History of urine analysis

Laboratory medicine began 6000 years ago with the analysis of human urine, which was called
uroscopy until the 17th century and today is termed urinalysis.Today physicians use urine to
diagnose selective conditions but from ancient times until the Victorian era, urine was used as
the primary diagnostic tool. Laboratory medicine began with the analysis of human urine, which
was called uroscopy and today is termed urinalysis. Uroscopy was the mirror of medicine for
thousands of years. From a liquid window through which physicians felt they could view the
body's inner workings, urine led to the beginnings of laboratory medicine.
Today, uroscopy is no longer practiced, butjj urine analysis remains an effective diagnostic tool,
with a long and colorful history.

History of the urine examination

1. Ancient Egyptian physicians used to taste the urine to find the
disease.
2. Indian physicians started to use urine for the diagnosis of diseases
in almost 2000 BC.
3. Greek physician Hippocrates also recognized the value of urine
examination.
1. He noted that the color, odor, and even taste of the urine
helped in the diagnosis.
4. Then in the middle ages, urine examination also got important.
1. They started measuring the specific gravity with a urinometer.
5. In the 19th century, with the invention of the microscope, urine
examination started helping in the diagnosis of various diseases
like hematuria and bacterial infection.
6. In the modern era, urine examinations diagnose diabetes mellitus,
proteinuria, and ketone bodies.
7. The analysis of the urine is actually the beginning of laboratory
medicines.
8. At that time, the physicians checked the urine’s gross appearance,
like color, turbidity, odor, volume, and urinary infection.

Urine definition
1. Urine is a liquid biopsy obtained without pain or cost to the patient,
but it provides a wealth of diagnostic information.
2. Urine is the main source of information from sick (damaged) kidneys
to physicians.
 3. Urine is the fluid excreted through the kidneys, passes through the
ureter, and is stored in the urinary bladder. When the urinary bladder
is full, it is discharged through the urethra.

Urine Composition
1. The kidneys continuously form the urine as an ultrafiltrate of the
plasma. Reabsorption of the water and filtered substances are
essential to the body’s function, converting roughly 170,000 mL of
filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 mL.
2. Urea. It is produced in the liver by the breakdown of proteins and
amino acids.
1. This is 50% of the dissolved solid substances in the urine.
2. Organic substances like creatinine and uric acid.
3. Inorganic substances. The major substance is chloride (CL¯),
followed by Na+ and K+.
1. The dietary intake makes it difficult to decide on the normal
level.
4. Water.
5. Other substances found are:
1. Hormones.
2. Drugs.
3. Vitamins.
4. Cells.
5. Cast.
6. Crystals
7. Bacteria.

The Urine analysis includes the

following:
Physical Properties Include:

1. Color
2. Appearance (opaque or colorless)
3. Odor
Chemical Tests Include:

1. pH
2. Specific gravity
3. Protein
4. Glucose
5. Ketones
6. Bilirubin
7. Urobilinogen
8. Blood
9. Nitrite
10. Leukocyte esterase

Microscopic Examination Includes:

1. Red blood cells

2. White cells (WBC)
3. Casts
4. Crystals
5. Epithelial cells
6. Bacteria and other microorganisms

URINE ANALYZERS
The units can detect and quantify a number of analytes including bilirubin, protein, glucose
and red blood cells. Many models contain urine strip readers, a type of reflectance
photometer that can process several hundred strips per hour.

Urine analyzer is an automated instrument for determining certain chemical components in

urine. It is an important tool for automated urine inspection in medical laboratories. It has the
advantages of simple and fast operation. Under the control of the computer, the instrument
collects and analyzes the color information of various reagent blocks on the test strip, and
undergoes a series of signal conversion, and finally outputs the measured chemical
composition content in the urine.

