LTI Systems

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
LTI Systems
What is System?
A system is defined as a physical device that generates a response or
an output signal, for a given input signal.
Input SYSTEM Output

Signal signal
Discrete Time System
A discrete time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a

discrete-time signal called the input or excitation (e.g. 𝑥(𝑛)),
according to some rule (e.g. 𝑇[. ]) to produce another discrete- time
signal called the output or response (e.g. 𝑦(𝑛)).
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛)]

T[ ]
input signal or output signal or
excitation response
Classification of discrete time systems

The discrete time systems are classified into following category:
1. Static and Dynamic systems

2. Causal and Non-causal systems
3. Linear and Non Linear systems
4. Time Variant and Time-invariant systems
5. Stable and Unstable systems
Static and Dynamic Systems
 A discrete-time system is called static or memoryless if its output at

any time instant n depends on the input sample at the same time, but
not on the past or future samples of the input
 In the other case, the system is said to be dynamic or to have

memory. If the output of a system at time n is completely
determined by the input samples in the interval from n-N to n (𝑁 ≥
0), the system is said to have memory of duration N.
Example 1.
Find whether the following system is static or dynamic:
y(n) = x(n)x(n – 1)
Solutions:
Given, y(n) = x(n)x(n – 1)
The output y(n) depends on the past input. Therefore, the system is
dynamic.
Example 2.
y(n)  x 2 (n)  x(n)
Solutions:
Given, y(n)  x 2
(n)  x(n)
The output y(n) depends on the present input. Therefore, the system is
static.
Problems.
1. y(n) = x(2n)
2. y(n) = ax(n)
Causal and Non-causal systems
A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any
time n (i.e., y(n)) depends only on present and past inputs (i.e.,
x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2), … ) but doesn’t depend on future inputs.
In mathematical terms, the output of a causal system satisfies an

equation of the form
y (n)  F  x(n), x(n  1), x(n  2).......

Contd.
If the output of a system depends on future inputs, the sysrtem is
said to be non-causal
Example
y(n) = x(n) + x(n – 1) Causal system
y(n) = x(2n) Non-causal system

Example.
Determine if the system described by the following equation is causal or
non-causal system:
1
y(n)  x(n) 
x(n  1)
Contd.
For n = -1, 1
y(1)  x(1) 
x(2)
For n = 0, 1
y(0)  x(0) 
x(1)
For n = 1, 1
y(1)  x(1) 
x(0)
For all the values of n, the output depends on the present and past
inputs. Therefore, the system is causal.
Problems.
Determine if the systems described by the following equations are causal
or non-causal system:
1. y(n) = ax(n) + bx(n-1)
2. y(n) = Ax(n) + B
3. y(n)  x  
n 2
Linear and Non-linear systems
A discrete-time system is called linear if only if it satisfies the

superposition principle. In the other case, the system is called non-
linear.
𝑥(𝑛) T[] 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛)]

Contd.
A system is linear if and only if,
T  a1x1 (n )  a 2 x 2 (n )   a1T  x1 (n )   a 2T  x 2 (n )
 y3 (n)  a1y1 (n)  a 2 y 2 (n)

Where, T  a1x1 (n )  a 2 x 2 (n )   y3 (n)
T  x1 (n)   y1 (n)
T  x 2 (n)   y 2 (n )
Example 1.
Determine if the system described by the following input output
equation is linear or non linear:
y (n)  nx(n)
Solution
y1 (n)  T  x1 (n)   nx1 (n)
y2 (n)  T  x2 (n)  nx2 (n)
The weighted sum of the outputs is
a1 y1 (n)  a2 y2 (n)
 a1 T  x1 (n)   a 2 T  x2 (n) 
 a1nx1 (n)  a2 nx2 (n)
Contd.
The output due to weighted sum of inputs is
y3 (n)  T  a1 x1 (n)  a2 x2 (n)   na1 x1 (n)  n a2 x2 (n)
 T  a1x1 (n )  a 2 x 2 (n )   a1T  x1 (n )   a 2T  x 2 (n ) 
Here superposition principle is satisfied. Hence the system is linear.

