Science Reviewer Q1 THIS ORGAN SYSTEM COMPOSED OF:

1. Heart
➢ The heart is the muscular
Lesson 1: The Human Circulatory
organ that pumps blood to
System
the different parts of the
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
body.
- Has three components
➢ In healthy adults, there
● Heart - the living pump
are two normal heart
● Blood - the fluid of life
sounds, often described as
● Blood Vessels - the alleys and
a lub and a dub that occur
highways
in sequence with each
heartbeat.
❖ The circulatory system is
➢ Location: The heart is
responsible for transporting
located in the thoracic
through the entire body. It
cavity between the lungs,
transports nutrients, water, and
deep and slightly to the
oxygen to the billions of body
left of the sternum.
cells, heals and fights infections,
➢ Heart Shape
and at the same time, removes
○ Apex: Blunt
wastes from them.
rounded point of
❖ The circulatory system functions
cone
as an intricate highway that
○ Base: Flat part at
travels throughout the entire
opposite of end of
body supplying the body cells
cone
with the materials they need to
❖ A sac known as the pericardium
survive.
encloses the heart.
➢ Epicardium - outer layer
➢ Cardiovascular System -
➢ Myocardium - mostly
transports blood
build with muscles
➢ Lymphatic System - transports
➢ Endocardium - first layer
the fluid called lymph
● The human heart is a
four-chambered heart
❖ The cardiovascular system is the
● The muscle called septum divides
organ system that transports
the heart into four chambers
nutrients, gases, hormones, and
other materials to and from the
VALVES
cells of the body. It also functions
● Valves are flaps of muscles that
in fighting diseases and helps
prevent blood from back flowing
stabilize body temperature and
● Two sets of valve
pH to maintain homeostasis.
1. Atrioventricular Valves
 ➔ Tricuspid Valve (right)
➔ Bicuspid Valve (left)
2.Pulmonary Valve
➔ Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
(right)
➔ Aortic Semilunar Valve (left)
BLOOD VESSELS
● Vena Cava
- The vena cava is the
largest vein connect to the
heart
- This vein conveys
oxygen-poor blood
coming from all parts of
the body back to the right
atrium
- It is divided into two:
Superior Vena Cava &
Inferior Vena Cava
● Aorta
- It is the largest artery that
conveys oxygen-rich
blood pumped by the left
ventricle to all parts of the
body
● Pulmonary Artery
- Conveys blood pumped by
the right ventricle to the
lungs for oxygenation
THE BLOOD
❖ The blood is a liquid tissue and
the circulating medium of the
cardiovascular system.
❖ Also called as fluid tissue
❖ It main function are:
➢ To transport materials
➢ To fight infections
● The blood comprises 8% of the
human body weight
● An average adult has about 5
liters of blood
TWO COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
1. Plasma - is the liquid portion of
the blood (55% of the blood by
weight). It is straw colored fluid
about 92% water, 8% blood
proteins and trace amounts of
inorganic materials.
2. The Formed Elements - also
known as corpuscles. Formed
elements suspended in the
plasma. Comprise 45% of the
blood by weight.
➔ Erythrocytes (Red Blood
Cells) - the red color is
attributed to the pigment
hemoglobin, an iron
containing molecule that
can bind with oxygen.
Transports oxygen
throughout the body.
Biconcave in shape,
elastic, and enucleated.
➔ Leukocytes (White Blood
Cells) - described as the
“soldiers of the body”
because their function is
to defend the body against
infectious disease and
foreign materials by
phagocytosis and/or
secreting antibodies.
Indefinite shape
(amorphorus) and
nucleated.
● 3 GRANULOCYTES
 1. Neutrophils - swallowing the
bacterias
2. Eosinophils - kills parasitic
worms
3. Basophils - release other
inflammatory chemicals
● 2 AGRANULOCYTES
1. Monocytes - they can leave the
bloodstream and go to the tissue
2. Lymphocytes - release
antibodies
➔ Thrombocytes (Blood
Platelets) - they are not
true cells and are only
remnants of the mother
cell in the myeloid tissue.
Irregular in shape. They
disintegrate upon contact
with air. Upon
disintegration, the blood
clotting process begins.
BLOOD VESSELS
● Blood Vessels are the network of
channels that convey blood to all
parts of the body.
