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Molecules Q
Molecules Q
The table below refers to some disaccharides, their constituent monomers and their roles in
living organisms.
Complete the table by writing in the appropriate word or words in the empty boxes.
Carbohydrate source in
Lactose
mammalian milk
Glucose + glucose
(Total 5 marks)
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(2)
(b) Explain the role of hydrogen bonding in maintaining the structure of a globular protein
such as insulin.
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(3)
1
(c) Describe how the structure of a fibrous protein, such as collagen, differs from the
structure of a globular protein.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
3. Read through the following account of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), then write
on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
DNA is a molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides, which are joined together
2
4. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
chain and determines the secondary and tertiary protein structure. The secondary
C
B
A ................................................................................................................................
B ................................................................................................................................
C ................................................................................................................................
(3)
3
(b) The sequence of bases from part of a gene is shown below.
AGCCGTCCCGTC
Write out the sequence of bases on messenger RNA (mRNA) that would be coded for by
this part of the gene.
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(2)
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(4)
(d) A quantity of DNA was labelled with radioactive nitrogen. It was then allowed to
replicate three times, using non-radioactive nucleotides to synthesise the new DNA
strands. What proportion of the final mass of DNA would you expect to be radioactive?
Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
4
(e) In which stage of the cell cycle does replication of DNA take place?
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
6. The table below refers to two disaccharides, sucrose and maltose. If the statement is correct,
place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross ( ) in the
appropriate box.
Contains glucose
Is a reducing sugar
5
7. Read through the following account of the properties of water, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
at one end of the molecule and a slight negative charge at the other end. As a result,
most biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solution. Water also has a high
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(3)
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(b) Tertiary structure of a protein
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
9. Give an account of the structure and functions of lipids, including triglycerides and
phospholipids.
10. The table below refers to the structure of different types of nucleic acids. If the feature is
present, place a ( ) in the appropriate box and if the feature is absent place a cross ( ) in the
appropriate box.
Cytosine present
Uracil present
Is single stranded
(Total 4 marks)
7
11. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
The tertiary structure of a protein depends on its primary and secondary structure.
The chain of amino acids may be folded into an alpha helix, held in shape by
………………………………….. bonds.
A number of different types of bonds hold the tertiary and quaternary structure
in shape. For example, the two peptide chains in insulin are held together
8
12. The diagram below summarises the steps involved in the semi-conservative replication of DNA.
Step 1 Enzyme A
Step 2
Step 3 Enzyme B
Step 4
(a) Describe how Enzyme A separates the two DNA strands in Step 1.
……………………………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………….………………………………………
(1)
(b) In Step 3 the individual nueleotides are joined up to form a polynucleotide chain by
Enzyme B.
……………………………………………….………………………………………
(1)
(c) Give the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.
……………………………………………….………………………………………
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
9
13. The diagram below shows the structure of the cell surface membrane.
Carbohydrate Proteins
Glycoprotein
(a) The cell surface membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Explain why tile
phospholipids in the bilayer are arranged with the fatty acid tails pointing inwards and the
phosphate heads outwards.
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(3)
(b) The diagram has been magnified three million (3 × 106) times. Calculate the width of
the cell surface membrane in tin (micrometres). Show your working.
Answer ………………………… µm
(3)
(c) State one function of each of the following components of the cell surface membrane.
Carbohydrate ………………………………………………………………………..
Protein ………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
13
14. The table below refers to the formula and structure of some biological molecules.
Complete the table by writing in the name, the formula or the structure of the molecule where
appropriate in the empty boxes.
Water H2 O
NH2RCHCOOH
H H H H H O
H C C C C C C
Fatty acid
H H H H H OH
CH 2 OH
C O
H H
H
C C
OH H
HO OH
C C
H OH
(Total 6 marks)
17
15. The diagram below shows the structure of two fatty acids.
H H H H H H H H H
O
C C C C C C C C C C H
A O
H H H H H H H H H
H
H H H H H H H
O
B C C C C C C C C H
O C H
H H H H H C
H H
H
(a) Give the name of the molecule to which three fatty acids are bonded to form a
triglyceride lipid.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
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(1)
(ii) Describe one way in which the physical properties of a triglyceride composed of
fatty acids of type B will differ from a triglyceride of similar molecular size
composed of fatty acids of type A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(c) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of phospholipid molecules in a unit (cell)
membrane.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
H O
H C O C
O
H C O C
O
H C O C
H
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Name the type of bond formed between part A and a fatty acid.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
19
(b) Stearic acid and oleic acid are both examples of fatty acids. Each has a hydrocarbon chain
containing 17 carbon atoms. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid but oleic acid is an
unsaturated fatty acid.
