 9. To determine the intersection
OX — and y = 0, set the equations equal to each other and
of AB
d. There are no lines of symmetry. solve for x.
0=x−9
26. The line of reection is incorrect. After translating
(x + 2, y + 3), the reection is in the y-axis. The line of x=9
reection must be parallel to the direction of the translation. So, the point that minimizes AC + BC is C(9, 0).
—
27. Reect H in line n to obtain H′. Connect H′ to J to draw JH′ .
Label the intersection of JH′ and n as K. Because JH′ is the
shortest distance between J and H′ and HK = H′K, park at
point K.
28. The translation is (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 3).

Chapter 4
—
31. Reect A in the x-axis so the line y = 0 and A′B intersect. 33. The y-intercept of the preimage is 3 units above the line
A(−8, 4), B(−1, 3), A′(−8, −4) y = −1. So, the y-intercept of the image is 3 units below the
line y = −1, or (0, −4). The point (−1, −1) is on the line of
Using the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line,
the preimage and is on the line of reection, so it is also on
y = mx + b, determine the equation of the line that contains
—. the line of the image. So, the slope of the line of the image is
A′B −1 − (−4)
m = — = −3. So, the equation of the image of the
—: m = —
Slope of A′B
−4 − 3 −7
=—=1
−1 − 0
−8 − (−1) −7 reection of y = 3x + 2 is y = −3x − 4.
To determine the y-intercept, substitute the slope, 1, and a 34. a. Figure 2 is a reection of Figure A in the line x = a,
point on the line, (−1, 3). where a = 3.5. A reection in a line x = a will keep
y = mx + b the y-values the same, and the x-values will be the same
distance from the line of reection, but on opposite sides:
3 = −1 + b (1, 2) → (6, 2), (3, 4) → (4, 4), (2, 6) → (5, 6).
b=4 b. Figure 4 is a reection of Figure A in the line y = b,
So, the equation is y = x + 4. To determine the intersection where b = 3. A reection in a line y = b will keep the
— and y = 0, set the equations equal to each other and
of A′B x-values the same, and the y-values will be the same
solve for x. distance from the line of reection, but on opposite sides:
0=x+4 (1, 2) → (1, 4), (3, 4) → (3, 2), (2, 6) → (2, 0).
x = −4 c. Figure 1 is a reection of Figure A in the line y = x.
A reection in a line y = x will reverse the x- and
So, the point that minimizes AC + BC is C(−4, 0). y-coordinates: (1, 2) → (2, 1), (3, 4) → (4, 3),
(2, 6) → (6, 2).
32. The line segment connecting A(−1, 7) to B(5, −4) crosses
the x-axis. Using the slope-intercept form of the equation of d. Figure 3 represents a glide reection of Figure A. The
a line, y = mx + b, determine the equation of the line that translation is (x, y) → (x, y − 2), which results in the
—.
contains AB
values: (1, 2) → (1, 0), (3, 4) → (3, 2), (2, 6) → (2, 4). 
The reflection is x = 3.5, which results in the values:
—: m = —
Slope of AB
−4 − 7 −11
=— (1, 0) → (6, 0), (3, 2) → (4, 2), (2, 4) → (5, 4).
5 − (−1) 6
11
To determine the y-intercept, substitute the slope, −—, and a 35. m
6 A′
A
point on the line, (−1, 7).
11 C′
y = −—x + b
6 C B′
11 B
7 = −—(−1) + b
6
11 36. Line up the reective device on line m to verify that △ABC
7=—+b
6 reects onto △A′B′C′ and that △ABC ≅ △A′B′C′.
42 = 11 + 6b
37. Using a reective device or dynamic geometry software,
31 = 6b
plot the points M, N, and Q. Then construct the line
31 y = −2x, and reect in the line to obtain the points:
b=—
6 M(0, 3) → M′(−2.4, 1.8), N(−1, −1) → N′(1.4, 0.2),
11 31
So, the equation is y = −—x + —. To determine the Q(−5, 0) → Q′(3, 4).
— 6 6
intersection of AB and y = 0 set the equations equal to each y Q′
4
other and solve for x. y = −2x M
11 31
0 = −— x + — M′
6 6 Q N′
0 = −11x + 31 2 x
−31 = −11x N
−31 31
x=—=— 38. no; Sample answer: A counterexample is as follows.
−11 11
31
( )
So, the point that minimizes AC + BC is C —, 0 .
11
translation: (x, y) → (x, y − 2)
reection: in the x-axis
This composition is not commutative. However, all glide
reections are commutative because the line of reection is
parallel to the direction of the translation.
Chapter 4
——
39. Because B is reected in y = c to obtain B′, then both B and B′C′ = √(−5 − 3)2 + (4 − 3)2
B′ are equidistant from c. Then y = c must pass through the ——
—, which is (2, 3). The slope of BB′
— is −1, = √( − 8)2 + 12
midpoint of BB′ —
so the slope of line c must be 1, because the line c is the = √64 + 1
—. So, the equation is y = x + 1.
perpendicular bisector of BB′ —
= √65
——
Maintaining Mathematical Prociency CA = √(3 − 0)2 + (−3 − 3)2
—
40. m∠ AOC = 60° 41. m∠ AOD = 130° = √32 + (−6)2
—
42. m∠ BOE = 20° 43. m∠ AOE = 160° = √9 + 36
—
= √45
44. m∠ COD = 70° 45. m∠ EOD = 30° ——
C′A′ = √[ 3− (−3) ]2 + (3 − 0)2
46. m∠ COE = 100° 47. m∠ AOB = 180° —
= √62 + 32
48. m∠ COB = 120° 49. m∠ BOD = 50° —
= √36 + 9
—
4.3 Explorations (p. 189) = √45
1. a. Check students’ work. Corresponding side lengths are congruent.
b. Check students’ work. y
6
B
c. The x-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is the opposite
B′
of the y-value of its corresponding vertex in △ABC. The 4
C′
y-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is equal to the x-value A
of its corresponding vertex in △ABC.
A′
d. The corresponding lengths and the corresponding angles are −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
congruent. For example, AB = A′B′ and m∠ A = m∠ A′.
−2
2. a. The rule to rotate (x, y) 90° about the origin is −4

C
(x, y) → (−y, x).
−6
b. The coordinates of the vertices of the image of △A′B′C′
are A(0, 3) → A′(−3, 0), B(4, 5) → B′(−5, 4),
C(3, −3) → C′(3, 3). 3. a. The rule to rotate (x, y) 180° about the origin is
c. Use the Distance Formula to nd the side lengths of (x, y) → (−x, −y). When a point is rotated 180°, the
both triangles. x-value and y-value of the image are the opposite of the
—— x-value and y-value of the original point.
AB = √(0 − 4)2 + (3 − 5)2
—— b. The coordinates of △A′B′C′ after a rotation of 180° are
= √(−4)2 + (−2)2 A(0, 3) → A′(0, −3), B(4, 5) → B′(−4, −5),
—
= √16 + 4 C(3, −3) → C′(−3, 3).
—
= √20
———
4. Sample answer: Put your pencil on the origin and rotate the
A′B′ = √[ −3 − (−5) ] + (0 − 4)2
2
graph the given number of degrees. Record the coordinates
— of the image in this orientation. Then return the coordinate
= √ 22 + (−4)2 plane to its original orientation, and draw the image using the
—
= √4 + 16 coordinates you recorded.
—
= √20
—— 5. The coordinates of the vertices of △A′B′C′ are
BC = √(4 − 3)2 + [ 5 − (−3) ]2 A′(0, −3), B′(−4, −5), and C′(−3, 3). The coordinates of
— the image △A ″B ″C ″ are the same as those of △ABC:
= √12 + 82
—
A′(0, 3) → A ″(0, 3) = A(0, 3), B′(4, 5) → B ″(4, 5) = B(4, 5),
= √1 + 64 and C′(3, −3) → C ″(3, −3) = C(3, −3).
—
= √65

Chapter 4
— —
5. Applying the translation (x − 2, y − 1) to AB , A′B′ has the
— 90° about
endpoints A′(−6, 3) and B′(−3, 6). Rotating A′B′
1. Draw a segment from P to E. Draw a ray to form a 50° angle
—. Place E′ so that PE′ = PE. Repeat the steps for —
the origin, A ″B ″ has endpoints A ″(−3, −6) and B ″(−6, −3).
with PE
points D′ and F′. B y
7
B′
E 6
5
4
A
3
F A′
D P 2
E′
1
F′ −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1
−2
B″
−3
D′ −4
−5
2. The vertices of the image △J′K′L′ are J′(0, 3), L′(0, 6), and A″
−6
K′(−3, 4).
6
y 6. Rotating △TUV about the origin 90°, △T′U′V′ has the
L′
vertices T′(−1, −2), U′(−3, −5), and V′(−6, −3).
K′
4
K
Reecting △T′U′V′ in the x-axis, △T ″U ″V ″ has vertices
J′ T ″(−1, 2), U ″(−3, 5), and V ″(−6, 3).
2
U″ y U
J L 5
−2 2 4 6 x 4
V
3
V″
2
3. S″ y S′ T″ T
2 1
R″ R′ −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x T′
−2
V′ −3
−2
R −4
−4 −5
U′
−6
S 7. The rhombus has rotational symmetry. The center is the
yes; Sample answer: The image is in Quadrant I, not intersection of the diagonals. A 180° rotation about the
Quadrant IV. center maps the rhombus onto itself.
— —
4. After reecting RS in the x-axis, the endpoints of R′S′ are 8. The octagon has rotational symmetry. The center is the
—
R′(1, 3) and S′(2, 6). Rotating R′S′ 180° about the origin intersection of the diagonals. A 90° or 180° rotation about
produces R ″(−1, −3) and S ″(−2, −6). the center maps the octagon onto itself.
y
8 9. The right triangle has no rotational symmetry.
S′
4
R′ 4.3 Exercises (pp. 194–196)
−8 −4
R″ R 4 8 x Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. When a point (a, b) is rotated counterclockwise about the
S″
−8
S origin, (a, b) → (b, −a) is the result of a 270° rotation.
2. The rotations about the origin, 90° counterclockwise,

270° clockwise, and a 90° rotation to the left all yield the
same result: A′(−2, 1), B′(−4, 2), C′(−2, 4). So, “What
are the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a
270° counterclockwise rotation about the origin?” is
different. A rotation of 270° counterclockwise about the
origin yields A′(2, −1), B′(4, −2), and C′(2, −4).

