Probability (Part 3)

Exercise
22. An art club in a school consists of 25 girls and 15 boys. Two students
are selected at random from the club to attend an art competition.
Find the probability that
(a) both students selected are girls,
(b) one student is a girl and the other is a boy,
(c) the second student selected is a girl.

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23. A box contains 10 cards labelled with the letters: M, O, N, O, T, O, N,
O, U, S
(a) Two cards are drawn at random from the box, one after the
other without replacement. Find the probability that
(i) the two cards have the same letter,
(ii) the first card is S and the second card is an O.
(b) The two cards drawn are returned to the bag. Four cards are
then drawn at random from the box, one after the other without
replacement. Find the probability of obtaining MOON in exactly
the order given.

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24. Marc has four 50-cent coins and two 20-cent coins in his wallet. He
takes out coins at random from his wallet, one after the other without
replacement. The tree diagram below shows the possible outcomes
and their probabilities.

First coin Second coin

𝑞 50¢
4 50¢
6 2 20¢
5
𝑟 50¢
𝑝
20¢
𝑠 20¢
(a) Find the values of 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 and 𝑠.
(b) If Marc takes out two coins from his wallet, find the probability
that the total value of the two coins is
(i) 40¢ (ii) 70¢
(c) If Marc takes out three coins from his wallet, find the probability
that the total value of the three coins is
(i) 60¢ (ii) 90¢ (iii) $1.20.

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25. A bag contains 15 gemstones which are of the same shape, 5 are
diamonds, 3 are emeralds and 7 are sapphires. Two gemstones are
taken out at random from the bag, one after the other without
replacement.

(a) Complete the tree diagram to show the outcomes of the draw.

First gemstone Second gemstone

4 Diamond
14

Diamond Emerald

7
5 Sapphire
14
15
Diamond

Emerald Emerald

Sapphire

7
Diamond
15

Sapphire Emerald

Sapphire
(b) Find the probability that
(i) no sapphire is drawn,
(ii) the two gemstones drawn are different.

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26. A bookshelf has 8 mathematics books, 6 science books and 1 history
book. Two books are selected at random from the bookshelf without
replacement.
(a) Complete the tree diagram below.
First book Second book

M
6
M 14 S

8 H
15
M
6
15 S S

8 M
14

H S

H
(b) Calculate the probability that
(i) both are mathematics books,
(ii) one is science book and the other is a history book,
(iii) at least one of the books is a history book,
(iv) both books are different.

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27. A bag contains four balls numbered 1, three balls numbered 2 and two
balls numbered 3. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag, one
after the other without replacement.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show the outcomes of the draw.
(b) Calculate, as a fraction in its simplest form, the probability that
(i) both balls are numbered 1,
(ii) at least one ball is numbered 2,
(iii) the sum of the two numbers on the balls is 4,
(iv) the product of the two numbers is a prime number.

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28. A box containd 5 red sweets, 3 yellow sweets and 1 green sweet. Two
sweets are picked at random from the box, one after the other without
replacement.
(a) Find the probability that
(i) both sweets are yellow,
(ii) the first sweet is green and the second sweet is yellow,
(iii) the two sweets are of the same colour,
(iv) the two sweets are of different colour.
(b) A third sweet is picked at random from the box. Find the
probability that
(i) the three sweets are red,
(ii) at least one of the sweets is green.

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29. A bag contains 15 balls. 8 are yellow, 3 are green and the rest are blue.
A ball is drawn at random from the bag and is not replaced. A second
ball is then drawn at random from the bag and is not replaced. The
tree diagram below shows the possible outcomes and some of their
probabilities.
(a) Complete the tree diagram below.

First ball Second ball

Yellow
3
14
Yellow Green

8 Blue
15
8 Yellow
3 14
15 Green Green

Blue

Yellow

Blue Green

Blue

(b) Find, as a fration in its lowest terms, the probability that

(i) both balls are green,
(ii) one ball is yellow and the other blue,
(iii) both balls are of different colours.
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(c) A third ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the
probability that
(i) all the three balls are yellow,
(ii) none of the three balls are blue.

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30. A bag contains 6 red marbles and 3 green marbles. One marble is
drawn at random from the bag. If it is red, it is replaced in the bag; if
it is green, it is not replaced. A second marble is then drawn at random
from the bag.
(a) Complete the tree diagram below.

First marble Second marble

( ) Red
6 Red
9 ( ) Green

( ) Red
3 Green
9 ( ) Green
(b) Find the probability that
(i) the second marble is red,
(ii) at least marble is green.

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31. A box has 10 beads. 4 are purple, 3 are orange and the rest are yellow.
Pauline draws one bead at random from the box. If it is yellow, it is
not replaced. If it is purple or orange, it is replaced. She then draws
another bead at random from the box.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show the possible outcomes.
(b) Find the probability that
(i) the two beads are of the same colour,
(ii) the second bead is purple or orange.
(c) If at least one orange bead is obtained in the two draws, Pauline
will receive a free grif. Find the probability that she will not
receive the grif.