Give two ways in which the structure of a stearic acid molecule differs from the structure
of an oleic acid molecule.
1 ............................................................................................................................................
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2 ............................................................................................................................................
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(2)
1 ............................................................................................................................................
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2 ............................................................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
20
17. The diagram below shows a stage in the process of translation during protein synthesis. This
process is occurring on a ribosome.
Amino acids
Ribosome
4 Amino acid
1 tRNA molecule
2 3
Anticodon
GU A GGU AAA G C C AC G GG
U
Part of a messenger
RNA molecule
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(2)
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(b) The table below shows the anticodons of some tRNA molecules and the specific amino
acids that each one carries.
Using the information in the table, identify amino acids 2 and 3 shown in the diagram on
the previous page.
(i) Draw a diagram to show two amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
(3)
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(ii) Name the type of reaction that occurs during the formation of a peptide bond.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
18. Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy. Excess carbohydrate can be stored as glycogen in
animal cells.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(i) Complete the diagrams below to show the two glucose molecules that will result
when this maltose molecule is broken down.
(2)
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(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction that occurs when maltose breaks down.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Z
X
Adenine
W Cytosine
(a) (i) Name the parts of the molecule represented by each of the following letters.
W ......................................................................................................................
X ......................................................................................................................
Y ......................................................................................................................
Z ......................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii) Name the type of bond that holds the two strands of DNA together.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(b) The table below shows the amino acids coded by mRNA codons.
Second base
U C A G
UUU Phenylalanine UCU Serine UAU Tyrosine UGU Cysteine U
U UUC Phenylalanine UCC Serine UAC Tyrosine UGC Cysteine C
UUA Leucine UCA Serine UAA Stop UGA Stop A
UUG Leucine UCG Serine UAG Stop UGG Tryptophan G
Third base
First base
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Reading from left to right, what is the sequence of amino acids coded by the
following length of mRNA?
G A U C G U U G U A A G
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(1)
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(iii) A mutation occurred so that the base cytosine was replaced by guanine in this
mRNA. Using the information in the table, explain why this mutation could affect
the tertiary structure of the protein formed from this mRNA.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
H H
O
H
H O
H
O H
H H
A
O
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(1)
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(2)
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(c) One of the properties of water is that it has a high specific heat capacity. Explain why this
property is important for organisms that live in water.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
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(1)
(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction that occurs when a strand of messenger RNA is
formed from individual nucleotides.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(b) The diagram below shows part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
C G A A C C G C C C G A A U C A C C
(i) What is the maximum number of amino acids coded for by this strand of mRNA?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the sequence of bases on the strand of DNA
that coded for this mRNA.
(2)
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(c) A strand of mRNA was found to have 53 codons but the protein produced from it
contained only 51 amino acids. Suggest two reasons for this difference.
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(2)
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(5)
(Total 12 marks)
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22. (a) DNA is replicated by a process called semi-conservative replication. Explain what is
meant by the term semi-conservative replication.
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(4)
(b) When bacteria grow and reproduce they need a nitrogen source. The nitrogen becomes
part of their DNA.
Bacteria were placed in a culture medium containing a heavy form of nitrogen. The
bacteria were grown and allowed to reproduce for several generations until all the
nitrogen in their DNA was heavy nitrogen.
The bacteria were removed, washed thoroughly and then divided into five batches
labelled A, B, C, D and E. They were then placed in fresh culture medium and allowed to
grow for different periods of time.
Batch A was placed into fresh culture medium containing heavy nitrogen, and left for
four generations. The other four batches were placed into fresh culture medium
containing light nitrogen and left for different periods of time.
