Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid

Power (ME 3253)
Laboratory Manual

Name – Yash Jignesh Dhandhukia

Roll Number - 75
GR. No. - 12110271
Division - TY-D
Batch - 3
Index

Exp. Title Date Page

No. No.
1 Study of water turbine (impulsive 17/08/2020 3
turbine)

2 Study of reaction turbines 24/08/2020 28

3 Trial on centrifugal pump 31/08/2020 48

4 Trial on vane pump 07/09/2020 63

5 Trial on gear pump 14/09/2020 75

6 Study of pressure control valves, flow 21/09/2020 86

control valves and
direction control valves.
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Power (ME 3253)

Laboratory Manual

Name – Yash Jignesh Dhandhukia

Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No –
1
Title - STUDY OF WATER TURBINE (Impulsive Turbine)
 STUDY OF WATER TURBINE (Impulsive Turbine)

 INTRODUCTION :
Water turbines are devices meant for converting in the form of pressures energy when
it strikes the vanes of the turbine (reaction type) or can be in the form of kinetic energy (impulse
type). The power developed by the turbine is used to rotate an armature coil surrounded by
electronic poles. Thus electrical energy us produced from mechanical energy.

 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE :

Water turbines can be classified according to various criteria.

1) Method of Utilizing the Energy of Water :-

a) Impulse turbine :
All available energy at the outlet of pipe is converted into kinetic energy by
the nozzle or by guide vanes before water striking the runner of the turbine. Water flows
on the form of free jet over only a part of runner under atmospheric pressure. The runner
revolves freely in the air. However, a casing is provided to avoid splashing of water, to
guide water to tail race and avoid accidents. E.g. : Pelton Wheel, Bunki Turbine, Tonval
Turbine.

b) Reaction turbines
Only a part of available energy of water is converted in kinetic energy and a
substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy. Energy gradually changes from
pressure form to kinetic form as it flows over turbine. Hence the inlet pressure is much
higher than outlet pressure. Water must enter the runner over its entire periphery i.e.
passage of water is entirely fall of water throughout operation of turbine. It also requires
a draft tube for any reaction turbine, scroll casing, guide wheel of a draft tube is
essential. E.g. : Fourneyron Turbine, Thomson Turbine, Francis Propeller Turbine and
Kaplan Turbine.

2) According to direction of flow of water over rotor :-

a) Tangential Flow Turbine :

Flow of water occur in the direction tangent to rotor. E.g. Pelton Turbine.

b) Radial Flow Turbine :

Flow of water occurs in the radial direction and remains in the plane normal
to axis of rotation. There are two types of radial flow turbine.

I. Inward Radial Flow Turbine : Flow of water occurs from outer periphery to
inner periphery of runner. E.g. : Thompson Radial Flow Turbine.
 II. Outward Radial Flow Turbine : Flow of water occurs from inner periphery
to outer periphery on radial direction. E.g. : Francis Turbine.

c) Axial Flow Turbine :

Flow of water occurs in the direction parallel to axis of rotation of runner.
E.g. : Janual, Propeller, Kaplan.

d) Mixed Flow Turbine :

In this flow is radial at inlet and becomes axial at outlet. E.g. : Modern Francis
Turbine.

3) According to supply head required :-

a) High Head turbine : 400 < H < 1600 m. E.g. : Pelton Turbine.
b) Medium Head Turbine : 40 < H < 700 m. E.g. : Modern Francis
c) Low Head Turbine : 1 < H < 70 m. E.g. : Axial Flow Reaction Type

4) According to Specific Discharge required :-

a) Low Specific Discharge Developed Turbine. E.g. : Pelton

b) Medium Specific Discharge Turbine. E.g. : Francis
c) High Specific Discharge Turbine. E.g. : Kaplan and Propeller Turbine

5) According to Specific speed :-

Sr. Specific speed Type

No.
1 10 to 30
2 30 to 45
3 50 to 40
4 260 to 800
Single jet Pelton wheel
Double jet Pelton wheel
Francis turbine
Propeller or Kaplan Turbine

Specific speed is the speed of geometrically similar turbine which would produce power of
1 KW operating under unit head.