The essence of the test principle of the urine analyzer is the absorption and reflection of light.
The liquid sample is directly added to the multi-linked reagent strip with different solidified
reagents. The corresponding chemical composition in the urine causes the color of the module
containing various special reagents on the multi-linked reagent strip to change. The color depth
is consistent with the specific chemistry in the urine sample. The component concentration is
proportional; the multi-link test strip is placed in the colorimetric injection tank of the urine
analyzer, and each module is irradiated by the light source of the instrument and produces
different reflected light. The instrument receives the light signal of different intensity and
converts it into the corresponding The electrical signal is calculated by the microprocessor
(CPU) to calculate the reflectance of each test item, and then compared with the standard curve
and corrected to the measured value, and finally the result is automatically printed out in a
qualitative or semi-quantitative manner.

This type of instrument is generally controlled by a computer, and the color change on the test
strip is measured semi-quantitatively by using a spherical area spectrometer to receive dual-
wavelength reflected light. There are several reagent pads containing various reagents on the
reagent strip, each of which reacts independently with the corresponding components in the
urine, and displays different colors. The depth of the color is proportional to a certain component
in the urine. There is another one in the reagent strip. "Compensation pad", as the background
color of urine, compensates for errors caused by colored urine and instrument changes.

Urine Analyzer is a semi-quantitative assessment of urine by using dry chemical methods.

According to the principle of photoelectric colorimetry, urine analyzer is used to evaluate the
content of biochemical components in the urine through the change of color caused by the
reaction of the reagent and urine biochemical components. Urine Analyzer reads Urinalysis
Reagent Strips.

In Roche brand ,

It has 3 types of urine analyzer in this brand.

1.urisys 1100 analyzer

2.cobas u 411 urine analyzer

3.cobas 6500 urine analyzer

Introducing Urisys® 1100

 With the Urisys® 1100, we bring you one of the smallest
and lightest semi-automated urine testing devices on the
market — featuring improved usability and connectivity —
with the same trusted performance.

Trusted Performance
Make your diagnostics more efficient

With the updated software and improved handling, we help you to

streamline your workflows. The larger database offers improved
possibilities to manage patient data and users. You can now save
1000 entries vs. 100 in the previous version.

Increase your security with additional functions

The key to success for any clinical diagnostics lab are consistent,
precise and accurate results. The additional features of the Urisys®
1100 help to reduce errors, maintain compliance, and facilitate
accreditation.

Semi-automated Urine Work Area

The cobas u 411 urine analyzer is a semi-automated Urine
Work Area. It is designed for workloads of approximately
30 - 100 samples per day and can be connected to a
 barcode reader and sediment terminal. This enables
optimized workflows and seamless data exchange.

ast and efficient processing of

standardized results

Only 6 seconds for one result reading - This solution offers continuous
loading of test strips without waiting for the measurement cycle. The
solution also offers standardized result measurement by eliminating
the human factor.

Product characteristics1

 Workloads: 30 - 100 samples per day

 Continuous loading of test strips
 6 seconds cycle time allow high numbers of samples and rapid
processing
 Optional barcode reader to simplify manual steps
 Use of Combur10 Test M with net sealing technology provides well-
known advantages of Roche test strips

cobas® 6500 urine analyzer series

 The cobas® 6500 urine analyzer series significantly
improves productivity and efficiency of urine testing in the
laboratory by reducing manual tasks to a minimum.¹

Fully automated urine work area

on a modular platform
The cobas® 6500 urine analyzer series is a fully automated urine work
area that can handle up to 240 samples per hour and therefore is
intended to fulfill the needs of high throughput laboratories. Due to its
modular design the cobas® 6500 urine analyzer series can be used as
a stand-alone strip analyzer, a stand-alone microscopy analyzer or
together as a fully automated urine work area.

The founder of Roche, Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche, was a pioneering entrepreneur who was induced that
the future belonged to branded pharmaceutical poducts.

Roche, is a Swiss multinational holding healthcare company that

operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. The company
headquarters are located in Basel. Roche is the fifth-largest pharmaceutical company in the world.
Roche Diagnostics manufactures diagnostic equipment and reagents for research and medical
diagnostic applications Roche is working with partners across the healthcare sector to
provide the best care for each person. Roche is the world’s largest biotech company,
with truly differentiated medicines in oncology, immunology, infectious diseases,
ophthalmology and diseases of the central nervous system
e daily use of this work system provides several improvements, allowing us to:

• Standardize the complete urine study.