● Artery - conveys oxygen-rich
blood away from the heart
(except for the pulmonary
arteries)
➔ Aorta - largest ; Arterioles
- small arteries
● Vein - conveys oxygen-poor
blood coming from all parts of
the body toward the heart
(except for pulmonary vein)
➔ Venules - small veins ;
Vena Cava - largest
● Capillaries - are the smallest and
most numerous blood vessels.
➔ Forms connection
between arterioles and
venules
➔ Main function: exchange
of materials
Lesson 1.2: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
● Respiratory System
- Its primary function is to
supply the blood with
oxygen and to deliver
oxygen-rich blood to all
parts of the body (via
heart)
● Breathing
- The process of drawing air
into the lungs (inhalation)
and its corresponding
expulsion (exhalation)
- During inhalation oxygen
enters the lungs. During
exhalation, carbon dioxide
exits the lungs
● The respiratory system includes
many different organs that work
together for gas exchange to take
place.
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
● Nose
- The gateway of
respiratory system
- Air (particularly
oxygen) enters the
body via nose
- The nasal cavity is
lines with tiny hairs
called cilia and
mucous
membranes that
 secrete a sticky
fluid that moisten
and warm the air
that is breathed and
trap dirt and other
particles.
● Pharynx (throat)
➢ The narrow space located
right after the mouth and
nose
➢ PARTS:
➔ Nasopharynx - way
of air
➔ Oropharynx - way
of air and food
➔ Laryngopharynx -
connected to larynx
● Larynx
- Organ that connects the
pharynx and the trachea.
It contains vocal chords
that produce sounds when
vibrated by air
● Trachea (windpipe)
- It is composed of rings of
cartilage and is lined with
mucous membrane. It
functions as the
passageway for air going
in and out of the lungs.
● Bronchi
- The two large tube that
carry air from your
windpipe to your lungs
➔ Bronchioles - tiny
passageway
➔ Bronchial Tree -
the whole
bronchioles in
every side of the
lungs
● Air Sacs
- The functioning system of
the lungs. Each air sac is
composed of several
microscopic out of
pocketing called alveoli.
● Lungs
- Coned shape
- Humans have two lungs
that completely fill the
space of the chest cavity
and are surrounded by the
rib cage.
- Covered by a two layered
membrane called pleura
- Right lung: Upper Lobe,
Middle Lobe, Lower Lobe
- Left lung: Upper Lobe,
Lower Lobe
● Diaphragm
- A sheet of smooth muscle
located below the lungs. It
works with the lungs
during the breathing
process.
● The Breathing Process
- The oxygen that we
breathe enters the lungs,
passes on the blood
stream via capillaries in
the air sacs and is
distributed to all cells in
the body. In the cells, the
oxygen goes to the
mitochondria of the cell to
use it in releasing energy
from glucose. This process
 is called cellular
respiration.
Lesson 1.3: The Two Body Systems
Working Together and How to Keep it
Healthy
● Disorders that Afflict the
Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
➔ Pneumonia - infection of
the alveoli caused by many
kinds of both bacteria and
viruses. The fluids
accumulate in the alveoli
reducing the surface area
exposed to air.
➔ Asthma - the periodic
constriction of the bronchi
and bronchioles that
makes breathing difficult.
➔ Emphysema - disorder in
which the delicate walls of
the alveoli break down,
reducing the
gas-exchange are of the
lungs.
➔ Thrombosis - the blood in
an unbroken blood vessels
clots easily. This can lead
to stroke or heart attack.
➔ Atherosclerosis + a
conduction which the
arterial wall thickens as
the result of a build-up of
fatty tissues such as
cholesterol - a low density
lipoprotein. It is
commonly referred to as
the hardening pr furring
of the arteries.
➔ Hypertension - more
commonly known as HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE -
occurs when blood
pressure remains
consistently high.
Hypertension is the major
cause of stroke but can
also damage the kidneys,
coronary, arteries, and
eyes.
HOW TO TAKE CARE THE
RESPIRATORY & CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
- Exercise regularly
- Get enough rest
- Choose and eat the right
kinds of food
- Do not smoke
- Breathe in fresh air
- Practice deep breathing
- Breathe with the mouth
- Prevent the accumulation
of carbon monoxide
- Prevent air pollution
- Consult your physician
regularly