6) According to Disposition of Rotor (Axis) :-

a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Inclined

7) According to admission of water over rotor :-

a) Full admission turbine
 b) Partial admission turbine

 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OF WATER TURBINE :-

A water turbine generally consist of :

1) Shaft supported in bearing :- It is made of high alloy steel. It is supported between

journal bearing or high thrust bearing.

2) Rotor and vanes :- It is made of cast steel or bronze. It is dynamically balanced to

minimize the vibrations. The vanes have a precision profile and smooth surface finish
for perfect frictionless flow of water. They can be attached separately to rotor.

3) Guide blades or Nozzle : These are stationary components which surrounds the rotor.
The function of a guide vane is to direct flow of water over the rotor for a smooth and
shock less entry.

4) Casing : It is made up of cast iron. It houses shaft and rotor assembly for an impulse
turbine running at atmospheric pressure throughout the casing prevent splashing of
water and directs the water discharged by rotor towards tail race. It doesn’t have
hydraulic function as such, however in case of a reaction turbine having high pressure
at turbine inlet and vacuum near turbine outlet.

 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF IMPULSE TURBINE :

In impulse turbine, the potential energy of water flowing through a penstock is

transformed into kinetic energy in a jet or jets of water. This high velocity jet of water is
directed over the vanes or buckets of the runner. The flow of water over the runner is at
atmospheric pressure. Hence the runner need not be full of water i.e. it can work as partial
admission turbine; the runner absorbs kinetic energy of water and converts it into mechanical
power. Water is discharged from the runner with negligible kinetic energy is carried out in
nozzle. The impulse turbine are suitable foe high heads up to 200 m. The specific speed range
o impulse turbine is between 0 to 50. The ratio of wheel diameter to spouting velocity of water
decides the application of impulse turbine. Further, since the flow of the water through the
turbine at atmospheric pressure there is no possibility of cavitation. The impulse turbines don’t
need a draft tube.

As an example of impulse turbine we will study Pelton Wheel Turbine.

 PELTON WHEEL :

It is an impulse of tangential flow type operating at high heads up to 250 m.

An American engineer Lester a Pelton developed it in 1880.
 CONSTRUCTION :

a) Runner : Pelton wheel consist of shaft supported between the bearings. Runner is keyed
to the shaft. It consists of a circular disc with the number of buckets evenly spaced around
its periphery. Each bucket has shape of semi-ellipsoidal cup divided into 2 symmetrical
parts by a sharp edged ridge called splitter. A single jet or number of jets through a nozzle
impinges on a splitter and gets divided into 2 equal parts and each part after flowing over
the bucket leaves at outlet tips. The nozzle are so mounted that the jet strikes the center of
the bucket along tangent to the circle called pitch circle. The back of the bucket is so shaped
that no water is wasted because of splashing. A notch is cut at lower end of bucket to
prevent jet striking proceeding bucket being obstructed by next bucket and to avoid
deflection of water towards the center of the wheel.

Materials of bucket are cast iron, cast steel, bronze, stainless steel etc.

b) Spear nozzle or needle nozzle : It is a nozzle with a spear of needle having a streamlined
head at its end and provided at the end of the penstock to control discharge of water. It is
operated by hand or by governor automatically.

c) Casing : It is made of cast iron or steel and provided to prevent splashing of water and also
safeguard against accidents.

d) Brake nozzle :- It is provided to stop motion of runner in emergency.

 GOVERNING OF IMPULSE TURBINE :

The water turbine driving in alternator is often required to operate under

fluctuating loads as a result speed of turbine varies. However to maintain generation efficiency
50 Hz. Construction alternators and turbine must run at constant speed. The function of
governor is to maintain speed of the turbine constant irrespective to fluctuating of load.