 • Minimize the number of errors or variations inherent in the technique and the analyst.

• Improve workflow.

• Reduces subjective microscopic observation.

• Reduce the time of manual microscopic review and the repetition of tests.

• Unify the interpretation of the results and criteria of the report.

• Perform a first test of infection markers, combining five measured parameters, which suggest a low or high
probability of presenting a urinary infection, providing additional data to medical behavior

• To improve the quality of patient results and decrease their delivery time, helping to detect urinary tract infections.

The Cobas 6500 urine analyzer is a high-throughput system designed for the
automated processing and analysis of urine samples. Here are some common
applications of the Cobas 6500 urine analyzer:

1. Clinical Chemistry Analysis: The analyzer can perform various clinical

chemistry tests on urine samples, including measurements of electrolytes,
creatinine, glucose, and protein. These tests are crucial for diagnosing and
monitoring conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, and urinary tract
infections.
2. Urinalysis: The Cobas 6500 can conduct comprehensive urinalysis, which
involves examining physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine. It
can detect abnormalities such as blood cells, bacteria, crystals, and other
substances indicative of renal and urinary tract disorders.
3. Drug Testing: The analyzer is capable of screening urine samples for the
presence of drugs and their metabolites. This application is valuable in settings
such as healthcare facilities, drug rehabilitation centers, and workplace drug
testing programs.
4. Toxicology Screening: In addition to drugs of abuse, the Cobas 6500 can
analyze urine samples for toxic substances such as heavy metals, pesticides,
and industrial chemicals. This capability is particularly useful in cases of
suspected poisoning or environmental exposure.
5. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Healthcare providers use urine drug
monitoring to optimize medication dosages and ensure patient safety. The
 Cobas 6500 can measure drug concentrations in urine samples, helping
clinicians adjust treatment regimens for drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges.
6. Research and Epidemiological Studies: Researchers utilize urine analysis
data generated by instruments like the Cobas 6500 for epidemiological
studies, population health assessments, and investigations into the prevalence
of various diseases and conditions.
7. Pediatric Care: The analyzer is also valuable in pediatric medicine for
diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney
disorders, and metabolic diseases that can affect children.

Overall, the Cobas 6500 urine analyzer plays a critical role in clinical
laboratories, healthcare facilities, research institutions, and other settings
where accurate and efficient urine analysis is essential for patient care,
research, and public health initiatives.
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The principle behind the operation of the cobas 6500 urine analyzer involves the integration of
two main modules: the cobas u 601 for urine chemistry analysis and the cobas u 701 for urine
sediment analysis. cobas u 601 (Urine Chemistry Analysis): This module automates various
biochemical assays to analyze the chemical composition of urine samples. It utilizes photometric
and enzymatic methods to measure parameters such as pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin,
urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocytes, and specific gravity. Each parameter is measured based on
specific chemical reactions or interactions between the urine sample and reagents. The analyzer
measures the absorbance or fluorescence of the reaction products, which is then correlated to the
concentration of the analyte in the urine sample. cobas u 701 (Urine Sediment Analysis): This
module employs advanced digital imaging technology to examine the microscopic elements
present in urine samples. It captures high-resolution images of urinary sediment components
such as red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria. The
images are analyzed using sophisticated algorithms to identify and classify different sediment
components. The results are then presented to the user for interpretation, aiding in the diagnosis
of various urinary tract disorders and kidney diseases.