Chapter 4
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 7. Use the coordinate rule for a 90° rotation around the origin,
3. Draw △ABC and point P. Draw a segment from P to A. (a, b) → (−b, a).
Using a protractor, draw a ray to form a 30° angle with A(−3, 2) → A′(−2, −3)
— . Place A′ so that PA = PA′. Repeat the steps by drawing
PA B(2, 4) → B′(−4, 2)
a segment from P to B and drawing a ray to form a 30° angle
—. Place B′ so that PB = PB′. Repeat the steps by
with PB
C(3, 1) → C′(−1, 3)
drawing a segment from P to C and drawing a ray to form a y B
30° angle with PC—. Place C′ so that PC = PC′. Connect the C′
4
B′
vertices A′, B′, and C′. A
2
1
C
B′ −4 −2 1 2 3 x
C′
B −2
−3
A′
A′ C
A
8. Use the coordinate rule for a 180° rotation around the origin,
P (a, b) → (−a, −b).
D(−3, −1) → D′(3, 1) F′ E y
4. Draw quadrilateral DEFG and point P. Draw a segment D′
E(−1, 2) → E′(1, −2) 1
from P to E. Using a protractor, draw a ray to form an
— . Place E′ so that PE = PE′. Repeat this
80° angle with PE F(4, −2) → F′(−4, 2) −4 1 3 4 x
D
process for points D, F, and G to complete the rotation of the −2
E′ F
quadrilateral DEFG and connect D′, E′, F′, and G′.
P 9. Use the coordinate rule for a 180° rotation around the origin,
D
E E′
(a, b) → (−a, −b).
F′
J(1, 4) → J′(−1, −4)
G F K(5, 5) → K′(−5, −5)
L(7, 2) → L′(−7, −2)
D′
G′ M(2, 2) → M′(−2, −2)
y K
5
5. Draw quadrilateral FGPJ. Lay the protractor on the side of J
— and draw a ray to form a 150° angle with PJ
PJ —. Place J′ 4
3
so that PJ = PJ′. Repeat this process for points F and G to 2
M L
complete the rotation of the quadrilateral FGPJ. P will stay 1
in the same position. Connect F′, G′, J′, and P. −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

L′ M′
G
−3
J′
F P −5
J′ K′
J
G′ 10. Use the coordinate rule for a 270° rotation around the origin,
F′
(a, b) → (b, −a).
—
6. Draw △PRQ. Lay the protractor on the side of PR and draw Q(−6, −3) → Q′(−3, 6) Q′ y
6
a ray to form a 130° angle. Place R′ so that PR = PR′. Repeat R(−5, 0) → R′(0, 5) R′
the steps by drawing a segment from P to Q and drawing a S(−3, 0) → S′(0, 3) 4
ray to form a 130° angle with PQ = PQ′. P will stay in the S′
T(−1, −3) → T′(−3, 1) 2
same position. Connect P′, Q′, and P. T′ 1
R S
Q′ −6 −4 −3 −1 x
R P −2
Q T
Q
R′

Chapter 4
11. The translated image has endpoints X′(−3, 3) and Y′(4, −3). 15. The rotation of 90° about the origin yields L′(−6, 1),
After the rotation of 90° about the origin, the endpoints are M′(−4, −2), and N′(−2, 3). The translation
X ″(−3, −3) and Y ″(3, 4). (x, y) → (x − 3, y + 2) yields L ″(−9, 3), M ″(−7, 0), and
N ″(−5, 5).
y Y″
4 y L
X′ 6
3
N″
2
X M
4
L″
3
−3 −2 2 3 4 x N′
L′ 2
N
−2 1
−3
X″ Y′ −9 −8 M″ −4 −2 1 2 3 x
−4
−5 −2
Y M′
12. The rotation of 180° about the origin yields X′(3, −1) and 16. The reection in the x-axis yields L′(1, −6), M′(−2, −4),
Y′(−4, 5). The translation of (x, y) →(x − 1, y + 1) yields and N′(3, −2). The rotation of 270° about the origin yields
X ″(2, 0) and Y ″(−5, 6). L ″(−6, −1), M ″(−4, 2), and N ″(−2, −3).
y y L
Y″ 6
6
5
Y′ M
4 4
3 3
M″
2
X N
1 1
X″
−5 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x −4 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
X′ L″ N′
−2 −2
N″
−3
−4 M′ −4
−5
Y
−6
L′
13. The rotation of 270° about the origin yields X′(1, 3) and
Y′(−5, −4). The reection in the y-axis yields X ″(−1, 3) and 17. The rotations of 90° and 180° about the center will map this
Y ″(5, −4). gure onto itself.
X″ y X′ 18. The rotations of 72° and 144° about the center will map this
3
gure onto itself.
X
1
19. The rotations of 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° about the center
−5 −4 −3 1 3 4 5 x
will map this gure onto itself.
−2
−3 20. The rotation of 180° about the center will map this gure
−4
Y′ Y″ onto itself.
−5
Y
21. F; The angle of rotational symmetry of this gure is 120°.
14. The reection in the line y = x yields X′(1, −3) and
Y′(−5, 4). The rotation of 180° about the origin yields 22. E and H; The angles of rotational symmetry of this gure are
X ″(−1, 3) and Y ″(5, −4). 90° and 180°.
Y′
4
y 23. D and G; The angles of rotational symmetry of this gure are
X″ 72° and 144°.
3
X 1 24. C, F, and H; The angles of rotational symmetry of this gure

−5 −4 −3 −2 1 3 4 5 x are 60°, 120°, and 180°.
25. The rule for a 270° rotation should have been used instead of
−3
−4
X′ the rule for a reection on the x-axis.
Y″
−5
Y (x, y) → (y, −x)
C(−1, 1) → C′(1, 1) instead of C′(−1, −1)
D(2, 3) → D′(3, −2) instead of D′(2, −3)

Chapter 4
26. The rule for a 270° rotation should have been used instead of 30. yes; Reection in the y-axis and then in the x-axis yields
the rule for a reection in the line y = x. (x, y) → (−x, y) → (−x, −y). A 180° rotation yields the
(x, y) → (y, −x) same result: (x, y) → (−x, −y).
C(−1, 1) → C′(1, 1) instead of C′(−1, −1) 31. If a gure only has point symmetry, then it has 180°
D(2, 3) → D′(3, −2) instead of D′(2, 3) rotational symmetry. One rotation will rotate the gure
180°. A second rotation will rotate the gure another 180°.
27. Draw and label ∠ D. Draw △ABC and point O. Placing the The two rotations combined result in a 360° rotation, and
compass point on point D, sweep an arc across D’s vectors. therefore the rotations map the gure onto itself. So, you can
Retain this compass setting. Connect O to A with a ray. rotate the gure twice before it is back where it started.
Sweep an arc that will intersect ray OA′. Connect O to B
with a ray. Sweep an arc that will intersect line OB′. Connect 32. no; Because the gure has 90° rotational symmetry, the
O to C with a ray. Sweep an arc that will intersect with ray image will still be symmetrical to the preimage after two 90°
OC′. Use the compass to measure the distance of the arc rotations, which is the equivalent of a 180° rotation.
vector intersections on ∠ D. Retain this setting with the point
on A in order to sweep the arc for point A′. Label point A′. 33. yes; Sample answer: A rectangle (that is not a square) is one
Put the unchanged compass point on B. Sweep the arc for example of a gure that has 180° rotational symmetry, but
point B′. Label point B′. Put the unchanged compass point not 90° rotational symmetry.
on C. Sweep the arc for point C′. Label point C′. Connect
A′B′C′. 34. yes; Sample answers:
90°: a reection in y = x followed by a reection in the
B′ y-axis: (x, y) → (y, x) → (−y, x)
C′
180°: a reection in the x-axis followed by a reection in the
A′ y-axis: (x, y) → (x, −y) → (−x, −y)
270°: a reection in y = x followed by a reection in the
A B
x-axis: (x, y) → (y, x) → (y, −x)
360°: a reection in the x-axis twice:
C (x, y) → (x, −y) → (x, y)
D
35. The number of lines of symmetry n times the measure of
D
angle 1 equals 180°.
28. a. If you were outside, you are now inside, or vice versa, a. n( m∠ 1 ) = 180°
because you have made half of a rotation. 12( m∠ 1 ) = 180°
b. You are back where you started because you have made a m∠ 1 = 15°
full rotation.
b. n( m∠ 1 ) = 180°
29. a. The slope of the line rotated 90° is the opposite reciprocal 6( m∠ 1 ) = 180°
of the slope of the preimage, and the y-intercept is equal m∠ 1 = 30°
to the x-intercept of the preimage. So, the equation of the
1
line is y = −—2 x + —32. 36. Rotating 90° clockwise will map point
The slope of the line rotated 180° is equal to the slope P(a, b) → point P′(b, −a) just as in a 270° counterclockwise
of the preimage, and the y-intercepts of the image and rotation. Rotating 180° clockwise will map point
preimage are opposites. So, the equation of the line is P(a, b) → point P′(−a, −b) just as in a 180°
y = 2x + 3. counterclockwise rotation. Rotating 270° clockwise will
map point P(a, b) → point P′(−b, a) just as in a 90°
The slope of the line rotated 270° is the opposite reciprocal
counterclockwise rotation.
of the slope of the preimage, and the y-intercept is the
opposite of the x-intercept of the preimage. So, the 37. Rotating △XYZ 90° around point P yields
1
equation of the line is y = −—2 x − —32. X(2, 5) → X′(−8, 3), Y(3, 1) → Y′(−4, 4), and
The equation of the line rotated 360° is the same as the Z(0, 2) → Z′(−5, 1).
equation of the preimage. So, the equation of the line is y X
y = 2x − 3. Y′
5
4
b. yes; Because the coordinates of every point change in the X′
3
same way with each rotation, the relationships described 2
Z
will be true for an equation with any slope and y-intercept. Z′
1
Y
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
P

Chapter 4
38. a. Both piece 1 and piece 2 have 180° rotational symmetry. 2. Using (x, y) → (x − 1, y − 5) yields
b. You can t Piece 1 in the puzzle in two different ways. A(−4, 1) → A′(−5, −4), B(−3, 3) → B′(−4, −2),
c. When connected, the pieces can only t into the puzzle C(0, 1) → C′(−1, −4), and D(−2, 0) → D′(−3, −5).
one way because the combined shape does not have B y
3
rotational symmetry.
2
C
39. Rotating point A 90° in the polar coordinate plane yields A
A(2, 30°) → A′(2, 120°). Rotating point A 180° in the polar −5 −4 −3 D−1 x
B′
coordinate plane yields A(2, 30°) → A′(2, 210°). Rotating −2
point A 270° in the polar coordinate plane yields −3
C′
A(2, 30°) → A′(2, 300°). The radius remains the same. The A′
−5
angle increases in conjunction with the rotation. D′
Maintaining Mathematical Prociency 3. Using (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 6) yields A(−4, 1) → A′(−1, 7),
B(−3, 3) → B′(0, 9), C(0, 1) → C′(3, 7), and
40. Angles: ∠ P ≅ ∠ W, ∠ Q ≅ ∠ V, ∠ R ≅ ∠ Z, ∠ S ≅ ∠ Y,
D(−2, 0) → D′(1, 6).
∠T ≅ ∠X
— ≅ WV
Sides: PQ —, QR
— ≅ VZ
—, RS
— ≅ ZY
—, ST
— ≅ YX
—, TP
— ≅ XW
— 9
B′
41. Angles: ∠ A ≅ ∠ J, ∠ B ≅ ∠ K, ∠ C ≅ ∠ L, ∠ D ≅ ∠ M C′
— ≅ JK
Sides: AB —, BC
— ≅ KL
—, CD
— ≅ LM
—, DA
— ≅ MJ
— A′
6
D′
5
4
B
4.1 – 4.3 What Did You Learn? (p. 197) 3
2
1. Recreate the chess board on a coordinate plane and substitute C
A
the coordinates into your rule to verify that both the
−4 −3 D−1 1 2 3 x
composition and the single translation yield the same result.
2. The x-coordinate is translated 3 units to the right, so add 3 4. Reection in the x-axis yields A(−5, 6) → A′(−5, −6),
to x. The y-coordinate is translated 3 units up, so add 3 to y. B(−7, 8) → B′(−7, −8), and C(−3, 11) → C′(−3, −11).
y
3. Find two points on the line y = 2x − 3 (e.g., the x- and C 12
10
y-intercepts), their images after the rotation, and use the
B 8
images to nd the equation of the new line. 6
A
4
4.1– 4.3 Quiz (p. 198) 2
1. Using (x, y) → (x + 4, y − 2) yields A(−4, 1) → A′(0, −1), −8 −6 −4 −2 x
B(−3, 3) → B′(1, 1), C(0, 1) → C′(4, −1), and −4

A′
D(−2, 0) → D′(2, −2). B′
−6
−8
B y −10
3
C′
2
C B′
A
−4 −3 D−1 1 2 4 x 5. Reection in the line y = x yields D(−5, −1) → D′(−1, −5),
A′ C′ E(−2, 1) → E′(1, −2), and F(−1, −3) → F′(−3, −1).
−2
D′
E y
−2 x
D F′
−2 E′
y=x
F
D′

Chapter 4
6. Reection in the line x = 3 yields J(−1, 4) → J′(7, 4), 10.