30
The treatments are shown in the table below.
The DNA from the five batches of bacteria was then removed, placed on separating
solutions and centrifuged (spun). The mass of DNA added to each separating solution
was the same.
DNA containing different proportions of heavy and light nitrogen can be seen as separate
bands after centrifugation. The heavier molecules are lower down in the separating
solution than the lighter molecules. The wide bands contain more molecules than the
narrow bands.
Figure 1 shows an example of the results of centrifuging a mixture of heavy and light
DNA.
Figure 1
31
Figure 2 shows the results for the batches A, B, C and D.
Figure 2
(i) Explain why the DNA from batch B is higher up in the separating solution than the
DNA from batch A.
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(2)
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(3)
32
(iii) On Figure 2, draw in the bands you would expect to see for the DNA separated
from the bacteria grown in batch E.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
23. The diagram below shows the structure of a human insulin molecule. Each circle
represents one amino acid.
S S
A chain
Gly Ile Val Glu Glu Cys Cys Thr Ser Ile Cys Ser Leu Tyr Glu Leu Glu Asn Tyr Cys Asn
S S
S S
Phe Val Asn Glu His Leu Cys Gly Ser His Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Tyr Leu Val Cys Gly Glu Arg Gly Phe Phe Tyr Thr Pro Lys Thr
B chain
(a) (i) Name two types of bond that help to maintain the tertiary structure.
1. ............................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) What evidence is there in the diagram that insulin has a quaternary structure?
...............................................................................................................................
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(1)
(b) (i) All human insulin molecules have the same primary structure. Explain what is
meant by primary structure.
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(1)
33
(ii) When insulin molecules are formed they fold into a specific shape. Explain why all
human insulin molecules fold into the same shape.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
24. (a) The statements in the table below refer to three biological molecules.
Is a polymer
Glycosidic
bonds are
present
Is an energy
store in
animal cells
Has high
solubility in
water
(4)
State the minimum number of bases needed to code for this polypeptide along a strand of
mRNA.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
34
(c) Describe the key stages involved in protein synthesis, from the genetic code in the
nucleus to the sequence of amino acids being assembled at the ribosome.
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(5)
(d) Explain how the sequence of amino acids determines the shape of a protein.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
25. Carbohydrates and lipids are both sources of energy in the diet. A high carbohydrate intake
stimulates the production of fatty acids. Eating excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to
obesity.
35
(a) (i) The diagram below illustrates part of the structure of a fatty acid with the formula
C15H31COOH. Complete the diagram of the molecule.
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H—C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— C— (2)
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
(ii) State whether this fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated. Give a reason for your
answer.
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(2)
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(1)
(ii) Explain how obesity increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
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(3)
36
(c) Energy drinks containing glucose provide a concentrated source of energy that is
particularly valuable during exercise.
Explain why glucose can provide a quick energy boost during exercise.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
26. (a) The table below refers to the composition of the disaccharides sucrose, maltose and
lactose. Place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box or boxes to indicate clearly the
monosaccharide or monosaccharides that make up each disaccharide.
Disaccharide Monosaccharides
Galactose Glucose Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
(3)
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
37
27. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
All amino acids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
may then form a secondary structure such as a spiral shape called the
28. Sucrose is a disaccharide made up from one molecule of glucose bonded to one molecule of
fructose. Sucrose needs to be digested by the enzyme sucrase before it can be absorbed into the
blood.
(a) The diagram below illustrates how the enzyme sucrase may catalyse the breakdown of
sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Sucrose
R
Glucose
Fructose
Q
Sucrase
(i) reactant Q
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
38
(ii) the region labelled R
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) the name of the bond between the glucose and fructose molecules that is broken by
the reaction shown in the diagram.
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(1)
(b) (i) Explain why sucrase will digest sucrose and not any other disaccharide.
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(3)
(ii) Name and describe one way that glucose is absorbed across cell membranes.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
29. (a) Maltose is a disaccharide formed by a reaction between two alpha (α) glucose molecules.
Complete the word equation below, which represents this reaction.
39
(b) Draw the structure of a molecule of alpha glucose.