The Cobas 6500 urine analyzer is a high-throughput system designed for the automated
processing and analysis of urine samples. Here are some common applications of the Cobas 6500
urine analyzer: Clinical Chemistry Analysis: The analyzer can perform various clinical chemistry
tests on urine samples, including measurements of electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, and protein.
These tests are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as kidney disease,
diabetes, and urinary tract infections. Urinalysis: The Cobas 6500 can conduct comprehensive
urinalysis, which involves examining physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine. It
can detect abnormalities such as blood cells, bacteria, crystals, and other substances indicative of
renal and urinary tract disorders. Drug Testing: The analyzer is capable of screening urine
samples for the presence of drugs and their metabolites. This application is valuable in settings
such as healthcare facilities, drug rehabilitation centers, and workplace drug testing programs.
Toxicology Screening: In addition to drugs of abuse, the Cobas 6500 can analyze urine samples
for toxic substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. This capability is
particularly useful in cases of suspected poisoning or environmental exposure. Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring: Healthcare providers use urine drug monitoring to optimize medication dosages and
ensure patient safety. The Cobas 6500 can measure drug concentrations in urine samples, helping
clinicians adjust treatment regimens for drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges. Research and
Epidemiological Studies: Researchers utilize urine analysis data generated by instruments like
the Cobas 6500 for epidemiological studies, population health assessments, and investigations
into the prevalence of various diseases and conditions. Pediatric Care: The analyzer is also
valuable in pediatric medicine for diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as urinary tract
infections, kidney disorders, and metabolic diseases that can affect children. Overall, the Cobas
6500 urine analyzer plays a critical role in clinical laboratories, healthcare facilities, research
institutions, and other settings where accurate and efficient urine analysis is essential for patient
care, research, and public health initiatives. By sending a message, you agree to our Terms. Read
our Privacy Policy. Don't share sensitive info. Chats may be reviewed and used to train our
models. Learn about your choices.

cobas u 601 (Urine Chemistry Analysis):

This module automates various biochemical assays to analyze the

chemical composition of urine samples.

It utilizes photometric and enzymatic methods to measure parameters

such as pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite,

leukocytes, and specific gravity.

Each parameter is measured based on specific chemical reactions or

interactions between the urine sample and reagents.

The analyzer measures the absorbance or fluorescence of the reaction

products, which is then correlated to the concentration of the analyte

in the urine sample.

cobas u 701 (Urine Sediment Analysis):

This module employs advanced digital imaging technology to examine

the microscopic elements present in urine samples.

It captures high-resolution images of urinary sediment components

such as red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts,

crystals, and bacteria.

The images are analyzed using sophisticated algorithms to identify and

classify different sediment components.

 The results are then presented to the user for interpretation, aiding in

the diagnosis of various urinary tract disorders and kidney diseases.

The Cobas 6500 urine analyzer is a sophisticated instrument designed for comprehensive urine
analysis. Here are some of its potential applications:

1. Routine Urinalysis: The Cobas 6500 can perform routine urine analysis, including the
measurement of various parameters such as pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones,
blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocytes, and microscopic elements. It automates the
process, increasing efficiency and reducing the likelihood of human error.
2. Screening for Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders: By analyzing urine samples, the Cobas
6500 can aid in the detection of renal (kidney) and urinary tract disorders. It can identify
abnormalities such as proteinuria (presence of excess protein in the urine), hematuria (presence
of blood in the urine), and urinary tract infections (UTIs) through the detection of leukocytes and
nitrites.
3. Monitoring Chronic Conditions: For patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes or
hypertension, regular urine analysis is essential for monitoring their health status. The Cobas
6500 can help in monitoring parameters like glucose levels in urine, providing valuable insights
into disease management and treatment effectiveness.
4. Drug Monitoring: In certain cases, urine analysis may be used to monitor drug levels or drug
metabolites in the body. The Cobas 6500 may support such applications by providing accurate
and reliable results, aiding healthcare professionals in adjusting medication dosages or assessing
patient compliance with medication regimens.
5. Occupational Health and Toxicology: In occupational health settings or toxicology
laboratories, urine analysis is often performed to screen for the presence of drugs or toxins. The
Cobas 6500 may facilitate such screenings by offering high-throughput analysis capabilities and
precise measurement of analytes of interest.
6. Research and Clinical Trials: In research settings or clinical trials involving urine analysis, the
Cobas 6500 can be a valuable tool for generating consistent and reproducible data. Its
automation features and ability to handle a large number of samples make it suitable for studies
requiring high-throughput analysis.

Overall, the Cobas 6500 urine analyzer plays a crucial role in clinical diagnostics, providing
healthcare professionals with valuable information for patient care, disease management, and
research purposes.