K(2, 5) → K′(4, 5), L(5, 2) → L′(1, 2), and
M(4, −1) → M′(2, −1).
y K K′
5
J J′
2 L′ L
There are 6 lines of symmetry.
6 x
M′ M 11. There are no lines of symmetry.
x=3
12.
7. Reection in the line y = −2 yields P(2, −4) → P′(2, 0),
Q(6, −1) → Q′(6, −3), R(9, −4) → R′(9, 0), and
S(6, −6) → S′(6, 2).
y S′
2
P′ R′
2 4 6Q 8 x
There are 2 lines of symmetry.
y = −2 Q′ 13.
−4 P R
−6
S
8. The graph of the image of △ABC after the translation There is 1 line of symmetry.
(x, y) → (x, y + 6) yields A(2, −1) → A′(2, 5),
B(5, 2) → B′(5, 8), and C(8, −2) → C′(8, 4). The 14. A 90° rotation about the origin yields A(1, 1) → A′(−1, 1),
reection in the y-axis yields A′(2, 5) → A″(−2, 5), B(2, 4) → B′(−4, 2), and C(4, 1) → C′(−1, 4).
B′(5, 8) → B ″( −5, 8), and C′(8, 4) → C ″(−8, 4).
C′ y B
4
B″ y B′
8
B′
2
6 A C
A′
A″ A′ −4 −2 2 4 x
4
C″ C′
B
2
15. A 270° rotation about the origin yields D(−3, 2) → D′(2, 3),
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
E(−1, 4) → E′(4, 1), F(1, 2) → F′(2, −1), and
A C G(1, −1) → G′(−1, −1).
−2
E y
4
D′
9. The graph of the image of △ABC after the translation
D 2
(x, y) → (x − 9, y) yields A(2, −1) → A′(−7, −1), F E′
B(5, 2) → B′(−4, 2), and C(8, −2) → C′(−1, −2). The
−2
reection in the line y = 1 yields A′(−7, −1) → A″(−7, 3), 2 4 x
G′ G F′
B′(−4, 2) → B ″(−4, 0), and C′(−1, −2) → C ″(−1, 4). −2
C″ y
4
A″
B′ y=1 B
2
−6 B″ 4 6 8 x
−1
A′ A C
C′

Chapter 4
16. A 180° rotation about the origin yields H(−4, 1) → H′(4, −1), 4.4 Explorations (p. 199)
I(−2, 2) → I′(2, −2), J(−1, −2) → J′(1, 2), and 1. a. Check students’ work.
K(−4, −4) → K′(4, 4). b. Check students’ work.
y K′ c. The line passes through points A, A′, and A″.
4
I
Sample answer:
J′
2
H A
D
−2 2 x
H′ B A′
J I′ B′ A″
−4 C
K
B″
C′
17. The translation (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 3) yields
E C″
L(−3, −2) → L′(−7, 1), M(−1, 1) → M′(−5, 4), and
N(2, −3) → N′(−2, 0). The rotation of 180° about the origin
yields L′(−7, 1) → L″(7, −1), M′(−5, 4) → M ″(5, −4), and
N′(−2, 0) → N ″(2, 0).
M′ y
4
F
2
L′ M
N″ d. The distance between A and A″ is twice the distance
−6 −4 N′ 2 6 x between the parallel lines.
L″
L
−2 e. yes; △A″B ″C ″ is a translation of △ABC.
N f. If two lines are parallel, and a preimage is reected in
−4
M″
the rst line and then in the second, the nal image is a
translation of the preimage. The distance between each
18. The rotation of 90° about the origin yields point in the preimage and its corresponding point in the
L(−3, −2) → L′(2, −3) (L′and N are the same), nal image is twice the distance between the parallel lines.
M(−1, 1) → M′(−1, −1), and N(2, −3) → N′(3, 2). The
reection in the y-axis yields L′(2, −3) → L″(−2, −3), 2. a. Check students' work.
M′(−1, −1) → M ″(1, −1), and N′(3, 2) → N ″(−3, 2).
b. Check students' work.
y
c. Sample answer: m∠ EDF = 50°; Rotating △ABC about
N″ N′
2 point D maps △ABC onto △A″B ″C ″.
M
d. The nal image after the reections is the same as a
M′ 2 x rotation about point D using an angle that is twice the
M″
measure of the angle of intersection.
L L′
L″ N
3. The image of a gure reected in two lines is congruent to
the preimage. The image of a gure reected in two parallel
19. Sample answer:
lines is a translation of the preimage. The image of a gure
Step 1: Rotate orange gure 90° around point (−2, 3). reected in two lines that intersect in point D is a rotation in
Step 2: Translate orange gure 4 units right and 5 units down. point D of the preimage.
Step 3: Translate red gure 7 units down and 3 units right.
4. The distance of QQ ″ is 2 times 3.2, or 6.4 inches.
Step 4: Rotate purple gure 90° around point (2, 3).
Step 5: Translate purple gure 3 units left and 7 units down. 4.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 200 –203)
1. For quadrilaterals IHGJ and QPNR to be congruent,
corresponding angles and corresponding sides must be
equal. IH = QP, HG = PN, GJ = NR, JI = RQ, and all
angles are congruent because they are all 90° angles. So,
▭IHGJ ≅ ▭QPNR. △LKM is a reection in the y-axis of
△TSU. So, △LKM ≅ △TSU. △DEF is a 90° rotation of
△ABC. So, △DEF ≅ △ABC.

Chapter 4
2. Sample answer: Translating quadrilateral ABCD down 7. Applying the translation (x, y) → (x + 4, y) yields
4 units yields A(1, 1) → A′(1, −3), B(3, 1) → B′(3, −3), Q(2, 4) → T(6, 4), R(5, 4) → U(9, 4), and S(4, 1) → V(8, 1).
C(4, 3) → C′(4, −1), and D(2, 3) → D′(2, −1). Reecting So, △QRS ≅ △TUV.
over the x-axis yields A′(1, −3) → E(−1, −3),
D′(2, −1) → H(−2, −1), C′(4, −1) → G(−4, −1), and 8. Rotating quadrilateral WXYZ 90° yields CDEF. So,
B′(3, −3) → F(−3, −3). WXYZ ≅ CDEF.
3. Sample answer: Using the translation (x, y) → (x + 5, y) 9. M and N are translated 2 units right of their corresponding
yields L(−4, 2) → L′(1, 2), J(−1, 2) → J′(4, 2), and vertices, L and K, but P is translated only 1 unit right of its
K(−3, 4) → K′(2, 4). Reecting △L′K′J′ in the x-axis yields corresponding vertex, J. So, this is not a rigid motion.
L′(1, 2) → P(1, −2), J′(4, 2) → M(4, −2), and
K′(2, 4) → N(2, −4). 10. Translate ABCD 5 units down, followed by a reection in the
y-axis. So, ABCD ≅ GHEF.
4. The transformation that maps the blue image to the green
image is (x, y) → (x + 3.2, y). 11. The translation maps △ABC onto △A″B ″C ″.
5. If P′ is the image of P with a reection in line k,

—
12. Lines k and m are perpendicular to AA″ .
— ⊥ k by the Reections in Parallel Lines Theorem
then PP′ —
(Thm. 4.2). 13. The length of CC ″ is 2 ⋅ 2.6 = 5.2 inches.
6. The distance based on the Reections in Parallel Lines 14. yes; Because △A″B ″C ″ is a reection of △A′B′C′ in line m,
Theorem (Thm. 4.2) is 2 times the distance between the two each vertex in the image is the same distance from the line of
parallel lines, which is 3.2 centimeters. reection as its preimage.
7. Rotate the blue gure 160° (2

position the green gure.
⋅ 80) about P in order to 15. The angle of rotation that maps A to A″ is 110°.
16. The angle of rotation that maps A to A″ is 30°.

76°
8. The angle measures — = 38°.
2 17. The translation (x, y) → (x + 5, y) maps △ABC to
△A′B′C′: A(−4, 1) → A′(1, 1), B(−4, 2) → B′(1, 2),
and C(−1, 1) → C′(4, 1). A reection in the x-axis maps
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check △A′B′C′ to △A″B ″C ″ : A′(1, 1) → A″(1, −1),
1. Two geometric gures are congruent if and only if there is
B′(1, 2) → B ″(1, −2), and C′(4, 1) → C ″(4, −1).
a rigid motion or a composition of rigid motions that moves 18. According to the Reections in Intersecting Lines Theorem
one of the gures onto the other. (Thm. 4.3), the angle of rotation is 2x°, where x° is the
measure of the acute angle formed by the two intersecting
2. The preimage and image are congruent in a rigid
lines. The angle of rotation is 2( 72° ) = 144°.
transformation.
19. The angle formed by two intersecting lines with a measure of
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 42° yields a rotation of 84° that will map C to C′.
3. △HJK is a 90° rotation of △QRS. So, △HJK ≅ △QRS.
▭DEFG is a translation 7 units right and 3 units down of 20. The angle formed by two intersecting lines with a measure of
▭LMNP. So, ▭DEFG ≅ ▭LMNP. 12° yields a rotation of 24° that will map to C to C′.
4. △MNP is a 90° rotation of △TUV. So, △MNP ≅ △TUV. 21. The angle formed by two intersecting lines with a measure
△EFG is a 180° rotation of △QRS. So, △EFG ≅ △QRS. of 90° yields a rotation of (x, y) → (−x, −y) that will map C
▭HJKL is a translation 4 units down and 7 units right of to C′.
▭ABCD. So, ▭HJKL ≅ ▭ABCD. 22. The angle formed by two intersecting lines with a measure
of 45° yields a rotation of (x, y) → (y, −x) that will map
5. Sample answer: Rotating △ABC 180° about the origin will
C to C′.
yield A(−4, 2) → A′(4, −2), B(−4, 1) → B′(4, −1), and
C(−1, 1) → C′(1, −1). The translation 23. Consecutive reections in each of two parallel lines is
(x, y) → (x − 5, y − 1) yields A′(4, −2) → E(−1, −3), equivalent to a translation. A reection in a third line is
B′(4, −1) → F(−1, −2), and C′(1, −1) → G(−4, −2). equivalent to a glide transformation.
6. Sample answer: Rotating the blue image 180° about the 24. a. The artist used rotations and translations when creating
origin yields (x, y) → (−x, −y). the tessellation.
b. yes; All of the gures could be created using one or more
rigid transformations of an original shape.