A governing mechanism consist of following parts :

a) Centrifugal governor : It is fly ball mechanism type governor driven by the turbine shaft.
It senses the speed change.

b) Relay valve : The control lever transmits movement of governor sleeve to relay valve. It
consists of a cylinder housing two pistons connected to each other. The valve rod is
connected to control lever. The relay valve communicates with servomotor through 2
connections. One at each end of it. The relay valve is known as power element as it supplies
high pressure oil to operate the gates through servo motor.

c) Servomotor : It has a cylinder of layers diameter and oil light piston operates inside the
cylinder. The extended piston rod is connected to regulating ring of wicket gates or to the
needle valve. Each side of the piston communicates to the high pressure and low pressure
 chambers of the relay valve. Alternately due to pressure difference of oil thrust is generated
in the piston driving it right word left word. Servomotor is a part of power element.

d) Dash pot : It provides compensating force returns the gates to their desired position. It
prevents the hunting tendency by adjusting the gates to over run their desired position
somewhat before returning to their exact position.

 WORKING OF GOVERNING MECHANISM :

It consist of a servomotor actuated from centrifugal governor 3 acting as a

speed sensor. The governor is driven from turbine shaft 1 through the bevel gearing 2. As the
speed of governor shaft rises above or falls below the present speed. The governor sleeve 17
slides thus up or down on the shaft. The travel of sliding is thus proportions to the speed of
turbine shaft.

However, a magnification of force is necessary to actuate the flow valve. The motion of
governor sleeve 17 is magnified using leverage to operate the lever 4 as floating fulcrum S.
The displacement of lever 4 per end is given to the relay valve 9. The middle chamber of relay
valve 9 communicates to the relay valve 9 to low pressure return line 22.

The oil dash pot 6 and compensating spring 7 alters the position of fulcrum 5 to minimize
hunting tendency of system.

 METHOD OF GOVERNING IMPULSE TURBINE :

1) Spear regulation : It consists of a solid spear integral with spear rod. The spear can be
transversed forward or backward from servomotor piston. When transversed forward it
closes the nozzle opening there by reducing flow and speed.

Adequate safety provisions have to be made on the penstock to safeguard from effects of
water hammering.

2) Deflector regulation : A deflector is placed in front of the nozzle opening. The deflector
is hinged about a pin when turbine speed rises dur to reduced load. Deflector moves about
hinged support being actuated by servo-piston water hammer is prevented in this case.

3) Combined spear and deflector regulation : Spear regulation may cause water
hammering whereas deflector regulation may cause water wastage. Hence to reduce losses,
both of these may be combined. In this case the deflector deflects the jet and spear gradually
closes avoiding water hammering.

4) Sewers system of regulation : Some turbine uses this method. It consists of several blades
placed in water passage within nozzle. The guide blades are pivoted all around the spear
forming a ring during normal. Guide blades are parallel to water passage clearing the area
 of flow when turbine speed increases. The guide blades are rotated about their pivots
through a control rod actuated from the governor. Due to this only a part of water jet
whirling like an exploding cone is issued from nozzle. Thus only a part of jet reaches to
buckets and spread is controlled.

5) Pressure regulation control : It is specially designed valve to regulate the water pressure.
When turbine is offloaded the pressure rise in the supply line is relieved by following some
water be discharged as waste water.
AIM : Study and trial on Pelton Wheel Turbine to plot operating and variable speed characteristic.

PROCEDURE :
1) Keep the nozzle opening at required position i.e. full opening or ¾ opening.
2) Start the pump.
3) Allow the water in the turbine then turbine rotates .
4) Note the speed of turbine.
5) Take the reading if venturi meter, pressure gauges.
6) Note pressure gauges of water in pressure gauge.
7) Load the turbine by putting weight.
8) Note the dead weight and spring balance weight.
9) Note the head.
10) Repeat the experiment for different loadings and tabulate the results.