(3)
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
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30. (a) In the space below draw a diagram to show two mononucleotides joined together in a
single strand of DNA (polynucleotide). Use the symbols shown for each component in
your diagram.
Phosphate group:
Deoxyribose:
Base:
Covalent bonds:
(3)
41
(b) Describe how two strands of DNA are joined to form a DNA molecule and how this
molecule is organised in a chromosome.
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(5)
(c) The table below shows the percentage content of one of the four bases in a molecule
of DNA.
Adenine 14
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
(i) Use the information in the table to calculate the percentage content of the other
three bases in this molecule of DNA. Write your answers in the table.
(3)
42
(ii) State what percentage of the bases in this molecule of DNA are purines.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
31. The table below summarises the structure of some of the main chemical compounds found in
living organisms.
Polysaccharide
Protein Enzyme C, H, O, N, S
Lipid Phospholipid C, H, O
(7)
(b) State one difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat (lipid).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
43
(c) Draw a labelled diagram to show the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the
fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
32. The table below shows population statistics and deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) for
males and females in England during a two year period.
(a) (i) For this two year period, calculate the percentage risk of a male dying from CHD.
Show your working.
(1)
(ii) Use the data in the table above to calculate how many times females are less likely
to die from CHD than males.
(1)
44
(b) Body Mass Index (BMI) can be used to indicate whether a person is overweight. The
chart below shows the effect of having a high BMI on the risk of dying of CHD when
compared with a control group with a normal BMI of 20. A person with a BMI of 30 is
obese.
50
40
Increase in
risk of death 30
due to 20
CHD /%
10
0
20 25 30 35
Body Mass Index (BMI)
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(2)
(1)
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(iii) Explain why people who are overweight are more likely to die from CHD.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
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(1)
(ii) Explain how the primary structure of a protein is important in determining its
shape.
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(2)
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(b) Explain why most enzymes are specific to only one substrate.
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(2)
(c) Describe the process that converts a genetic sequence on messenger RNA into the
primary sequence of a protein.
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
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34. The table below refers to the structure of DNA and RNA. If the statement is correct, place a tick
( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross ( ) in the appropriate
box.
Is double stranded
35. Read through the following account of the roles of lipids in living organisms, then write on the
dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Lipids have many important roles in living organisms. They are found as small droplets
Fats are found deposited beneath the skin of animals where they provide
In plants, waxes are found on the upper surface of leaves where they act as a
.................................................... layer.
(Total 4 marks)
48
36. (a) The diagram below shows the structures of two amino acids, alanine and serine.
H H O H H O
N C C N C C
H CH 3 OH H CH 2 OH
OH
Alanine Serine
In the space below, draw a diagram to show a dipeptide formed when these two
molecules bond together.
(2)
49
(b) Computer-generated models were used to measure the length in nanometres (nm) of a
polypeptide containing a large number of amino acids. Measurements were made of the
primary and secondary structure of the polypeptide. The models were used to measure the
length of the polypeptide at 25 °C and at 55 °C. The results are shown in the table below.
Length of polypeptide/nm
Structure of polypeptide at 25 °C at 55 °C
Primary 505 505
Secondary 48 70
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(2)
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(2)
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(iii) Suggest why the increase in temperature has this effect on the length of the
secondary structure of the polypeptide.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
(a) (i) Name the type of chemical reaction that joins monosaccharides together to form a
starch molecule.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Name the type of chemical bond formed during this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(1)
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(b) Starch and glycogen are both storage molecules in cells.
(i) Explain two ways in which the structure of these molecules makes them suitable
for their role as storage molecules.
1 ........................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................
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(2)
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
38. The diagram below shows the pairing between two bases in a DNA molecule.
CH 3 Thymine
O C H
H H C C
N
N N
N C H C Deoxyribose
C N
H C O
N C C
N H
Deoxyribose
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
52
(ii) Name the base which replaces thymine in RNA.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Apart from other bases, name one chemical group present in DNA not shown on
the diagram.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Describe two structural features of DNA which give it the ability to replicate.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Give two differences between the processes of DNA replication and transcription.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
53
39. Proteins are chains of amino acids and have a wide range of functions in living organisms.
(a) (i) The diagram below shows part of the general structure of two different amino
acids.