Chapter 4
25. never; A congruence transformation is a rigid motion that 32. Sample answer:
preserves length and angle measurement.
26. always; Every gure can be mapped onto a congruent gure

using transformations.
27. sometimes; Reecting in y = x and then y = x is not a Translations and rotations are used.
rotation. Reecting in the y-axis and then the x-axis is a
rotation of 180°. 33. The second classmate is correct. A translation reverses the
segment endpoints. A rotation retains the mapping of the
28. sometimes; It would depend on the translations. segments and points. Reecting in the y-axis yields
P(1, 3) → P′(−1, 3) and Q(3, 2) → Q′(−3, 2). Reecting
29. no; The preimage is smaller than the projected image.
in the x-axis yields P′(−1, 3) → P ″(−1, −3) and
30. a. Triangle 5 is congruent to Triangle 8 by a translation or
Q′(−3, 2) → Q ″(−3, −2).
reections in parallel lines. Using the translation (x, y) → (x − 4, y − 5) yields
b. Triangle 1 is congruent to Triangle 4 by a reection. P(1, 3) → P′(−3, −2) and Q(3, 2) → Q′(−1, −3).
c. Triangle 2 is congruent to Triangle 7 by a rotation or A rotation of 180° yields P(1, 3) → P′(−1, −3) and
reections in intersecting lines. Q(3, 2) → Q′(−3, −2).
d. Pentagon 3 is congruent to Pentagon 6 by a glide 34. yes; no; Reecting in line m rst maps the nal triangle to a
reection or two reections in parallel lines and then a spot to the left of line m. Reecting in line ℓ rst maps the
reection in a perpendicular line. nal triangle to a spot to the right of line m.
31. 35. Reect △ABC over line m. Then reect over a line ℓ parallel
STATEMENTS REASONS to line m to form △A″B ″C ″.
1. A reection in line ℓ maps — JK to 1. Given ℓ m

—
J′K′ , a reection in line m maps
—
J′K′ to — J ″K ″ , and ℓ  m.
—
2. If KK″ intersects line ℓ at L 2. Denition of B″ B′ B
and line m at M, then L is the reection

perpendicular bisector of —KK′ , A″ C″ A C
and M is the perpendicular
bisector of —
K′K ″ .
3. —
KK′ is perpendicular to ℓ and m, 3. Denition of 36.
and KL = LK′ and K′M = MK ″. perpendicular Z″
bisector
4. If d is the distance between ℓ and 4. Ruler Postulate X′
m, then d = LM. X
Y″ X″
5. LM = LK′ + K′M and 5. Segment Addition
KK ″ = KL + LK′ + K′M + MK ″ Postulate P
Z Y
6. KK ″ = LK′ + LK′ + K′M + K′M 6. Substitution m
ℓ
Property of
Equality Maintaining Mathematical Prociency
7. KK ″ = 2( LK′ + K′M ) 7. Distributive 37. 5x + 16 = −3x
Property 16 = −8x
8. KK ″ = 2(LM) 8. Substitution x = −2
Property of Equality
9. Transitive Property 38. 12 + 6m = 2m
9. KK ″ = 2d
of Equality 12 = −4m
m = −3
39. 4b + 8 = 6b − 4
−2b = −12
b=6
Chapter 4
40. 7w − 9 = 13 − 4w 2. a. The image is a line that coincides with ⃖⃗

AB.
11w = 22 b. The image is a line that is parallel to ⃖⃗
AC. The x- and
w=2 y-intercepts of the image are each three times the
x-and y-intercepts of ⃖⃗
AC.
41. 7(2n + 11) = 4n
c. The image of ⃖⃗
AB is a line that coincides with ⃖⃗
AB. The
14n + 77 = 4n
image of ⃖⃗
AC is a line that is parallel to ⃖⃗
AC. The x- and
77 = −10n
77
y-intercepts of the image are each one-fourth of the
n = −—
10 x- and y-intercepts of ⃖⃗
AC.
42. −2(8 − y) = −6y d. When you dilate an image that passes through the center
−16 + 2y = −6y of dilation, the image coincides with the preimage. When
you dilate a line that does not pass through the center of
−16 = −8y
dilation, the image is parallel to the preimage, and the
y=2 image has intercepts that can be found by multiplying the
intercepts of the preimage by the constant of dilation.
43. Increase: 625 − 500 = 125
125 = 500 x
125
⋅ 3. To reduce or enlarge a gure, the image is proportional to
the preimage.
x= —
500
x = 0.25 4. The difference between the x-value of each vertex of
The percent of increase is 25%. △A′B′C′ and the x-value of the center of dilation is equal
to k times the difference between its corresponding x-value
4.5 Explorations (p. 207) of △ABC and the x-value of the center of dilation. The
difference between the y-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′
1. a. Check students’ work. The x-value of each vertex of
and the y-value of the center of dilation is equal to k
△A′B′C′ is twice the x-value of its corresponding vertex
times the difference between its corresponding y-value
of △ABC, and the y-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′
of △ABC and the y-value of the center of dilation. Each
is twice the y-value of its corresponding vertex of
side of △A′B′C′ is k times as long as its corresponding
△ABC. Each side of △A′B′C′ is twice as long as its
side of △ABC. Each angle of △A′B′C′ is congruent to its
corresponding side of △ABC. Each angle of △A′B′C′ is
corresponding angle of △ABC.
congruent to its corresponding angle of △ABC.
Sample answers:
b. y
4
y
B B′
3 4
B
2
D 2
B′ C C C′
C′ A
1
A 2 4 A′ 6 x
D A′
1 2 3 4 x
y
The x-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is half of the 3

B
x-value of its corresponding vertex of △ABC, and the
y-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is half of the y-value of 2
C
its corresponding vertex of △ABC. Each side of △A′B′C′
1
is half as long as its corresponding side of △ABC. Each A
angle of △A′B′C′ is congruent to its corresponding angle B′
of △ABC. 1 2
C′
3 x
−1
c. The x-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is k times the A′
x-value of its corresponding vertex of △ABC, and the −2
y-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is k times the y-value D
of its corresponding vertex of △ABC. Each side of −3
△A′B′C′ is k times as long as its corresponding side

of △ABC. Each angle of △A′B′C′ is congruent to its
corresponding angle of △ABC.

Chapter 4

1. The scale factor is —
3 1
= —4 . The dilation is a reduction because Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
12
the scale factor is less than 1. 1. If P(x, y) is the preimage of a point, then its image after a
dilation centered at the origin (0, 0) with scale factor k is the
2. (x, y) → (4x, 4y): P(−2, −1) → P′(−8, −4), point P′(kx, ky).
Q(−1, 0) → Q′(−4, 0), R(0, −1) → R′(0, −4)
2. The scale factor that does not belong is 60%. The scale
Q′ Q y
−8 −6 5 115 23
x
factors of the others are: — > 1, 115% = — = — > 1, and
P
−2
R 4 100 20
2 > 1, which are all enlargements. The scale factor
P′ R′
60 3
60% = — = — is a reduction.
100 5
3. (x, y) → (0.4x, 0.4y): P(5, −5) → P′(2, −2), Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
Q(10, −5) → Q′(4, −2), R(10, 5) → R′(4, 2) 6 3
3. The scale factor of P to P′ is —
14
= —7, which is a reduction.
y R 24 8
9
= —3, which is an enlargement.
4
9 3
2
R′ 5. The scale factor of P to P′ is —
15
= —5, which is a reduction.
28 7
8
= —2, which is an enlargement.
2 6 8 x
−2
P′ Q′
7.
C L L′
−4 P
N
P Q M
N′
4. (x, y) → (−2x, −2y): P(1, 2) → P′(−2, −4), M′
Q(3, 1) → Q′(−6, −2), R(1, −3) → R′(−2, 6) Not draw n t o scale.
R′
6
y
Construct lines ⃖⃗
CM, ⃖⃗
CN, and ⃖⃗
CL. Measure the distance
between C and M. Keeping the same compass setting, place
4 the compass point on M and sweep ⃖⃗CM, placing M′ at the
intersection of the arc and the line. Do the same for points C
2
P to N and C to L. Connect M′, N′, and L′ to form △L′M′N′.
Q
−6 −4 x 8. L′
−2
Q′
R L
−4
P′ P
M N
5. According to the Coordinate Rule for Dilations, if the origin M′ N′

P(0, 0) is the preimage of a point, then its image after a
Not draw n t o scale.
dilation centered at the origin with a scale factor k is the
⋅ ⋅
point P′(k 0, k 0), which is also the origin, or (0, 0). Construct lines ⃖⃗
PM, ⃖⃗
PN, and ⃖⃗
PL . Measure the distance
8 80 16 between C and M. Keeping the same compass setting, place
6. The scale factor of the dilation is —
4.5
=—
45
=—
9
, 16 to 9. the compass point on M and sweep the line. Then place the
compass point onto the arc and sweep a second arc on ⃖⃗PM.
12.6
7. —=6 Place M′ at the intersection of the arc and the line. Do the
x
same for points C to N and C to L. Connect L′, M′, and N′
12.6 = 6x
to form △L′M′N′.
12.6
—=x
6
x = 2.1
The actual length of the spider is 2.1 centmeters.