Example 2.
Determine if the system described by the following input output
equation is linear or non linear:
1
y(n)  x(n) 
x(n  1)
Solution
For two input sequence x1(n) and x2(n) the corresponding output are
1
y1 (n)  T  x1 (n)   x1 (n) 
x1 (n  1)
1
y 2 (n)  T  x 2 (n)   x 2 (n) 
x 2 (n  1)
Contd.
The weighted sum of the output is
a1y1 (n)  a 2 y 2 (n )
 a1 T  x1 (n)   a 2 T  x 2 (n) 
1 1
 a1x1 (n)  a1  a 2 x 2 (n)  a 2
x1 (n  1) x 2 (n  1)
Contd.
The output due to weighted sum of input is
y3 (n)  T  a1x1 (n)  a 2 x 2 (n) 

1
 a1x1 (n)  a 2 x 2 (n) 
a1x1 (n  1)  a 2 x 2 (n  1)
 T  a1x1 (n )  a 2 x 2 (n )   a1T  x1 (n )   a 2T  x 2 (n ) 
Here superposition principle is not satisfied. Hence the system is non-

linear.
Problems.
Determine if the systems described by the following input output
equations are linear or non linear:
1. y(n)  x 2
(n)
2. y(n)  Ax(n)  B
Time variant and Time-invariant systems

A discrete-time system is called time-invariant if its input- output
characteristics do not change with time. In the other case, the
system is called time-variant system.
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛)]

T[]
𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜) 𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜)]
Example 1.
Determine if the following system is time-invariant or time variant:

y(n) = x(n) + x(n - 1)
Solution
Given, y(n) = T[x(n )] = x(n) + x(n - 1)
If the input is delayed by k units in time, we have
T[x(n - k)] = x (n - k) + x(n – k - 1)
If we delay the output by k units in time then
y(n-k) = x(n - k) + x (n - k - 1)
Contd.
Therefore,
y(n - k) = T[x(n - k)]
Therefore , the system is time invariant .

Example 2.
Determine if the following system is time-invariant or time variant:

y(n) = x(-n)
Solution
Given, y(n) = T[x(n )] = x(-n)
If the input is delayed by k units in time, we have
T[x(n - k)] = x (-n - k)
If we delay the output by k units in time then
y(n-k) = x(-(n – k)) = x(- n + k)

Contd.
Therefore,
y(n - k) ≠ T[x(n - k)]
Therefore , the system is time variant .

Problems.
Determine if the following systems are time-invariant or time variant:
1. y(n)  nx 2 (n)
n
2. y(n)  x  
2
Stable and Unstable systems
 An LTI system is stable if it produces a bounded output sequence

for every bounded input sequence.
 If for some bounded input sequence x(n), the output is unbounded,

the system is classified as unstable
Condition for Stability of LTI System
The condition for stability of a LTI system is

 h( n)  
n 
Therefore, a LTI system is stable if the system is absolutely

summable.
Example.
Test the stability of the system whose impulse response
n
1
h( n)    u ( n)
2
  n
Solution: 1

n 
h( n)     u ( n)
n   2 
 n
1 1
   2
n 0  2 
1
1
2
Hence the system is stable.
Linear Convolution
The output of any LTI System is a convolution of the input signal
with the unit-impulse response.

y ( n)  x ( n)  h( n)   x(m)h(n  m)
m
Properties of convolution
Commutative property
x n * h n   h n  * x n 
Associative property
(x  n  * h1  n   * h 2  n    x  n  * h 2  n   * h1  n 
Contd.
Distributive property
x  n  *  h1  n   h 2  n     x  n  * h1  n     x  n  * h 2  n  
Example
Determine the response of an LTI system whose input x(n) and
impulse response h(n) are given by

  

x(n)  1,2,0.5,1 , h(n)  1,2,1, 1
Solution
The response of the system y(n) is given by

y ( n)  x ( n)  h( n)   x(m)h(n  m)
m
The input sequence x(n) starts at n=0 and the impulse response starts
at n=-1. Therefore output response start at n=-1
The input and impulse response consists of 4 samples so the output

response consist of 4+4-1=7 samples
Graphical method
Input sequence
m
Contd.
Impulse response
m
Contd.
Folded impulse response
m
Contd.

When n= -1, y (1)   x(m)h(1  m)
m 
x(m)h(-1-m)
m m m
y(-1) = 1
Contd.

When n= 0, y (0)   x(m)h(0  m)
m 
x(m)h(0-m)
m m m
y(0) = 2+2=4
Contd.

When n= 1, y (1)   x(m)h(1  m)
m 
x(m)h(1-m)
m m m
y(1) = 1+4+0.5=5.5
Contd.