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32. There are 18 red balls, 6 green balls and 𝑥 yellow balls in a bag. A ball
is selected at random from the bag. Given that the probability that it
1
is yellow is 7, calculate the value of 𝑥.

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33. A box contains 20 sweets. 10 are red, 𝑥 are yellow and the rest are
green.
1
(a) If the probability of selecting a green sweet is 5, find the value
of 𝑥.
(b) Two sweets are selected at random from the box, one after the
other without replacement. Find the probability that neither
sweet is red.

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34. A bag contains 9 balls that are green, blue and yellow. 4 of the balls
are green. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag, one after the
other without replacement. Find the probability that
(a) only the first ball is green,
(b) both balls are of the same colour if the probability of obtaining
1
a green ball followd by a yellow ball is 6.

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35. An airline has 4 service counters. The table below shows the
probabilities of the number of sevice counters which are open.

Number of counters open Probability

1 0.16
2 0.24
3 𝑥
4 0.20

(a) Find the probability that 1 or 4 counters are open.

(b) Calculate the value of 𝑥.
(c) Find the probability that at least 3 counters are open.

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36. The probability of the number of births per week on an island are
shown in the table below.
Number of birth 0 1 2 3
Probability 0.3 0.4 0.1 𝑥
(a) Find the probability that during any particular week, the number
of births is less than 2.
(b) Find the value of 𝑥.
(c) Find the probability that during any particular week, there are
no births or 3 births.

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37. A biased five-sided die is thrown. The probabilities of getting each of
the numbers is given in the table below.
Number 1 2 3 4 5
Probability 1 1 1 1 𝑥
8 3 6 8
(a) Find the value of 𝑥.
(b) The die is thrown twice. Find the probability that
(i) The sum of the two numbers is 8.
(ii) The product of the two numbers is 10.
(c) The die is thrown thrice. Find the probability that all the three
numbers are 5.

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38. A bag contains 5 counters, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Two counters
are taken at random from the bag, one after the other, without
replacement.
(a) Complete the possibility diagram to show all possible outcomes.

First counter

1 2 3 4 5
1 2, 1
Second 2
counter 3
4
5

(b) Find, as a fraction in its simplest form, the probability that

(i) at least one of the numbers is a factor of 8,
(ii) the product of the numbers is an even number.

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39. Marc has two bags of balls. Bag X contains five balls numbered 1, 2, 3,
4 and 5. Bag Y contains 3 balls numbered 2, 4 and 7. Marc draws 2
balls at random, one from each bag.
(a) Complete the possibility diagram to show all possible outcomes.

Bag X

1 2 3 4 5
2 1, 2
Bag Y
4
7

(b) Find, as a fraction in its simplest form, the probability that

(i) both balls have a prime number,
(ii) at least one ball has an even number.

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40. A bag contains four counters numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. Two counters are
taken from the bag at random, one after the other, without
replacement.
(a) Draw a possibility diagram to represent the outcomes.
(b) Find, in its simplest form, the probability that
(i) both counters have numbers less than 3,
(ii) the sum of the number is 5,
(iii) the product of the numbers is less than 6.

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41. A bag contains five balls, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Two balls are
drawn from the bag at random, one after the other, without
replacement.
(a) Draw a possibility diagram to represent the outcomes.
(b) Find, in its simplest form, the probability that
(i) both balls have numbers more than 2,
(ii) neither balls has a prime number,
(iii) the sum of the numbers is 10,
(iv) the product of the numbers is at least 6.

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42. A bag contains 6 counters numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Two counters
are drawn at random, one after the other, from the bag without
replacement.
(a) Draw a possibility diagram to show the outcomes of the draw.
(b) Find, as a fraction in its simplest form, the probability that
(i) bothcounters have an odd number,
(ii) the sum of the numbers drawn is 6,
(iii) the product of the numbers drawn is 7.
(iv) At least one of the numbers drawn is a multiple of 3.

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43. A box contains some balls. Each ball is coloured red, blue, green or
yellow. Each ball is numbered 1, 2, or 3. The table below shows the
probability of colour and number for these balls.

Colour of ball
Red Blue Green yellow
Number 1 0.1 0 0.2 0.1
on ball 2 0.02 0 0.05 0.03
3 0.1 0.1 𝑥 0

(a) Find the value of 𝑥.

(b) A ball is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that
(i) it is green and numbered 1,
(ii) it is blue or yellow,
(iii) it is red or numbered 3.
(c) If there are 33 green balls in the box, find the total number of
balls in the box altogether.

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44. A apir of fair dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the
product of the numbers shown on both dice is
(a) an odd number,
(b) exactly divisible by 3,
(c) a perfect square or a perfect cube,
(d) at least 20.

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