Chapter 4
9. C L 12. R
L′
R′
S
M
S′
M′ N′ N P

U′
Bisect the two sides with vertex M. Connect the midpoints of T′
the two bisected sides to form the third side.
U
10. L′ L T
C
N′ Not draw n t o scale.
M′ P
PR, ⃖⃗
Construct lines ⃖⃗ PS , ⃖⃗
PT , and ⃖⃗
PU. Measure the distance
N
between P and R. Determine what —13 the distance is and adjust
M
the compass setting. Place the compass point on P and sweep
⃖⃗
PR, placing R′ at the intersection of the arc and the line. Do
CM, ⃖⃗
CN, and ⃖⃗
CL. Measure the distance the same for points P to S, P to T, and P to U. Connect R′,
between C and M. Determine what —14 the distance is and S′, T′, and U′ to form R′S′T′U′.
adjust the compass setting. Place the compass point on M
and sweep ⃖⃗
CM, placing M′ at the intersection of the arc and 13. R′ R
the line. Do the same for points C to N and C to L. Connect S′
M′, N′, and L′ to form △L′M′N′.
U′
T′ S
11. R′
R
S′ S
C
U T U
U′ T
T′ Not draw n t o scale.
Measure the distance between R and U, and determine —14 of
Construct lines ⃖⃗
CS , ⃖⃗
CR, ⃖⃗
CT, ⃖⃗
CU, and ⃖⃗
CP. Measure the that distance. Place U′ that distance from R. Measure the
distance between C and S. Keeping the same compass distance from R to S, and determine —14 of that distance and
setting, place the compass point on S and sweep the line. place the point S′. Do the same for T and P. Place P′ in the
Then place the compass point onto the arc and sweep a
appropriate position. Then connect U′, R′, S′, and T to form
second arc on ⃖⃗
CS . Place S′ at the intersection of the arc
the dilated image of URST.
and the line. Do the same for points C to R, C to T, C to U,
and C to P. Connect R′, S′, T′, and U′ to form the image 14. R
of RSTU. R′
S′
S C
U′
U T′
T

CR, ⃖⃗
CS, ⃖⃗
CT, and ⃖⃗
CU. Measure the distance
between C and R. Determine what —34 the distance is and
adjust the compass setting. Place the compass point on R
and sweep ⃖⃗
CR, placing R′ at the intersection of the arc and
the line. Do the same for points C to S, C to T, and C to U.
Connect R′, S′, T′, and U′ to form RSTU.

Chapter 4
15. (x, y) → (3x, 3y)

X(6, −1) → X′(18, −3)
( 14 14 )
18. (x, y) →  —x, —y
J(4, 0) → J′(1, 0)
Y(−2, −4) → Y′(−6, −12)
K(−8, 4) → K′(−2, 1)
Z(1, 2) → Z′(3, 6)
L(0, −4) → L′(0, −1)
y Z′ M(12, −8) → M′(3, −2)
4
Z K y
4
J′
−4 4 8 12 16 x K′ J
X
Y X′ −8 −4 L′ 4 8 12 x
M′
L
−8
−8
M
−12
Y′
16. The scale factor is 120% = — = —.

120
100
6
5
1 1
(
19. (x, y) →  −—x, −—y
5 5 )
6 6
(
(x, y) →  —x, —y
5 5 ) B(−5, −10) → B′(1, 2)
C(−10, 15) → C′(2, −3)
A(0, 5) → A′(0, 6)
D(0, 5) → D′(0, −1)
B(−10, −5) → B′(−12, −6)
C(5, −5) → C′(6, −6) C 16
y
y
6 A′ 12
A
2 8
−12 −8 −4 4 x D
4
B′
B −4 C
B′ C′ −8 −4 x
D′
−4 C′
17. (x, y) →  —x, —y( 23 23 ) B

−8
T(9, −3) → T′(6, −2)

U(6, 0) → U′(4, 0)
20. (x, y) → (−3x, −3y)
V(3, 9) → V′(2, 6)
M(−4, 1) → M′(12, −3)
W(0, 0) → W′(0, 0)
N(−3, −6) → N′(9, 18)
y V L(0, 0) → L′(0, 0)
8
y N′
6 V′
16
4
12
2
8
W′ U′ U
W 4 6 8 x 4
M
−2 L′
T′ −4 L 8 x
T
−4 M′

Chapter 4
28
21. (x, y) → (−4x, −4y) 26. Scale factor of the dilation: — = 2
14
R(−7, −1) → R′(28, 4) 2 12
—=—
S(2, 5) → S′(−8, −20) 1 n
T(−2, −3) → T′(8, 12) 2n = 12
U(−3, −3) → U′(12, 12) 12
n=—
2
y T′ U′
8 S
n=6
R′
R The scale factor of the dilation is 2, and n = 6.
−8 8 16 24 x
UT
2
27. Scale factor of the dilation: —
3
2 2
−20 —=—
S′ y 3
⋅
2 3=2 y ⋅
1
2 ( 1
22. (x, y) →  −—x, −—y
2 ) 6 = 2y
y=3
W(8, −2) → W′(−4, 1) 2
The scale factor of the dilation is —, and y = 3.
X(6, 0) → X′(−3, 0) 3
Y(−6, 4) → Y′(3, −2) 7 1
28. Scale factor of the dilation: — = —
Z(−2, 2) → Z′(1, −1) 28 4
1 4
—=—
4 m
⋅ ⋅
Y y
4 1 m=4 4
m = 16
W′ Z 1
X The scale factor of the dilation is —, and m = 16.
4
−6 −4 X′ Z′ 2 6 8 x
−2
Y′ W
5
29. — = — = —
2.5 25
—
1
5
( )
( 5 ) ⋅ ( 1025 ) = 2550 = 2
— —
10
CP′ The scale factor of this dilation is 2.

23. The scale factor should be calculated by nding —,
CP
CP 3 1 — ( )
10
10 10 10 100 20
⋅
1
not —. So, k = — = —. 30. — = — = — — = — = —
CP′ 12 4 8.5 85
— ( )
1 85
10
85 17
24. The scale factor should be calculated by nding the ratio 20
of the length of a side of the image to the length of the The scale factor of this dilation is —.
17
corresponding side of the preimage; k = —42 = 2
31. The length of the image of the emperor moth is
15 5
25. Scale factor of the dilation: — = —
9 3
⋅
5 60 = 300 millimeters.
5 35 32. The length of the image of the ladybug is

—=—
3 x ⋅
10 4.5 = 45 millimeters.
5x = 3 35 ⋅ 33. The length of the image of the dragony is
105
x=—
5
⋅
34. The length of the image of the carpenter ant is

x = 21
5
⋅
The scale factor of the dilation is —, and x = 21.
3

Chapter 4
35. The grasshopper has a scale factor of 7.5. 39. The scale factor is —2 = 3.
6
magnied 15
— = — = 7.5 3(x + 1) = 2x + 8
actual 2
3x + 3 = 2x + 8
The black beetle has a scale factor of 7.
x+3=8
( ) 42
( ) ⋅( )
—
magnied 4.2 10 42 10 42 x=5
—=—=—= — — =—=7
actual 0.6 6
—
10
( ) 10
6 6 In dilated gures, corresponding angles are equal.
The honey bee has a scale factor of 7.5. y + 16 = 3y − 34
16 = 2y − 34
( )
75
( ) ⋅( )
—
magnied 75 16 8 15
—=—= — — = — = 7.5 50 = 2y
actual 5
—
16
() 8
5 2
y = 25
The monarch buttery has a scale factor of 7.5. So, x = 5 and y = 25.
( ) 2925
( 2925 ) ⋅ 1039 = 7510 = 7.5

— 40. Change 200% to a fraction: —
200
= —1 = 2. So, a gure that is2
magnied 29.25 100
—=—=—= — — — 100
actual 3.9 39
—
10
100
( ) 200% larger than the preimage will be twice as large.
The grasshopper, the honey bee, and the monarch buttery
41. With a scale factor of 3, this indicates that the dilated gure
were looked at through the same magnifying glass. The scale
is larger than the original (3 > 1). So, the original gure is
factor for each of these insects is 7.5.
closer to the center of dilation, which is inside both.
36. Sample answer: 1
42. With a scale factor of —2 , this indicates that the dilated gure
−4 −2
y (0, 0), (cent er of dilat ion)
2 4 6 8 x
( )
is smaller than the original —12 < 1 . So, the dilated gure is
C closer to the center of dilation, which is inside the original
−2
gure.
C′
A
−6
B 43. With a scale factor of 120% —
100 ( 120
= —5 = 1.2 , this indicates 6
)
that the dilated gure is 1.2 times larger than the original
(1.2 > 1). So, the original gure is closer to the center of
−9
dilation, which is outside both.
A′ B′
44. With a scale factor of 0.1 —
10 ( )
1
, this indicates that the dilated
The origin (0, 0) is the center of dilation. After drawing gure is smaller than the original —1
10 (
< 1 . So, the dilated )
△ABC and its dilation, draw the lines connecting each vertex gure is closer to the center of dilation, which is outside both.
in the preimage with its corresponding vertex in the image.
These three lines intersect at the center of dilation. 45. y
6
8
37. No; The scale factor for the shorter sides is —4 = 2, but the 4 A′
10
scale factor for the longer sides is —6
= —53 . The scale factor for
both sides has to be the same or the picture will be disturbed. 2 A
O O′
1
38. With a scale factor of —3 , this indicates a reduction because −4 −2 2 4 x
1
< 1. So, the original gure is the larger star and the dilated
—3 −2
gure is the smaller star.
−4
— — —
a. OA is half of O′A′ , or O′A′ is twice the length of OA .
—
b. ⃖⃗
O′A′ and ⃖⃗
OA are the same line.

Chapt er 4
46.
2
y B (1 1
c. (x, y) → —4 x, —4 y )
A
B′
W(− 3, − 1) → W′ − —4, − —4( 3 1
)
A′
C
X(− 3, 3) → X′ − ( 3 3
—4 , —
4 )
−2 −1 1 2 x
−1
Y(5, 3) → Y′( ) 5 3
—4 , —
4
Z(5, − 1) → Z′( —4, − —4 )

5 1
−2
Length: X′Y′ = ∣− —4 − —54 ∣ = ∣− —4 ∣ = 2

3 8
—
a. A′B′ is half the length of AB.
—
Width: Y′Z′ = ∣− —4 − —34 ∣ = ∣− —4 ∣ = 1
1 4
⃖ ⃗ ⃖AB⃗ and the y-intercept of A′B′
b. A′B′ ⃖ ⃗ is half of the
y-intercept of ⃖AB⃗ . P = 2ℓ + 2w = 2(2) + 2(1) = 6 units
A = ℓ w = 2 1 = 2 square units
⋅
47. Change 11 feet to 11 ⋅12 = 132 inches and 12 feet to
12 ⋅12 = 144 inches. The perimeter of the dilated rectangle is —14 the perimeter
of the original rectangle. The area of the dilated rectangle
132k = 8.25 1
is —
16
the area of the original rectangle.
825
132k = — d. When a gure is dilated, the perimeter changes by a factor
100
of k. The area changes by a factor of k2.
33
132k = —
4 50. The center of dilation must be on that page. So, this point
33 1 11 1 will be in the same place for both the original gure and the
⋅
k= — —= —= —
4 132 4 44 16 ⋅ dilated gure.
144k = 9
51. With the center (4, 0) and a scale factor of 2, the coordinates
9 of the vertices are
k= —
144
A(4, 2) → A′(4, 4), B(4, 6) → B′(4, 12), and
1 C(7, 2) → C′(10, 4).
k= —
16
1
The scale factor that dilates the room to the blue print is —. M aint aining M at hemat ical Pro ciency
16
52. The coordinates of the vertices of △A′B′C′ after the
48. no; It is true that dilating a gure with a scale factor of 1 translation (x, y) → (x, y − 4) are A′(2, − 5), B′(0, 0),
will not enlarge or reduce the image nor will − 1. However, and C′(− 3, 1).
by dilating with a scale factor that is negative, the image is
rotated by 180°. 53. The coordinates of the vertices of △A′B′C′ after the
translation (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 3) are A′(1, 2), B′(− 1, 7),
49. a. Find the length and width of the rectangle. and C′(− 4, 8).
Length: XY = ∣− 3 − 5 ∣ = ∣− 8 ∣ = 8
Width: YZ = ∣3 − (− 1) ∣ = ∣4 ∣ = 4
translation (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 1) are A′(5, − 2), B′(3, 3),
P = 2ℓ + 2w = 2(8) + 2(4) = 16 + 8 = 24 units and C′(0, 4).
⋅
b. (x, y) → (3x, 3y) translation (x, y) → (x − 2, y) are A′(0, − 1), B′(− 2, 4),
W(− 3, − 1) → W′(− 9, − 3) and C′(− 5, 5).
X(− 3, 3) → X′(− 9, 9)
Y(5, 3) → Y′(15, 9) translation (x, y) → (x + 1, y − 2) are A′(3, − 3), B′(1, 2),
Z(5, − 1) → Z′(15, − 3) and C′(− 2, 3).
Length: X′Y′ = ∣− 9 − 15 ∣ = ∣− 24 ∣ = 24
Width: Y′Z′ = ∣9 − (− 3) ∣ = ∣12 ∣ = 12 translation (x, y) → (x − 3, y + 1) are A′(− 1, 0), B′(− 3, 5),
P = 2ℓ + 2w = 2(24) + 2(12) = 72 units and C′(− 6, 6).
⋅
The perimeter of the dilated rectangle is three times the
perimeter of the original rectangle. The area of the dilated
rectangle is nine times the area of the original rectangle.
Chapt er 4
4.6 Explorat ions (p. 215 ) d. Sample answer:

1. a. Check students’ work.
b. Check students’ work. Each side of △A′B′C′ is three 2
times as long as its corresponding side of △ABC. A

1
C′
The corresponding angles are congruent. Because
0 C
the corresponding sides are proportional and the −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
corresponding angles are congruent, the image is similar
−1
to the original triangle. B B′
−2
A′
2. a. Sample answer:
2
yes; Because the corresponding sides are congruent and
A the corresponding angles are congruent, the image is
1
similar to the original triangle.
0 C
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
3. yes; Translations, re ections, and rotations preserve side
B
−1 lengths and angle measurements. Dilations preserve angle
measurements. Images are the same shape as the preimages
−2
and the corresponding angle measurements are equal.
b. Sample answer: 4. yes; According to Composition Theorem (Thm. 4.1), the

composition of two or more rigid motions is a rigid motion.
5
A′ Also, a dilation preserves angle measures and results
C′ 4 in an image with lengths proportional to the preimage
lengths. So, a composition of rigid motions or dilations
3
B′ will result in an image that has angle measures congruent
2 to the corresponding angle measures of the original gure,
A
1
and sides that are either congruent or proportional to the
corresponding sides of the original gure.
0 C
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
B
−1 4.6 M onit oring Progress (pp. 216 –218)
yes; Because the corresponding sides are congruent and 1. Rotation: C(− 2, 2) → C′(− 2, − 2); D(2, 2) → D′(− 2, 2)
the corresponding angles are congruent, the image is Dilation: C′(− 2, − 2) → C ″(− 1, − 1); D′(− 2, 2) → D ″(− 1, 1)
similar to the original triangle. y
D′ C D
c. Sample answer:
D″
5
2 x
C″
4 −2
C′
3
2. Re ection in the x-axis: F(1, 2) → F′(1, − 2),
2
G(4, 4) → G′(4, − 4), H(2, 0) → H′(2, 0)
A A′
1 Dilation: F′(1, − 2) → F ″(1.5, − 3); G′(4, − 4) → G ″(6, − 6),
C′ 0 C H′(2, 0) → H ″(3, 0)
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
y G
B B′ 4
2
F
yes; Because the corresponding sides are congruent and
the corresponding angles are congruent, the image is H H′ H″
similar to the original triangle. 4 6 x
−2
F′
F″
−4
G′
−6
G″
132 Geomet ry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked Out Solut ions All right s reserved.
Chapt er 4
3. Sample answer: Re ect PQRS in the x-axis, and then dilate 4.6 Exercises (pp. 219–220)
1
with a scale factor of − —3 .
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
Re ection:
1. Congruent gures have the same size and shape. Similar
P(− 6, 3) → P′(− 6, − 3), Q(− 3, 3) → Q′(− 3, − 3),
gures have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size.
R(0, − 3) → R′(0, 3), S(− 6, − 3) → S′(− 6, 3)
Dilation: P′(− 6, − 3) → W(2, 1), Q′(− 3, − 3) → X(1, 1), 2. A transformation that produces a similar gure, such as a
R′(0, 3) → Y(0, − 1), S′(− 6, 3) → Z(2, − 1) dilation is called a similarity transformation.
1
4. Sample answer: Dilate DEFG with a scale factor of —2 , and M onit oring Progress and M odeling w it h M at hemat ics
then rotate 180° about the origin. 3. Translation (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 1): F(− 2, 2) → F′(1, 3),
Dilation: G(− 2, − 4) → G′(1, − 3), H(− 4, − 4) → H′(− 1, − 3)
( ) 1
D(− 2, 3) → D′ − 1, —32 , E(1, 4) → E′ —2 , 2 , ( ) Dilation (x, y) → (2x, 2y): F′(1, 3) → F ″(2, 6),
G′(1, − 3) → G ″(2, − 6), H′(− 1, − 3) → H ″(− 2, − 6)
F(4, 0) → F′(2, 0), G(0, 1) → G′ 0, ( ) 1
—2
y F″
(
Rotation: D′ − 1, ) → S( 1, − ), E′( —, 2 ) → T ( − —, − 2 ),
3
—2
3
—2
1
2
1
2
6
F′(2, 0) → U(− 2, 0), G′( 0, — ) → V( 0, − — )

1 1 4
2 2 F′
F
2
5. Given Right isosceles △JKL, with leg length t
Right isosceles △MNP, with leg length v −4 x
— PM
LJ —
H′
Prove △JKL is similar to △MNP. G′
−4
H G
Translate △JKL so that point L maps to point P. Because
— PM
translations map segments to parallel segments and LJ —, H″ G″
— —
the image of LJ lies on PM.
N N (1 1
)
4. Dilation (x, y) → —2 x, —2 y : F(− 2, 2) → F′(− 1, 1),
K
K′ G(− 2, − 4) → G′(− 1, − 2), H(− 4, − 4) → H′(− 2, − 2)
v Re ection in the y-axis: F′(− 1, 1) → F ″(1, 1),
t
G′(− 1, − 2) → G ″(1, − 2), H′(− 2, − 2) → H ″(2, − 2)
L J P M P M
J′ F y
2
F′ F″
Because translations preserve side lengths and angle
measures, the image of △JKL, △J′K′P, is a right isosceles −4 2 x
triangle with leg length t. Because K′PJ′ and NPM are H′ G′ H″

right angles, they are congruent. When PJ′⃗ coincides with
G″
— lies on PN
PM⃗ , PK′⃗ coincides with PN⃗ . So, PK′ —. Next, dilate H G
−4
△J′K′P using center of dilation P. Choose the scale factor to

be the ratio of the side lengths of △MNP and △J′K′P, which 5. Rotation 90° about the origin: F(− 2, 2) → F′(− 2, − 2),
v G(− 2, − 4) → G′(4, − 2), H(− 4, − 4) → H′(4, − 4)
is —.
t
Dilation (x, y) → (3x, 3y): F′(− 2, − 2) → F ″(− 6, − 6),
N N G′(4, − 2) → G ″(12, − 6), H′(− 4, − 4) → H ″(12, − 12)
K′
F y
v
−4 F′ 4 8 12 x
G′
P M P M
J′ H G H′ G″
F″
— to PM
The dilation maps PJ′ — and PK′
— to PN — because the
— — v
images of PJ′ and PK′ have side length —(t) = v and the − 12
H″
— and PK′
segments PJ′ — lie on lines passingt through the center
of dilation. So, the dilation maps K′ to N and J′ to M. A
similarity transformation maps △JKL to △MNP. So, △JKL
is similar to △MNP.

Chapter 4
(3 3
)
6. Dilation (x, y) →  —4 x, —4 y : F(−2, 2) → F′(−1.5, 1.5), 13. Given: Right isosceles △ABC, with leg length j
G(−2, −4) → G′(−1.5, −3), H(−4, −4) → H′(−3, −3) Right isosceles △RST, with leg length k
Reection in the x-axis: F′(−1.5, 1.5) → F ″(−1.5, −1.5), —  RT
CA —
G′(−1.5, −3) → G ″(−1.5, 3), H′(−3, −3) → H ″(−3, 3) Prove: △ABC is similar to △RST.
y Reect △ABC in ⃖⃗ AB. Because reections preserve side
4
H″ G″ lengths and angle measures, the image of △ABC, △ABC′,
F 2 is a right isosceles triangle with leg length j. Also because
F′
⃖⃗
AC ⊥ ⃖⃗
BA, point C′ is on ⃖⃗ — is parallel to RT
AC. So, AC′ —.
−4 x
F″
−2
S
B B
H′ G′
−4
H G k
j j
7. Sample answer: The similarity transformation is a translation C A A C′ R T

1 unit down and 1 unit right, and then a dilation with center
at E′(2, −3) and a scale factor of 2. Then translate △ABC′ so that point A maps to point R.
Translation (x, y) → (x + 1, y − 1): Because translation map segments to parallel segments and
D(−3, −2) → D′(−2, −3), E(1, −2) → E′(2, −3), —  RT
AC′ —, the image of AC′
— lies on RT
—.
F(1, 0) → F′(2, −1)
S S
Dilation: D′(−2, −3) → T(−6, −3), E′(2, −3) → U(2, −3), B
B′
F′(2, −1) → V(2, 1)
k
j
8. Sample answer: The similarity transformation is a dilation
with center at the origin and a scale factor of —12 , and then a A C′ R T R
C″
T
reection in the y-axis.
Dilation with a scale factor of —12 : L(−2, 8) → L′(−1, 4), Because translations preserve side lengths and angle
measures, the image of △ABC′, △RB′C ″, is a right isosceles
K(6, 6) → K′(3, 3), J(6, 2) → J′(3, 1), M(0, 2) → M′(0, 1) triangle with leg length j. Because ∠ B′RC ″ and ∠ SRT are
Reection in the y-axis: L′(−1, 4) → R(1, 4), right angles, they are congruent. When ⃗
RC ″ coincides with
K′(3, 3) → Q(−3, 3), J′(3, 1) → P(−3, 1), M′(0, 1) → S(0, 1) ⃗ ⃗ coincides with ⃗
RT , RB′ — lies on RS
RS . So, RB′ —. Next, dilate
△RB′C ″ using center of dilation R. Choose the scale factor
9. yes; Sample answer: △ABC can be mapped to △DEF by to be the ratio of the side lengths of △RST and △RB′C ″,
a dilation with center at the origin and a scale factor of —31 k
which is —.
followed by a translation of 2 units left and 3 units up. j
S S
10. yes; Sample answer: ▱QRST can be mapped to ▱WXYZ by
a 270° rotation about the origin followed by a dilation with B′
center at the origin and a scale factor of 2. k
11. no; Side lengths are not proportional. The scale factor from
— to —
HI — to KL
JL is —23, but the scale factor from GH — is —5. R
C″
T R T
The dilation maps — — and RB

— to RS — because the
6
RC ″ to RT
12. no; Side lengths are not proportional. The scale factor from
— to LP
— is 1, but the scale factor from FG
— to NP
— is —5. — — k
images of RC ″ and RB have side length —( j) = k and the
DG j
3
segments RC—″ and RB — lie on lines passing through the center
of dilation. So, the dilation maps C ″ to T and B′ to S. A
similarity transformation maps △ABC to △RST. So, △ABC
is similar to △RST.