PRECAUTION :
1) Prime the pump if required.
2) Close the delivery valve of the pump before starting the pump.

SPECIFICATION OF PELTON WHEEL :

1) Head = 46 m.
2) Speed = 750 rpm.
3) Drum diameter = 0.4m.
4) Effective diameter = 0.415m.
5) Discharge = 840 LPM.
6) Capacity = 3.2 KW .
7) Rope diameter = 0.015m.
8) Weight of hanger = 1 Kg.

SPECIFICATION FOR PELTON WHEEL TURBINE :

1) Size = 75 x 65 mm.
2) Head = 50 m.
3) Motor = 11 KW.
4) Discharge = 880 LPM.
5) Speed = 2880 rpm.
 FORMULAE :

1) H1 = (P1 – P2) x 10 ( in meters )

2) Q = 0.0055 √H1 ( in m3/sec)

3) Net head at turbine H3 = P3 x 10 ( in meter )

W𝑄𝐻
4) Input Power =
1000

[(W−S+1) x reff x 2πN]

5) Output Power = 60 KW
Output Power
6) Efficiency η = x 100 %
Input Power
N
7) Unit speed Nu =
√H
Q
8) Unit discharge Qu =
√H

Output Power
9) Unit Power Pu = 3
𝐻2

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Case 1 : Constant gate opening (40%) :

Sr Turbine Inlet Load (W) Spring Load Speed (N)

no. Venturi Meter Pressure (P3) (Kg) (Kg) (RPM)
P1 P2
(Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2)

1 0.7 0.6 1 0 0 550

2 0.7 0.6 1 2 0 480
3 0.7 0.6 1 4 0 400
4 0.7 0.6 1 5 0 310
Case 2 : Constant Speed (350 rpm)

Sr Turbine Inlet Load (W) Spring Load % Gate

no. Venturi Meter Pressure (P3) (Kg) (Kg) opening
P1 P2
(Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2)

1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0 0 60%

2 0.2 0.2 0.7 2 0 50%
3 0.3 0.3 0.8 2 0 45%
4 0.8 0.9 1.3 4 0 30%
5 1.0 1.0 1.4 5 0 25%
RESULT TABLE :

Case 1 : Constant gate opening (40%) :

Sr Speed Discharge Head Input Output Efficien Nu Pu
no (N) (Q) (m3 (H) Power Power cy (η) (rp Qu x 10-3 x10-3
. (RPM) /sec) (cm) (KW) (KW) % m) ( m3/sec) (KW)

173.9
1 550 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.1172 21.72 3 1.7 3.70
151.7
2 480 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.3070 56.90 9 1.7 9.70
126.4
3 400 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.4263 79.01 9 1.7 13.48
98.03
4 310 5.5 x 10-3 10 0.5395 0.3965 73.49 1.7 12.54

Case 2 : Constant Speed (350 rpm) :

Sr Discharge Head Input Output Efficien Nu Pu x
no % Gate (Q) (m3 (H) Power Power cy (η) (rp Qu x 10-3 10-3
. Opening /sec) (cm) (KW) (KW) % m) ( m3/sec) (KW)

175
1 60 5.5 x 10-3 4 0.2158 0.0746 34.56 2.75 9.32
132.2
2 50 5.5 x 10-3 7 0.3776 0.2238 59.27 9 2.07 12.08
123.7
3 45 5.5 x 10-3 8 0.4316 0.2238 51.85 4 1.94 9.89
97.07
4 30 5.5 x 10-3 13 0.7014 0.3730 53.17 1.52 7.95
93.54
5 25 5.5 x 10-3 14 0.7553 0.4476 59.26 1.46 8.54
 CONCLUSIONS :

1) From the graph of Pu verses Qu, it can be seen that with power increase, unit discharge
increases for constant gate opening.

2) From the graph of η verses Qu, we get that as unit discharge increases, efficiency first
increases, reaches peak and then decreases.