Sure, let's compare the Cobas 6500 with the Urisys 1100 and Cobas U 411 series across various
aspects:

1. Reagent Price:
 The reagent price can vary depending on the region, supplier, and specific reagents
required for the analysis.
  Generally, larger, more comprehensive analyzers like the Cobas 6500 may have higher
reagent costs compared to smaller, more compact analyzers like the Urisys 1100 or Cobas
U 411 series due to their expanded testing capabilities.
2. Sample Throughput:
 Cobas 6500: Offers high throughput, capable of processing a large number of samples per
hour. This makes it suitable for medium to high-volume laboratories.
 Urisys 1100: Designed for low to medium throughput, suitable for smaller laboratories or
clinics with lower sample volumes.
 Cobas U 411 series: Depending on the specific model, throughput can vary but generally
falls within the range of low to medium throughput.
3. Analysis Time:
 Cobas 6500: With its high throughput and automation features, it can provide results
relatively quickly compared to manual methods.
 Urisys 1100: Offers rapid analysis, with results available within a few minutes.
 Cobas U 411 series: Analysis time can vary depending on the specific parameters being
tested and the model of the analyzer but typically provides results within minutes to an
hour.
4. Testing Parameters:
 Cobas 6500: Offers a comprehensive panel of urine parameters including routine
chemistry, sediment analysis, and microscopic examination.
 Urisys 1100: Typically provides basic urine chemistry parameters such as pH, specific
gravity, and protein concentration.
 Cobas U 411 series: Depending on the specific model, may offer a range of urine
chemistry parameters similar to the Urisys 1100 but may also include additional features
such as sediment analysis.
5. Automation and Workflow:
 Cobas 6500: Highly automated system with integrated sample preparation, analysis, and
result reporting capabilities, minimizing manual intervention and streamlining workflow.
 Urisys 1100: Semi-automated or fully automated, depending on the specific model, but
generally requires less hands-on operation compared to manual methods.
 Cobas U 411 series: Offers varying degrees of automation depending on the model, with
some models being fully automated while others may require more manual intervention.
6. Footprint and Space Requirements:
 Cobas 6500: Typically larger in size and requires more space compared to smaller
analyzers like the Urisys 1100 or Cobas U 411 series.
 Urisys 1100: Compact and space-saving design, suitable for laboratories or clinics with
limited space.
 Cobas U 411 series: Depending on the specific model, may have a smaller footprint
compared to the Cobas 6500 but larger than the Urisys 1100.
7. Cost of Ownership:
 Cobas 6500: Higher initial capital investment and potentially higher maintenance costs
compared to smaller analyzers like the Urisys 1100 or Cobas U 411 series.
 Urisys 1100: Generally lower initial capital investment and operating costs compared to
larger analyzers like the Cobas 6500.
 Cobas U 411 series: Costs fall between the Urisys 1100 and Cobas 6500, depending on
the specific model and features.
 Overall, the choice between these analyzers depends on the specific needs and requirements of
the laboratory or clinical setting, including sample volume, testing parameters, throughput,
automation preferences, and budget considerations.
the Cobas 6500 stands out as a superior option due to its comprehensive testing capabilities,
high throughput, rapid analysis, automation, and efficiency. While the Urisys 1100 and Cobas U
411 series may offer cost advantages and space-saving designs, they may not provide the same
level of functionality and versatility as the Cobas 6500, particularly for laboratories requiring
comprehensive urine analysis.

advantages of cobas 6500

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The Cobas 6500 is a series of automated laboratory instruments developed by

Roche Diagnostics. Specifically, the Cobas 6500 includes the Cobas c 501
module for clinical chemistry testing and the Cobas e 601 module for
immunoassay testing. Here are some advantages of the Cobas 6500 series:

1. High Throughput: These instruments offer high throughput, meaning they

can process a large number of samples in a relatively short amount of time.
This is particularly advantageous for laboratories with high sample volumes,
allowing for efficient workflow management.
2. Automation: Automation reduces manual labor and minimizes the risk of
errors associated with manual sample handling. The Cobas 6500 series
automates various steps in the testing process, improving accuracy and
efficiency.
3. Versatility: The Cobas 6500 series is capable of performing a wide range of
clinical chemistry and immunoassay tests, covering various parameters such as
electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, proteins, and therapeutic drug monitoring.
This versatility makes it suitable for diverse laboratory testing needs.
4. Consolidation: By integrating multiple testing capabilities into a single
platform, the Cobas 6500 series facilitates consolidation of testing processes.
This not only saves space in the laboratory but also streamlines operations
and reduces costs associated with maintaining multiple instruments.
5. Quality Assurance: These instruments are designed to meet rigorous quality
control standards, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of test results. They
 incorporate built-in quality control features to monitor instrument
performance and signal any deviations, helping laboratories maintain high
standards of testing accuracy.
6. Workflow Efficiency: The Cobas 6500 series is designed with workflow
efficiency in mind, featuring intuitive interfaces, customizable test panels, and
onboard reagent storage. These features help laboratories optimize their
testing processes and minimize turnaround times for test results.
7. Data Management: The instruments are equipped with sophisticated data
management systems that enable efficient tracking of samples, test results,
and quality control data. Integration with laboratory information systems (LIS)
allows for seamless data transfer and facilitates comprehensive data analysis.

Overall, the Cobas 6500 series offers laboratories a powerful solution for
clinical chemistry and immunoassay testing, combining high throughput,
automation, versatility, and quality assurance to enhance laboratory efficiency
and improve patient care.
You

disadvantages of cobas 6500

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While the Cobas 6500 series offers numerous advantages, like any technology,
it also has its limitations and potential drawbacks:

1. Cost: Acquiring and maintaining Cobas 6500 instruments can represent a

significant financial investment for laboratories. The initial purchase price, as
well as ongoing costs for reagents, consumables, maintenance, and support
contracts, can be substantial.
2. Complexity: Despite efforts to streamline operations, automated instruments
like the Cobas 6500 series can still be complex to operate and maintain.
Training laboratory staff to use these systems effectively may require time and
resources.
3. Space Requirements: The Cobas 6500 series instruments are relatively large
and require dedicated space in the laboratory. For smaller or crowded lab
environments, accommodating these instruments may be challenging.
4. Sample Volume Requirements: While the high throughput of the Cobas
6500 series is advantageous for laboratories with high sample volumes, it may
be excessive for smaller facilities with lower testing demands. This can lead to
underutilization of the instrument's capacity and inefficient resource
allocation.
5. Dependency on Manufacturer: Laboratories that rely heavily on Cobas 6500
instruments may become dependent on the manufacturer for reagents,
consumables, and technical support. Any disruptions in supply chains or
changes in product offerings by the manufacturer could potentially impact
laboratory operations.
6. Limited Customization: While the Cobas 6500 series offers versatility in terms
of the range of tests it can perform, it may not be as customizable as some
laboratories require. Laboratories with highly specialized testing needs may
find the predefined test panels and parameters limiting.
7. Maintenance Downtime: Like any complex instrument, the Cobas 6500 series
requires regular maintenance and may experience downtime for servicing and
repairs. Laboratories must plan for maintenance schedules and have
contingency plans in place to minimize disruptions to testing operations.
8. Data Security Concerns: With increasing connectivity and data exchange
capabilities, there may be concerns about data security and privacy.
Laboratories must implement robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard
patient information and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Despite these potential disadvantages, the Cobas 6500 series remains a

valuable tool for laboratory testing, offering high throughput, automation, and
a wide range of testing capabilities. Laboratories should carefully consider
their specific needs and challenges when evaluating whether these
instruments are the right fit for their operations.

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our Term
The cobas u 411 semi-automated urine analyzer is designed for workloads of approximately 30 –100
samples per day.
Fast and efficient processing

Only 6 seconds for one result reading.

 Workloads: 30 – 100 samples per day
 Throughput: 600 test strips/hour
Type Reflectance photometer
Measuring system Wavelengths: 470 nm, 555 nm, 620 nm
Weight Approx. 26 lb
Type A barcode reader (standard), Sediment Terminal
Cobas 6500 up to 240 samples per hour