Complete the diagram to show how these two amino acids can be joined together.
R R
H O
N—C— —C—C
H OH
H H
(1)
(ii) Name the bond that is formed between the two amino acids.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain how the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its three-
dimensional structure.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
54
(c) Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions within living organisms. The
graph below shows the effect of changing enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction.
Rate of
reaction
X
Enzyme concentration
(i) Explain why increasing the enzyme concentration above point X on the graph does
not increase the rate of the reaction further.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
55
(ii) Outline the practical procedures that could have been used to obtain the results
shown on the graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
40. Read through the following passage about water, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom held
over the molecule. This is called a ........................................ and results in water being a
56
41. (a) The diagram below represents a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.
A
X C
C
A G U
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Name the molecule that is attached to position X during protein synthesis.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
57
(iii) Explain the meaning of the term anticodon.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) State two ways in which the structure of a tRNA molecule differs from the structure of a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
58
42. (a) DNA in eukaryotic organisms is a double helix. Bases on one strand bond to bases on the
second strand to form base pairs. During protein synthesis, one strand of DNA (the
coding strand) acts as a template to make mRNA. The second strand is known as the non-
coding strand.
The base sequence of a small section of the coding strand of a DNA molecule is shown
below.
AGACTTGCAACTTGACATGTA
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the sequence of the first five bases that would be present in each of the
following:
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
59
(b) A sample of DNA from a locust was analysed to determine the percentage of each base
present. The percentage of adenine was found to be 29.4%.
Calculate the percentage of cytosine in this sample. Show your working and give an
explanation for your answer.
Explanation: ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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(5)
(Total 8 marks)
60
43. Proteins have a wide range of functions in living organisms. The function of a protein is related
to its precise three dimensional shape, which is determined by its specific sequence of amino
acids. The diagram below shows a model of a typical protein molecule.
(a) (i) Complete the diagram below to give the structure of the amino acid glycine.
H
(2)
61
(ii) Explain how a specific sequence of amino acids can form the precise three
dimensional shape of a protein molecule.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The following DNA base sequence codes for part of a protein molecule.
TACGGTATGCCAACCTTC
(i) State the number of amino acids coded by this section of DNA.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Name the process involved in converting a base sequence of DNA into a base
sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA).
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Give the complementary mRNA sequence to the DNA sequence above.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
62
44. (a) The following table contains some statements about the properties of polysaccharides,
lipids and proteins. Complete the table by placing a if a statement is correct and a if
it is incorrect.
Are polymers
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
63
45. Read through the following passage about lipids, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
Lipids contain the elements hydrogen, carbon and oxygen joined together
by ............................................... bonds.
Triglycerides that have double bonds between carbon atoms are known
as ............................................... triglycerides.
(Total 5 marks)
46. Adipose tissue contains stored triglycerides. Describe the structure of a triglyceride.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
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(Total 3 marks)
64
47. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a triglyceride.
O
Ch2 O C
O
Bond A CHO C
O
CH2 O C
triglyceride
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Name the type of reaction that will break down the triglyceride into its constituent
parts during digestion by lipase enzymes.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Name two products formed when triglycerides are completely digested.
1 ........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Some triglycerides have several double bonds (C C), others have none.
Describe one way in which the physical property of triglycerides which include
several double bonds will differ from triglycerides which have no double bonds.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
65
(b) Lipids in membranes have an additional chemical group attached.
(i) Name the chemical group which is added to the lipids in membranes.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain how adding this extra chemical group allows the formation of a cell
membrane.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
C O H H C O H H C O H H C O H H C O H H C O
H H
H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C
OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H
HO O O O O O OH
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) An enzyme is used to break the bonds holding the monomers (glucose molecules)
together.
(i) In the space below draw one of the monomers that would result from this reaction.