3) From the graph of Pu verses Nu, unit power decreases with rise in unit speed, for constant
gate opening.

4) For constant speed, % gate opening required increases with decrease in efficiency.

5) For constant speed, Qu and Nu are linearly proportional.

6) For constant speed, as Nu increases efficiency decreases.

 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Power (ME 3253)

Laboratory Manual

Name –Yash
Jignesh Dhandhukia
Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No –
2
Title - STUDY OF REACTION TURBINES
 STUDY OF REACTION TURBINES

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF REACTION TURBINE:

In reaction turbine, potential energy of water is converted into pressure energy Hence flow of
water takes place at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure i.e. it works on full
admission. Reaction turbines are medium head or low head turbines.
For any reaction turbine installation in addition to runner of the turbine, scroll casing guide
wheel and a draft tube are must

FRANCIS TURBINE:
It is a mixed flow reaction turbine suitable for medium head and medium specific speed.
Water enters at the outer periphery of runner, flows radially inwards and is discharged axially
from runner.
It was developed by James B. Francis in 1865. An early type of Francis turbine is inward
radial flow turbine which was later modified and developed into modern mixed flow type
Francis turbine.

CONSTRUCTION
1. SCROLL CASING:
Water from penstock enters into this casing which surrounds the guide wheel of the turbine.
The cross-sectional area of spiral casing decreases gradually 50 as to keep velocity of water
constant throughout the path around periphery of runner Scroll casing is made of cast steel,
concrete etc.

2. GUIDE WHEEL:
These are stationary guide vanes mounted all over periphery of the runner These are provided
to direct water on the runner at an appropriate value of 'α’ as per design. Each vane is pivoted
so that it can be turned to alter width of the passage. for variable discharge either manually or
automatically through a governor. Water from scroll casing is processed over the guide
vanes.

3. STAY RING:
It is a ring having fixed vanes surrounding the guide wheel in case of large turbines. Stay
rings supports turbine and generator also.

4. RUNNER:
It consists of 16 to 24 vanes evenly spaced around the circumference in annular space. The
vanes are so shaped that entry is radially and exit is axial. The vanes are made of cast iron,
cast steel and stainless steel and rigidly attached to the shaft of turbine. Water from guide
vane flows over runner and causes runner to rotate.

5. DRAFT TUBE:
It is a diverging pipe or passage connecting to the outlet of a runner to tail race. It must be air
tight and must remain submerged in tail race water. It carries water from runner to tail race. It
is made up of cast steel, plain steel or concrete.

FUNCTION OF DRAFT TUBE:

It permits negative pressure to establish at outlet of runner, so that turbine can be installed
above tail race level without any loss of head.

GOVERNING MECHANISM:
The methods of governing reaction turbines are
1. Guide vanes control for Francis and Propeller turbine.
2. Dual regulation (guide vane and moving vanes) control's for Kaplan turbine.
3. Pressure regulator.

GUIDE VANE CONTROL:

This method is used for regulating flow of Francis propeller turbine and other reaction
turbines. The guide vanes are called as wicket gates. All guide vanes are pivoted and are
connected to a regulating ring. This ring is actuated by the flow regulating rods pivoted. The
regulating rods in tum are actuated by the servo motor governing mechanism
When speed increases due to decrease in the load, the servo motor piston actuated the
regulating ring so as to close the wicket gate and vice versa.
For a turbine having long penstock, a relief valve is provided to close the turbine inlet. The
relief valve opens while wicket rates are being closed thereby relieving pressure rise due to
inertia at the water column in penstock

DUAL REGULATION:
The dual regulation i.e. wicket gate control and moving vane control is used for Kaplan
turbine. The mechanism of control of wicket gates is similar to that in Francis turbine. The
water from scroll casing surrounding the turbine enters horizontally through the wicket gates
all around the turbine and then flow vertically downwards in axially direction over runner
vanes.
A separate servomotor is provided to operate the runner blades which are few in number. The
piston rod of the servomotor passes through the turbine shaft to the pivots of the runner
vanes. The runner vanes are swiveled about their pivots, so as to change runner vane angle at
inlet.
The dual regulating enables the Kaplan turbine to maintain high efficiency from part load to
full load which is not possible for other reaction turbine with fixed runner vanes.