Chapter 4
14. Given: Rectangle JKLM, with side lengths x and y 16. Figure A is not similar to Figure B because the scale factor
Rectangle QRST, with side lengths 2x and 2y (A to B) of the shorter legs is —12 , and the scale factor (A to B)
of the longer legs is —23 ;
Prove: Rectangle JKLM is similar to rectangle QRST.
Sample answer:
If necessary, rotate ▭JKLM about point M so that ⃖⃗
ML′  ⃖⃗
TS .
y
Q R Q R 6
J K J′ K′ A
4
x 2x x 2x
M y L M y L′ B
2
T 2y S T 2y S
Note that because rotations are rigid motions, ▭J′K′L′M is 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

congruent to ▭JKLM. Translate ▭J′K′L′M so that point Figure A is similar t o Figure B.
M maps to point T. Because translations map segments to
—  TS
parallel segments and ML′ —, the image of ML′
— lies on TS
—.
17. no; The scale factor is 6 for both dimensions. So, the
Q R Q 2y R enlarged banner is proportional to the smaller one.
J′ K′
y K″
x 2x J″ 2x 18. a. yes; The suns appear to be a dilation of one another.
x
M y L′ b. no; The hearts are about the same height but one is wider
T 2y S T L″ S than the other.
Because translations preserve side lengths and angle
19. Sample answer: Let k = 3. Then (x, y) → (3x, 3y) will map
measures, the image of ▭J′K′L′M, ▭ J ″K ″L″T, is a
△ABC to △A′B′C′. Apply the translation (x, y) → (x + 2,
rectangle with side lengths x and y. Because all interior
y − 3) to map △A′B′C′ to △A″B ″C ″.
angles of a rectangle are right angles, ∠ J ″TL″ and ∠ QTS are
congruent. When ⃗ TS , ⃗
TL″ coincides with ⃗ TJ ″ coincides with Apply the reduction dilation (x, y) →  —13 x, —13 y and the ( )
TQ. So, ⃗
⃗ —. Next, dilate ▭J ″K ″L″T using center
TJ ″ lies on TQ translation (x, y) →  x − ( 2
—3 , )
y + 1 to △A″B ″C ″ to map
of dilation T. Choose the scale factor to be the ratio of the △A″B ″C ″ to △ABC.
side lengths of ▭QRST and ▭J ″K ″L″T, which is y
2x 2y
— = — = 2.
x y A′ B′
Q 2y R Q 2y R A B
B″
y K″
J″ 2x 2x −2 C A″ C′ 6 x
x
−2
T L″ S T S
C″
— to TS
The dilation maps TL″ — and TJ—″ to TQ
— because the −4
— —
images of TL″ and TJ ″ have side lengths y(2) = 2y and
x(2) = 2x, and the segments TL″— and TJ—″ lie on lines passing 20. sometimes; As long as the center of dilation and the
through the center of dilation. So, the dilation maps L″ to S center of rotation are the same, rotations and dilations are
and J ″ to Q. The image of K ″ lies y(2) = 2y units to the right commutative.
of the image of J ″, and x(2) = 2x units above the image
21. The vertices of JKLM are J(−8, 0), K(−8, 12),
of L″. So, the image of K ″ is R. A similarity transformation
L(−4, 12), and M(−4, 0). The vertices of J ″K ″L″M ″ are
maps ▭JKLM to ▭QRST. So, ▭JKLM is similar to
J ″(−9, −4), K ″(−9, 14), L ″(−3, 14), and M ″(−3, −4).
▭QRST.
JKLM∼J ″K ″L″M ″; A similarity transformation mapped
15. The stop sign sticker can be mapped to the regular-sized stop
quadrilateral JKLM to quadrilateral J ″K ″L″M ″.
sign by translating the sticker to the left until the centers
22. a. yes; Sample answer: This triangle can be mapped to the
match, and then dilating the sticker with a scale factor of
larger one by a 180° rotation about the origin, followed
3.15. Because there is a similarity transformation that maps
by the translation (x, y) → (x + 5, y + 4), followed
one stop sign to the other, the sticker is similar to the
by a dilation with center (1, 1) and a scale factor of 2.
regular-sized stop sign.
Because one can be mapped to the other by a similarity
transformation, the triangles are similar.
b. Sample answer: The triangle formed when the midpoints
of a triangle are connected is always similar to the
original triangle.

Chapter 4
Maintaining Mathematical Prociency 3. (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 1)

23. The angle with measure of 113° is an obtuse angle. X(2, 3) → X′(5, 2)
24. The angle is a line, so it is a straight angle. Y(−3, 2) → Y′(0, 1)
Z(−4, −3) → Z′(−1, −4)
25. The angle with measure of 82° is an acute angle.
y X
Y X′
26. The angle is a right angle. 2
Y′
4.4 – 4.6 What Did You Learn? (p. 221) −4 −2 2 4 x
1. Sample answer: Draw a picture and label the given

information. Then look at the results and try to gure out Z
−4
what needs to be proven in order to get there. When unsure Z′
look back at related denitions, postulates, and theorems to
see which ones might be helpful. Points L and M must be 4. (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 1)
identied, so use the Ruler Postulate (Post. 1.1) and Segment X(2, 3) → X′(6, 4)
Addition Postulate (Post 1.2). Then the rest will start falling
into place. Y(−3, 2) → Y′(1, 3)
Z(−4, −3) → Z′(0, −2)
2. Sample answer: This drawing could represent the reduction
y
of a 16 × 28 painting into a 4 × 7 photograph or computer 4
X′
Y′
graphic. Y X
2
Chapter 4 Review (pp. 222 –224)

−4 −2 2 4 6 x
1. (x, y) → (x, y + 2)
−2
X(2, 3) → X′(2, 5) Z′
Z
Y(−3, 2) → Y′(−3, 4)
Z(−4, −3) → Z′(−4, −1) 5. The image of △PQR after the translation
y
(x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2) will have the vertices
X′
Y′ P′(1, −2), Q′(2, 5), and R′(3, −3). After the translation
4
X (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 1), the vertices are P ″(−3, −1),
Y
2
Q ″(−2, 6), and R ″(−1, −2).
Q″ y
6
−2 2 x Q′
Z′
−2 4
Q
Z
2
2. (x, y) → (x − 3, y)
−2 2 x
X(2, 3) → X′(−1, 3) P″
R″ P′ R′
Y(−3, 2) → Y′(−6, 2)
−4
P
Z(−4, −3) → Z′(−7, −3)
R
X′ y X
Y′
Y 2
−6 −4 −2 2 x
−2
Z′ Z

Chapter 4
6. The image of △PQR after the translation (x, y) → (x, y + 3) 12. Reection in x-axis (x, y) → (x, −y): X(5, −2) → X′(5, 2)
will have the vertices P′(0, −1), Q′(1, 6), and R′(2, −2). and Y(3, −3) → Y′(3, 3)
After the translation (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 1), the vertices are Rotation of 270° about the origin (x, y) → (y, −x):
P ″(−1, 0), Q ″(0, 7), and R ″(1, −1). X′(5, 2) → X ″(2, −5) and Y′(3, 3) → Y ″(3, −3)
y
Q″ y
Q′ Y′
6
2
X′
Q 2 4 x
2 X
−2
Y
Y″
P″ P′ 2 x −4
R′ X″
−2 R″
−4
P
13. yes; The rotations of 60°, 120°, and 180° about the center
R will map this gure onto itself.
7. Reection in x = 4: 8. Reection in y = 3: 14. yes; The rotations of 72° and 144° about the center will map
this gure onto itself.
A(1, 2) → A′(7, 2) E(1, 3) → E′(1, 3)
B(3, 4) → B′(5, 4) F(4, 3) → F′(4, 3) 15. Sample answer: The congruence transformation that maps
C(5, 1) → C′(3, 1) G(5, 0) → G′(5, 6) △DEF to △JKL is a reection in the y-axis, and then a
translation 3 units down.
H(2, 0) → H′(2, 6)
Reection: D(2, −1) → D′(−2, −1)
x=4 y H′ G′ E(4, 1) → E′(−4, 1)
y 6
B B′
F(1, 2) → F′(−1, 2)
4 y=3
4 Translation: D′(−2, −1) → J(−2, −4)
E′ F′
2 E F E′(−4, 1) → K(−4, −2)
A A′
C′ C
2
F′(−1, 2) → L(−1, −1)
2 6 x
H G
2 4 6 x 16. Sample answer: The congruence transformation that maps
△DEF to △JKL is a reection in the x-axis, and then a
9.
translation 4 units right.
Reection: D(−3, −4) → D′(−3, 4)
E(−5, −1) → E′(−5, 1)
F(−1, 1) → F′(−1, −1)
Translation: D′(−3, 4) → J(1, 4)
There are two lines of symmetry. E′(−5, 1) → K(−1, 1)
F′(−1, −1) → L(3, −1)
10. (x, y) → (−y, x) y C′
3
A(−3, −1) → A′(1, −3) B′ B 17. A translation is a reection in two parallel lines. A rotation is
B(2, 2) → B′(−2, 2) 1 a reection in two intersecting lines.
C(3, −3) → C′(3, 3) −3

A
−1 1 3 x
(1
18. (x, y) →  —2 x, —2 y
1
) 19. (x, y) → (−3x, −3y)
−3
P(2, 2) → P′(1, 1) X(−3, 2) → X′(9, −6)
A′ C
Q(4, 4) → Q′(2, 2) Y(2, 3) → Y′(−6, −9)
11. (x, y) → (−x, −y) R(8, 2) → R′(4, 1) Z(1, −1) → Z′(−3, 3)
Z′ X y Y
W(−2, −1) → W′(2, 1) y Q Z′ 4
y
W′ 4 Y
X(−1, 3) → X′(1, −3) X
P
2 Q′
Y(3, 3) → Y′(−3, −3) 2 x R −6 4 8 x
W Z
−2 P′ R′
Z(3, −3) → Z′(−3, 3) 2 4 6 8 x
−4
X′
Y′ X′ Z
Y′ −10