When n= 2, y (2)   x(m)h(2  m)
m 
x(m)h(2-m)
m m m
y(2) = -1+2+1+1=3
Contd.

When n= 3, y (3)   x(m)h(3  m)
m 
x(m)h(3-m)
m m m
y(3) = -2+0.5+2=0.5
Contd.

When n= 4, y (4)   x(m)h(4  m)
m 
x(m)h(4-m)
m m m
y(4) =-0.5+1=0.5
Contd.

When n= 5, y (5)   x(m)h(5  m)
m 
x(m)h(5-m)
m m m
y(5) =-1
Contd.
The output sequence is
 
y (n)  1,4,5.5,3,0.5,0.5, 1

n
Tabular method Communication Engineering
m -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x(m) 1 2 0.5 1
h(m) 1 2 1 -1
h(-m) -1 1 2 1
h(-1-m) -1 1 2 1
h(0-m) -1 1 2 1
h(1-m) -1 1 2 1
h(2-m) -1 1 2 1
h(3-m) -1 1 2 1
h(4-m) -1 1 2 1
h(5-m) -1 1 2 1
Contd.
y(-1) = 1
y(0) = 2+2=4
y(1) = 1+4+0.5=5.5
y(2) = -1+2+1+1=3 
y (n)  1,4,5.5,3,0.5,0.5, 1


y(3) = -2+0.5+2=0.5
y(4) =-0.5+1=0.5
y(5) =-1
Matrix method

The output sequence is y (n)  1,4,5.5,3,0.5,0.5, 1


Problem
Determine the response of an LTI system whose input x(n) and
impulse response h(n) are given by
 
  

x(n)  1,2,1, 1 , h(n)  1,2,3,1
Circular convolution
The output of the circular convolution of the two sequence is
N 1 N 1
x3 (n)   x1 (m) x2 (n  m) N  Vn (m)
m 0 m 0
Example
Perform the circular convolution of the two sequence
x1 (n)  2,1,2, 1, x2 (n)  1,2,3,4

Solution
The circular convolution of this two sequence is
N 1 N 1
x3 (n)   x1 (m) x2 (n  m) N  Vn (m)
m 0 m 0
3 3
 x3 (n)   x1 (m) x2 (n  m)   vn (m)
m 0 m 0
Contd.
x1(1) = 1
x1(2) = 2 x1(0) = 2
x1(m)
x1(3) = -1
Contd.
x2(1) = 2 x2(3) = 4
x2(2) = 3 x2(0) = 1 x2(2) = 3 x2(0) = 1

x2(m) x2(-m)
x2(3) = 4 x2(1) = 2
Contd. Communication Engineering
3 3
When n=0 x3 (0)   x1 (m) x2 (0  m)  V0 (m)
m 0 m 0
1 4 4
2 x1(m) 2 3 x2(0-m) 1 6 V0(m) 2

×
-1 2 -2
x3(0) = 2+4+6-2 = 10
3 3
When n=1 x3 (1)   x1 (m) x2 (1  m)  V1 (m)
m 0 m 0
1 1 1
2 x1(m) 2
× 4 x2(1-m) 2  8 V1(m) 4
-1 3 -3
x3(1) = 4+1+8-3 = 10
3 3
When n=2 x3 (2)   x1 (m) x2 (2  m)  V2 (m)
m 0 m 0
1 2 2
2 x1(m) 2
× 1 x2(2-m) 3  2 V2(m) 6
-1 4 -4
x3(2) = 6+2+2-4 = 6
3 3
When n=3 x3 (3)   x1 (m) x2 (3  m)  V3 (m)
m 0 m 0
1 3 3
2 x1(m) 2 2 x2(3-m) 4 4 V3(m) 8

×
-1 1 -1
x3(3) = 8+3+4-1 = 14
Contd.
x 3 (n)  10,10,6,14
Tabular method
m -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x1(m) 2 1 2 -1
x2(m) 1 2 3 4
x2(0-m) 4 3 2 1 4 3 2
x2(1-m) 4 3 2 1 4 3
x2(2-m) 4 3 2 1 4
x2(3-m) 4 3 2 1
x3(0) = 2+4+6-2 = 10 The output sequence is
x3(1) = 4+1+8-3 = 10 x 3 (n)  10,10,6,14

x3(2) = 6+2+2-4 = 6
x3(3) = 8+3+4-1 = 14
Matrix method
 x2 (0) x2 (3) x2 (2) x2 (1)   x1 (0)   x3 (0) 

 x (1) x (0) x (3) x (2)   x (1)   x (1) 
 2 2 2 2  1    3 
 x2 (2) x2 (1) x2 (0) x2 (3)   x1 (2)   x3 (2) 
    
 x2 (3) x2 (2) x2 (1) x2 (0)   x1 (3)   x3 (3) 
1 4 3 2  2  10
2 1 4 
3 1   10 
     
3 2 1 4  2   6 
    
4 3 2 1   1 14
x 3 (n)  10,10,6,14
Problem
Perform the circular convolution of the two sequence
 