COMPARISION :
Sr. IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE
no.
1 Before water enters the turbine Only part of available energy is
all available energy is converted converted into kinetic energy
into kinetic energy. using guide vanes.
2 Flow of water over the runner is Flow over runner is at pressure
at atmospheric pressure. greater than atmospheric and this
pressure gradually decreases from
inlet to outlet.
3 Runner need not run full of Due to pressure gradient
water as pressure there is prevailing across runner, it must
atmospheric. operate full of water.
4 No draft tube is required To enhance the efficiency draft
tube is required.
5 Conversion of energy of water Energy conversion into work is
into work takes place based on primarily due to reaction
impulse momentum principle. principle.
6 Casing has no hydraulic Casing is necessary to maintain
function. It only collects the pressure gradient across runner.
water discharge by turbine and
sends to tail race.
7 Moving vanes has profile shape. Moving vanes are aero foil shape.
8 No possibility of cavitation Due to vacuum, at outlet,
cavitation is possible
9 Speed ratio is less Speed ratio is more
Suitable for very high heads. Suitable for low and medium
heads.
AIM: Study and trial on Francis Turbine to plot operating and variable speed characteristic.

DESCRIPTION:
Francis turbine is a prime mover normally used to drive electric generator. It is mixed type in
which water enters runner rapidly at its lower periphery and usually leaves at the centre.
Water from penstock enters small casing which completely surrounds the runner The purpose
of casing is to provide even distribution of water around the circumference of turbine runner.
Maintaining an approximate constant velocity for water so distributed. In order to keep the
velocity of water constant through casing is gradually decreased. Series of guide vanes are
provided along the periphery of turbine runner at angle approximation to design.

TEST RIG:
A centrifugal pump under pressure supplied water to Francis turbine, water enters through
guide vanes, spiral casing, when passes through vanes of runner, remaining head is converted
into velocity head. Due to proper curvature of vanes, velocity head is converted into
mechanical energy. This discharge in pipeline and hence through the turbine can be measured
with a venturimeter, accomplished by mercury manometer.
Output of turbine is determined by means of a rope brake dynamometer. The need of water is
measured with pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.

PROCEDURE:
1. Keep guide was fully open.
2. Prime the pump.
3. Start the pump
4. Vent the manometer.
5. Note pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading.
6. Adjust gate valve to a specified head.
7. Load the turbine by putting load in the hanger.
8. Measure speed by tachometer
9. Repeat procedure for various loads
10. Same is repeated for different guide vane opening.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Prime the pump if required.
2. Close the delivery valve of pump before starting the pump.

SPECIFICATION OF FRANCIS TURBINE:

 1. Head = 16 m.
2. Speed = 1500 rpm.
3. Drum diameter = 0.3 m.
4. Effective diameter = 0.315 m.
5. Discharge = 1920 LPM.
6. Capacity = 3.2 KW.
7. Rope diameter = 0.0015 m.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Case 1: Constant gate opening (60%)

Sr. No Venturimeter Pressures Turbine Pressures Load Speed

P1 P2 P3 P4 (kg) (rpm)
1 2 1.7 0.7 -0.03 0 1500
2 1.8 1.6 0.7 0 2 1160

3 1.8 1.6 0.4 -0.25 4 760

4 1.8 1.6 0.2 -0.1 5 640

Case 2: Constant Speed = 600rpm

Sr. No Venturimeter Pressures Turbine Pressures Load % Gate

opening
P1 P2 P3 P4 (kg)
1 2.2 1.8 0.1 0 0 60
2 2.1 1.8 0.5 0 2 50
3 1.9 1.6 0.4 -0.1 4 40