Chapter 4
20. 8x = 15.2 4. (x, y) → (−y, x) y L′

4
15.2 K′ K
x= —8
J(−1, 1) → J′(−1, −1)
2
x = 1.9 K(3, 3) → K′(−3, 3) J
M′
The actual length of the object is 1.9 centimeters. L(4, −3) → L′(3, 4) −2 2 4 x
M(0, −2) → M′(2, 0) J′
−2
M
21. Sample answer: The similarity transformation that maps
L
△ABC to △RST is a dilation with a scale factor of −3
followed by a reection in the x-axis.
5. Quadrilateral QRST is similar to quadrilateral WXYZ. Sample
Dilation: A(1, 0) → A′(−3, 0), B(−2, −1) → B′(6, 3),
C(−1, −2) → C′(3, 6) answer: Quadrilateral QRST can be mapped to quadrilateral
WXYZ by a dilation with a scale factor of 3 and a reection
Reection: A′(−3, 0) → R(−3, 0), B′(6, 3) → S(6, −3), in the x-axis.
C′(3, 6) → T(3, −6)
Dilation: Q(2, 4) → Q′(6, 12)
22. Sample answer: The similarity transformation that maps R(5, 4) → R′(15, 12)
△ABC to △RST is a reection in the line y = x followed by S(6, 2) → S′(18, 6)
a dilation with a scale factor of —12 .
T(1, 2) → T′(3, 6)
Reection: A(6, 4) → A′(4, 6), B(−2, 0) → B′(0, −2),
C(−4, 2) → C′(2, −4) Reection: Q′(6, 12) → W(6, −12)
Dilation: A′(4, 6) → R(2, 3), B′(0, −2) → S(0, −1), R′(15, 12) → X(15, −12)
C′(2, −4) → T(1, −2) S′(18, 6) → Y(18, −6)
T′(3, 6) → Z(3, −6)
23. Sample answer: The similarity transformation that maps
△ABC to △RST is a rotation of 270° about the origin Because this composition has a rigid motion and a dilation, it
followed by a dilation with a scale factor of 2. is a similarity transformation.
Rotation: A(3, −2) → A′(−2, −3), B(0, 4) → B′(4, 0), 6. △DEF is congruent to △ABC. Sample answer: △ABC can
C(−1, −3) → C′(−3, 1) be mapped to △DEF by a rotation of 270° about the origin
Dilation: A′(−2, −3) → R(−4, −6), B′(4, 0) → S(8, 0), and a translation 1 unit up and 3 units right.
C′(−3, 1) → T(−6, 2) Rotation: A(−6, 6) → A′(6, 6)
B(−6, 2) → B′(2, 6)
Chapter 4 Test (p. 225)
C(−2, −4) → C′(−4, 2)
1. (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 1) S′ y
Translation: A′(6, 6) → D(9, 7)
R(−4, 1) → R′(−8, 2) R′ S
2
R
B′(2, 6) → E(5, 7)
S(−2, 2) → S′(−6, 3)
C′(−4, 2) → F(−1, 3)
−8 −6 −4
T(3, −2) → T′(−1, −1) 2 x
T′ Because this is a composition of two rigid motions, the
−2
T composition is rigid.
2. (x, y) → (x + 2, y − 2) S y 7. yes; yes; The lines of symmetry are vertically through the
2
R(−4, 1) → R′(−2, −1) center of the ball and horizontally through the center of the
R
S′ ball; 180° rotational symmetry
S(−2, 2) → S′(0, 0) −4 −2 2 4 x
R′ T 8. yes; no; The line of symmetry runs from the center of the
T(3, −2) → T′(5, −4) −2
base of the guitar, and through the sound hole to the center of
−4 the headstock of the guitar.
T′
9. no; yes; 180° rotational symmetry

3. (x, y) → (y, −x) y F
4
D(−1, −1) → D′(−1, 1) E′
E
E(−3, 2) → E′(2, 3) D′
2
F(1, 4) → F′(4, −1)

−2 2 x
D F′

Chapt er 4
10. Parallelogram ABCD y A″ B″ 3. yes; She could nd the side lengths and the bottom length
is re ected in the by counting units. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem or
4
line y = − x − 3 and y= −x+ 3
Distance Formula to nd the lengths of the angled sides.
A′B′C′D′ is re ected 2
A′ D″ C″ 4. The point is P(0, 1).
in the line y = − x + 3. D′
B′
−4 2 4 x y T
A B C′
−2 4
y= −x− 3
−4 2
D C
P
(0, 1)
11. no; Each vertex has traded places with one other vertex. −2 2 4 x
−2
12. Sample answer: A composition of transformations that maps S
△ABC onto △CDB is a re ection in the x-axis followed
by the translation (x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2). Both re ections 5. a. Sample answer: A re ection in the line y = − x will map
and translations are rigid motions. So, according to the WXYZ to ABCD.
Composition Theorem (Thm. 4.1), this composition is a (x, y) → (− y, − x)
congruence transformation.
W(− 1, 4) → A(− 4, 1)
13. a. Sample answer: The similarity transformation that maps X(2, 3) → B(− 3, − 2)
slice ABC to slice DEF is a rotation 270° about the origin
Y(1, 1) → C(− 1, − 1)
followed by a dilation with center at the origin and k = —12,
followed by a translation (x, y) → (x + 1, y − 1). Z(− 1, 2) → D(− 2, 1)
Rotation: A(0, 0) → A′(0, 0), B(2, 4) → B′(4, − 2), b. yes; Because a re ection is a rigid motion, which
C(4, 2) → C′(2, − 4) preserves side lengths and angle measurements, WXYZ is
congruent to ABCD.
Dilation: A′(0, 0) → A″(0, 0), B′(4, − 2) → B ″(2, − 1),
C′(2, − 4) → C ″(1, − 2) 1 1
6. D; The slope of the line parallel to y = − —x − 5 is − —.
3 3
Translation: A″(0, 0) → D(1, − 1), B ″(2, − 1) → E(3, − 2), 1
C ″(1, − 2) → F(2, − 3) y = − —x + b
3
b. Sample answer: A medium slice would be between a 1
small and a large, and —12 < —34 < 1. So, k = —34 . 3 = − —(− 6) + b
3
3= 2+ b
14. a. To produce the new photograph, re ect, reduce (dilate),
b= 1
and translate the original photograph. 1
1 So, the equation of the parallel line is y = − —x + 1.
b. Width = 4 in. → 4⋅— = 2 2
3
Length = 6 in. → 6 ⋅— = 3 1 —
7. A scale factor for a dilation of AB that is shorter than AB
—
2
The new dimensions are 2 inches by 3 inches. would be a reduction. The scale factor for a reduction is less
17
than 1. So, the scale factors are —13, —12, and —34 .
c. no; The scale factor for the shorter sides is —
8
, but the scale
11
factor for the longer sides is —
6
.
So, the photo would have 8. a. One possible set of coordinates for quadrilateral ABCD, if
to be cropped or distorted in order to t the frame. re ected in the y-axis, that will map it onto itself is
A(− 2, 2), B(2, 2), C(2, − 2), and D(− 2, − 2).
Chapt er 4 St andards Assessment (pp. 226 –227) b. One possible set of coordinates for quadrilateral ABCD, if
1. B; (x, y) → (x − 4, y − 3) (x, y) → (− y, x) re ected in the x-axis, that will map it onto itself is
A(− 1, 2) → A′(− 5, − 1) A′(− 5, − 1) → D(1, − 5) A(− 2, 2), B(2, 2), C(2, − 2), and D(− 2, − 2).
c. One possible set of coordinates for quadrilateral ABCD, if
B(3, 4) → B′(− 1, 1) B′(− 1, 1) → E(− 1, − 1)
rotated 90° about the origin, that will map it onto itself is
C(2, 2) → C′(− 2, − 1) C′(− 2, − 1) → F(1, − 2) A(− 2, 2), B(2, 2), C(2, − 2), and D(− 2, − 2).
2. Step 1. Place the compass at P. Draw an arc that intersects d. One possible set of coordinates for quadrilateral ABCD, if
line m in two different places. Label the points of intersection rotated 270° about the origin, that will map it onto itself is
A and B. A(− 2, 2), B(2, 2), C(2, − 2), and D(− 2, − 2).
Step 2. With the compass at A draw an arc below line m
using a setting greater than —12 AB. Using the same compass
setting, draw an arc from B that intersects the previous arc.
Label the intersection Q.
Step 3. Use a straightedge to draw PQ —.

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Geometry Chapter 4 Worked Out Solutions

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Chapter 4

2. The blue gure turns to form the red gure, so it is a rotation. 3

5. no; Corresponding sides are not proportional. B

6. yes; Corresponding angles are congruent, and corresponding

7. yes; Corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding

8. no; Squares have four right angles, so the corresponding C D

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 103

c. Using the distance formula, determine the lengths of the B′

104 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

2. L(2, 2) → L′(0, 8) 5. y D(2, 5) → D′(8, 5)

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 105

P′(−4, 8) is 〈−1, 2〉. P Q

L(1, −1) → L′(−4, 1) R′

N(−2, −4) → N′(1, −3)

106 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

23. △ABC → △A′B′C′ △A′B′C′ → △A ″B ″C ″ 28. a. A: (x, y) → (x + n, y + t)

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 107

R(2, 4) → R′(2 − 3, 4 − 3) = R′(−1, 1)

Because translations are rigid motions, angle measures −2

are preserved, which means the angles formed by ⃖⃗

108 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

one side matches the other. B

3. If a gure is re ected in the y-axis, then each pair of

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geomet ry 109

6. Reect △JKL in the y-axis:

2. Point A is 4 units to the right of x = −3, so A′ is 4 units to

8. Image of △JKL after the reection in the line y = −x:

10. Begin by graphing △ABC and translating 4 units down:

110 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

14. 8. Reect △JKL in the y-axis: J(5, 3) → J′(−5, 3),

9. Reect △JKL in x = −1: J(2, −1) → J′(−4, −1),

6. Reection in the x-axis

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 111

112 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

28. The translation is (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 3).

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 113

2. a. The rule to rotate (x, y) 90° about the origin is −4

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 115

2. The rotations about the origin, 90° counterclockwise,

116 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

in the same position. Connect F′, G′, J′, and P. −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 117

X 1 24. C, F, and H; The angles of rotational symmetry of this gure

118 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 119

1. Using (x, y) → (x + 4, y − 2) yields A(−4, 1) → A′(0, −1), −8 −6 −4 −2 x

B(−3, 3) → B′(1, 1), C(0, 1) → C′(4, −1), and −4

120 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

6. Reection in the line x = 3 yields J(−1, 4) → J′(7, 4), 10.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 121

122 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

5. If P′ is the image of P with a reection in line k,

7. Rotate the blue gure 160° (2

16. The angle of rotation that maps A to A″ is 30°.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 123

26. always; Every gure can be mapped onto a congruent gure

1. A reection in line ℓ maps — JK to 1. Given ℓ m

and line m at M, then L is the reection

40. 7w − 9 = 13 − 4w 2. a. The image is a line that coincides with ⃖⃗

The x-value of each vertex of △A′B′C′ is half of the 3

△A′B′C′ is k times as long as its corresponding side

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 125

4.5 Exercises (pp. 212–214)

5. According to the Coordinate Rule for Dilations, if the origin M′ N′