DJEMC

SEMEN AND
SEMINAL STAINS
Ruby Dilinggan | Prince Delos Reyes | Jake Jasper
F. Galicha | Christian Gie Angob
 SEMEN AND
SEMINAL STAINS
Let's recall:
Semen fresh is a viscid, gelatinous, sticky, whitish fluid, which has
a fish-like odor and is slightly alkaline.

It appears grayish-white in color.

 •••

Flavins in seminal fluid which help

give a yellowish color to semen
and cause it to fluoresce under
ultra violet lights.
Normal quantity of seminal fluid in
a single ejaculated-1.5 to 3.5 cc.
Spermatozoa — 400 M to 500 M
per ejaculated
 Semen and Seminal Fluid

It's part are:

Serminal fluid
Formed Elements
Cellular
Spermatozoa
Epithelial cells
Crystal and choline
 Types of Examination Conducted for
Semen and Seminal Stains:
A. Physical Examination
It is also visible to the ultra violet rays
and it exhibit bright bluish
fluorescence.

B. Microscopic Examination
To detect the presence of spermatozoa

The only specific test for semen is the

identification of a sperm cell under the
microscope.
 Factors affect the detection of sperm cell
Nature of cloth in which the suspected stain is found
Age of stain
Conditions to which the stain was exposed
Handling of the specimen
The presence of sperm cells proves that the stain is of semen.
However, with the absence of sperm cells it cannot be concluded that the
stain is not of seminal originstain is not of seminal origin.
These are some conditions which may be lead to non detection of semen,
like ASPERMIA, a disorder produced by male organ which produces semen
without sperm cells and OLIGOSPERMIA, a semen with a very few sperm
cell.
 Chemical Examination
a. Florence test - it has the characteristics and a formation of choline periodide
crystals are observed under the microscope.
b. Barberio test - it appear as slender yellow tinted rhomboid needles with
obtuse angles almost the same the Florence test result.
c. Acid phosphates test - is an enzymes found in both animal and plant cells, but
in large concentration of human cells
d. Biological test
a. Spermato-precipitin test - identify the seminal fluids of human and
animals.
When can a possible child not be the child of a probable father?
By impotence or by sterility of the man.
By the fact that the couple were living separately hence
access is not possible.
By the serious illness of the man
 GUNPOWDER RESIDUE
EXAMINATION

Purpose: OBJECTIVE:
To determine To determine the
whether a presence of
person has fired gunpowder
a gun or not nitrates on both
To determine hands of the
whether a suspect/victim,
firearm was firearm, and
fired or not clothing of the
victims.
Possible
gunshot range
TWO TYPES OF POWDER USED IN THE AMMUNITION OF
FIREARMS:
BLACK POWDER
MIXTURE OF 15% CARBON, 10% SULFUR, AND 75%
POTASSIUM NITRATE
SMOKELESS POWDER
NITROCELLULOSE (SINGLE BASED)
NITROCELLULOSE AND NITRO-GLYCERIN (DOUBLE
BASED)
NITROCELLULOSE AND NITRO-GLYCERIN AND
NITROGUANIDINE (TRIPLE BASED)

**CERTAIN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE

ADDED AS STABILIZERS
 Paraffin Examination

Factors that affect the result of paraffin examination:

Type of caliber of ammunition
Length of the barrel
Age of gun/ efficiency of mechanism
Direction of firing
Wind velocity and direction
Humidity/percent moisture in air
Use of gloves and when 72 hrs has elapsed
 Possible Location of Nitrates when black
powder explodes

Residue of the barrel of the gun.

In or around the wound
On the clothing of the fired upon at close range
On the exposed surface of the hand of the person firing
the gun

(38-40 deg C)-melting point needed in paraffin casting

 ...

DIPHENYLAMINE-PARAFFIN TEST test to determine the presence of

nitrates, a test to determine whether a person fired a gun or not.

Paraffin test - test performed to extract the nitrates embedded in the

skin

Diphenylamine Test or DPA Test - a test that determines the presence

and location of nitrate, chemical needed is diphenylamine reagent.

The Griess Test indicates a positive result with a color change to pink
 PARAFFIN Factors in the
absence of nitrates
EXAMINATION in the hands of a
POLICY! person

Type of caliber of
PARAFFIN CASTING OF THE
Paraffin Test Result
Used as ammunition
SUBJECT SHALL ONLY BE
corroborative Length of barrel
DONE WITHIN 72 HOURS FROM
THE TIME OF ALLEGED FIRING evidence Wind direction and velocity
Age/efficiency of
EMBALMED CADAVER OF AN Negative result- mechanism of gun
ALLEGED FIRER SHALL NO does not mean the Direction of firing
LONGER BE SUBJECTED TO
subject did not fire a Humidity/present moisture
PARAFFIN EXAMINATION
gun. in air
It is possible to detect nitrates as late 3 days (72 hrs) even if
the hands have been washed

History of Paraffin test:

Originated from Cuba - DR. Gonzalo Iturrios first used paraffin for
the purpose of collecting residues for discharged firearms Mr.
Teodoro Gonzales of Criminal Identification Lab in Mexico improved
these techniques and introduced in the US in 1933.

Methods other than paraffin test

Instrument analysis for the presence of lead, antimony and barium,
which are most inorganic components of firearms ammunition
SCANNING ELECTRON MISCROSCOPE (SEM)
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (ASS)