4 1.7 1.5 0.6 -0.1 5 30

RESULT TABLE:

Case 1- Constant gate opening (60 %)

Sr No H1 Q H I/P O/P %η Nu Qu Pu
(m) m3/sec m kW kW %
1 3 0.02268 7.3 1.6249 0.2426 14.93 555.17 0.0084 0.0123
2 2 0.01852 7 1.2717 0.5630 44.27 438.44 0.0070 0.0304
3 2 0.01852 6.5 1.1809 0.6148 52.06 298.10 0.0073 0.0371
4 2 0.01852 3 0.5450 0.6213 114 369.50 0.0107 0.1196

Case 2- Constant speed = 600 rpm

Sr No H1 Q H I/P O/P %η Nu Qu Pu
3
(m) m /sec m kW kW %
1 4 0.0262 1 0.2570 0.0970 37.74 600 0.0262 0.097
2 3 0.0227 5 1.1134 0.2912 26.15 268.33 0.0101 0.026
3 3 0.0227 5 1.1134 0.4853 43.59 268.33 0.0101 0.043
4 2 0.0185 7 1.2703 0.5824 45.85 226.78 0.0070 0.052

CONCLUSION:

1. From graph, curve between Qu and Nu for the Francis turbine is falling curve. This is due to
the fact that centrifugal head develops which acts upwards and opposes external load causing
eventually decreasing discharge as speed rises.
2. Curves between Pu and Nu and between η and Nu indicate that at a particular speed,
efficiency is maximum.
3.
As the gate opening increases, firstly efficiency increases and then decreases.
4.
The curve between η and Qu and Pu and Qu are parabolic.
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Power (ME 3253)

Laboratory Manual

Name –Yash Jignesh Dhandhukia

Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No – 3
Title - Trial on centrifugal pump
 Trial on centrifugal pump
Aim: Study and trial on centrifugal pump to plot operating and variable speed characteristics.

Introduction:
Pump is a device or a machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. This
hydraulic energy causes an increase in pressure of liquid. A Centrifugal Pump consists of an
impeller rotating inside a casing. The impeller has a number of curved vanes. Due to the
centrifugal force developed by the rotation of the impeller, water entering at the centre flows
outwards to the periphery. Here it is collected in a gradually increasing passage in the casing
known as a volute chamber. This chamber converts a part of the velocity head (kinetic
energy) of the water into the pressure head (potential energy). For higher heads, multistage
centrifugal pumps having two or more impellers in series will have to be used. Mechanical
energy required for conversion into hydraulic energy is supplied by some external means
such as diesel or petrol engine or an electric motor. Such a means is called as ‘prime mover’.
An agency like compressed air, steam or water flowing from some height can also be used to
run the pump

Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pump:

The following are the important efficiencies of centrifugal pump
 Procedure:

1. Prime the pump with water.

2. Close the gate valve.
3. Start the motor.
4. Rotate the hand wheel till required speed is attained. The speed is measured with a
tachometer.
5. Note:
a. Pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading.
b. Time taken for 3 revolutions in the energy meter by means of stopwatch.
c. Time taken for a 10 cm rise in the collecting tank by means of stopwatch.
d. Difference of level between level gauge and vacuum gauge.
e. Take at least 5 sets of reading by varying your head.
6. Repeat the experiment for another speed.

Precaution:
1. Keep delivery valve completely closed before starting the motor.
2. Check water level.
3. If required do priming.
4. Check belt and belt tension.
5. Check movement of pulley.
6. Do not change speed of the motor while the motor is ON.