66
(2)
(ii) Explain why this enzyme will not break the bonds in a protein molecule.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
67
(c) Explain the advantages, to living organisms, of using enzymes in biological reactions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
49. (a) Insulin and collagen are both proteins that have a primary structure made up of amino
acids joined together by peptide bonds.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Name the type of reaction that occurs when a peptide bond is broken causing a
dipeptide to split into two amino acids.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
68
(b) Insulin and collagen both contain the amino acids glycine and serine. The diagram below
shows a dipeptide formed from these two amino acids. Complete the diagram to show the
structure of serine when the peptide bond breaks.
H O H H
H O
N—C—C—N—C—C
H OH
H CH2
OH
H
H O
N—C—C +
H OH
H
Glycine Serine
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
50. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a mononucleotide from a DNA molecule.
A ..............................................
B ..............................................
(1)
69
(b) The table below shows the percentage of different bases present in the DNA from two
organisms.
(i) Complete the table to show the percentage of adenine, guanine and cytosine in the
DNA of a cow.
(1)
(ii) Explain how you worked out the percentage of guanine present in the DNA of a
cow.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
70
(c) DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) have different properties. DNA is very stable but
mRNA breaks down quickly and most of it will be broken down within a day of it being
produced. Suggest why it is important for DNA to be more stable than mRNA.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation. Describe the process of
transcription.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
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(5)
(Total 12 marks)
71
51. (a) Name a component of DNA that contains nitrogen.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) When bacteria are grown in conditions containing a heavy form of nitrogen, they will
incorporate the heavy nitrogen into their DNA each time DNA replication occurs.
After many replications in these conditions, all the nitrogen in the bacterial DNA will be
of the heavy form.
If the bacteria are then switched to conditions containing a light form of nitrogen, this
will become incorporated each time DNA replication occurs.
The diagram below shows the changes in the DNA composition, over two DNA
replications, after the bacteria have been transferred from conditions containing heavy
nitrogen to conditions containing light nitrogen.
Complete the diagram to show the DNA composition in the third generation.
KEY
......................................................................................................................................................
DNA before
replication in light
nitrogen conditions
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(2)
72
(c) Name an enzyme involved in DNA replication.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) The table below shows nine bases from a DNA template strand. Complete the table by
giving the corresponding bases on the complementary DNA strand.
(e) Genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, are caused by mutations in the sequence of
bases found in DNA.
Explain how a gene mutation may result in a protein that does not function normally.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
73
52. Read through the following account on lipids, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the account.
......................................................
(Total 5 marks)
(a) Lactose is a disaccharide that can be hydrolysed to its two monosaccharides, galactose
and glucose.
(i) The diagram below shows lactose being hydrolysed. Complete the diagram by
drawing the missing components of the monosaccharide galactose in the left-hand
box and the monosaccharide glucose in the right-hand box.
Lactose
CH 2 OH CH 2 OH
O O
HO H H H H
O
H OH H H OH H OH
H OH H OH
CH 2 OH CH 2 OH
O O
Galactose Glucose
(2)
74
(ii) Explain the term hydrolysis.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
A couple is expecting a second child. Neither parent has galactosaemia but their first
child does have galactosaemia.
(i) Using the symbols G and g, complete the genetic diagram below to show the
probability of the couple’s second child not having galactosaemia.
Parents’ gametes
Possible genotypes
of second child .................. .................. .................. ..................
75
(ii) The couple wanted confirmation that their second unborn child did not have
galactosaemia. To do this, fetal cells were taken, the DNA extracted and the alleles
associated with galactosaemia were sequenced.
A mutation was found in one of these alleles but the protein produced by this allele
was the same as the protein produced by the normal allele. The couple were told
this could be explained by the degenerate nature of the genetic code.
Explain how the degenerate nature of the genetic code could allow the mutated
allele to produce the same protein as a normal allele.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Outline the ethical issues related to genetic screening of a fetus for inherited
disorders such as galactosaemia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
76
polysaccharides.
(a) (i) The table below lists some features of four carbohydrates.
Put a cross in the box to indicate that the feature is present in the carbohydrate.
The first row has been done for you.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
H O H H O OH
H H
OH H OH H
HO O H
H OH H OH
Draw the molecules resulting when this disaccharide molecule is split into its two
component monosaccharides.
(2)
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
77
(b) Explain the advantages of glycogen as an energy storage molecule in the human body.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
78