  

x1 (n)  1,1,2, 2 , x2 (n)  0.5,1, 1,2,0.75
Deconvolution
The process of recovering the input from the response of a system is
called deconvolution
1  n1

x(n)   y(n)   x(k )h(n  k ) 
h(0)  k 0 
Example
When a discrete time system is excited by an input x(n), the response
is y(n)={2,5,11,17,13,12}. If the impulse response of the system is
h(n)={2,1,3}. Then find input sequence.
Solution
The output sequence have 6 samples whereas the impulse response
have 3 samples. Therefore the input sequence have 4 samples .
We know,
1  n 1

x ( n)   y ( n)   x ( k ) h( n  k ) 
h(0)  k 0 
Contd.
y (0) 2
When n=0 x(0)   1
h(0) 2
1  0
 4
When n=1, x(1)   y (1)   x(k)h(1  k )    2
h(0)  k 0  2
1  1
 6
When n=2, x(2)   y (2)   x(k)h(2  k )    3
h(0)  k 0  2
Contd.
When n=3,
1  2
 8
x(3)   y (3)   x(k)h(3  k )    4
h(0)  k 0  2
The input sequence is x(n)= {1,2,3,4}

Thank you

LTI Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTI Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Electronics &

Input SYSTEM Output

A discrete time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a

𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛)]

Classification of discrete time systems

1. Static and Dynamic systems

 A discrete-time system is called static or memoryless if its output at

 In the other case, the system is said to be dynamic or to have

In mathematical terms, the output of a causal system satisfies an

y (n)  F  x(n), x(n  1), x(n  2).......

y(n) = x(n) + x(n – 1) Causal system

y(n) = x(2n) Non-causal system

1. y(n) = ax(n) + bx(n-1)

A discrete-time system is called linear if only if it satisfies the

𝑥(𝑛) T[] 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛)]

 y3 (n)  a1y1 (n)  a 2 y 2 (n)

The weighted sum of the outputs is

y3 (n)  T  a1 x1 (n)  a2 x2 (n)   na1 x1 (n)  n a2 x2 (n)

Here superposition principle is satisfied. Hence the system is linear.

y3 (n)  T  a1x1 (n)  a 2 x 2 (n) 

Here superposition principle is not satisfied. Hence the system is non-

Time variant and Time-invariant systems

𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇[𝑥(𝑛)]

Determine if the following system is time-invariant or time variant:

Given, y(n) = T[x(n )] = x(n) + x(n - 1)

If the input is delayed by k units in time, we have

T[x(n - k)] = x (n - k) + x(n – k - 1)

If we delay the output by k units in time then

y(n - k) = T[x(n - k)]

Therefore , the system is time invariant .

Determine if the following system is time-invariant or time variant:

If the input is delayed by k units in time, we have

T[x(n - k)] = x (-n - k)

If we delay the output by k units in time then

y(n-k) = x(-(n – k)) = x(- n + k)

y(n - k) ≠ T[x(n - k)]

Therefore , the system is time variant .

 An LTI system is stable if it produces a bounded output sequence

 If for some bounded input sequence x(n), the output is unbounded,

Therefore, a LTI system is stable if the system is absolutely

The input and impulse response consists of 4 samples so the output

x1 (n)  2,1,2, 1, x2 (n)  1,2,3,4

x2(2) = 3 x2(0) = 1 x2(2) = 3 x2(0) = 1

2 x1(m) 2 3 x2(0-m) 1 6 V0(m) 2

2 x1(m) 2 2 x2(3-m) 4 4 V3(m) 8

x3(0) = 2+4+6-2 = 10 The output sequence is

x3(1) = 4+1+8-3 = 10 x 3 (n)  10,10,6,14

 x2 (0) x2 (3) x2 (2) x2 (1)   x1 (0)   x3 (0) 

The input sequence is x(n)= {1,2,3,4}

You might also like