Speciation:
a. Size = 50cm x 50cm
 b. Discharge = 500 litres/min

c. Head-15m
d. Motor =3.68 kw
e. Speed=1440
f. Speed range: 1000- 1440 rpm
g. Tank size=80cm X 80cm

Observation Table:

Case 1: Constant Head

P1 P2 Energy Meter No. of Revs Discharge time Level Rise (cm) Speed (rpm)
Sr No.
(Mm of Hg) (kg/cm2) time(sec) . (sec)

1
-550 1 13.46 3 8.97 10 1450
2
-590 1 13.87 3 9.14 10 1430
3
-610 1 13.93 3 9.03 10 1350
4
-620 1 13.35 3 9.05 10 1320

Case 2: Constant Speed (1450 rpm)

Sr No. P1 P2 Energy Meter time No. of Revs. Discharge time Level Rise (cm)
(Mm of Hg) (kg/cm2) (sec) (sec)

1 -490 2.2 13.35 3 21.98 10

2 -510 1.6 12.32 3 19.26 10

3 -530 1.4 11.23 3 13.45 10

4 -550 1 11.76 3 13.36 10

 Result Table:
Case 1: Constant Head

Sr Q Spee H Input Output Effici

No (m3) d (m) Powe Power enc y
. (rpm) r

1 7.0 x 10-3 1450 17.47 4.011 1.199 29.89%

2 7.0 x 10-3 1430 18.021 3.893 1.237 31.77%

3 7.08 x 10-3 1350 18.293 3.876 1.271 32.79%

4 7.07 x 10-3 1320 18.429 4.045 1.278 31.59%

Case 2: Constant Speed

Sr No. Q (m3) H Input Power Output Power Efficiency

(m)

1 2.9 x 10-3 28.66 4.045 0.815 20.15%

2 3.3 x 10-3 22.93 4.383 0.742 16.93%

3 4.7 x 10-3 21.21 4.809 0.978 20.34%

4 4.7 x 10-3 17.47 4.592 0.805 17.53%

 Conclusion:
1. From graph of head vs discharge, the head decreases with increase in discharge.
2. Output power increases with discharge until design discharge and afterwards it decreases
3. As discharge increases, efficiency increases up to certain value, reaches maximum and then it decreases.
4. Head increases exponentially with speed of centrifugal pump when discharge is constant.
5. Discharge is directly proportional centrifugal Pump when head is kept constant.
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Power (ME 3253)

Laboratory Manual

Name –Yash Jignesh Dhandhukia

Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No –
4
Title - Trial On Vane Pump
 Trial On Vane Pump
Aim: Study of Vane pump and the determination of its performance characteristics.
Theory:
The pumps encountered in practice can be conveniently classified as follows:

Vane Pump:
a) These pumps consist of slotted rotor splined to the drive shaft which rotates inside the cam ring in the
pump casing.
b) Vanes are fitted to the rotor slots, match with the inner diameter of the ring.
c) During the rotation of rotor, the centrifugal force and the system pressure behind the vanes push the
radially movable vanes towards the outer direction.
d) The vanes take their position with external edge touching with the internal running area of the cam.
e) Pumping chambers are thus formed between the vanes and are enclosed by the rotor, ring and two side
plates.
f) At the suction side, the partial vacuum is created as the space and rotor is increased. Liquid here is
trapped between the pumping chambers and then is pushed into the outlet as the space decreases.
g) Displacement of the pump depends upon the width of the ring.

Vane pumps can be further classified as:

A) Unbalanced Vine pump:

a) The rotor which contains the radial slots is supplied to the driving shaft and rotates inside the mate
with the surface as the rotor turns.
b) Centrifugal force keeps the vanes bat against the surface of the cam ring. During one half revolution,
the volume Increases between the rotor and the cam ring.
c) The resulting volume expansion causes the reduction of pressure.
d) This is suction process which causes the fluid to flow through the second half revolution.
e) Surface of the cam ring pushes the vanes back into their slots and trapped volume is reduced.
B) Balanced Vane Pump:
a) A balanced vane pump Is the one that has two inlet and two outlet ports, diametrically opposite to each
other.
b) Thus the pressure ports are opposite to each other and a complete hydraulic balance Is achieved.
c) One disadvantage of balanced vane pump is that it cannot be designed as a variable displacement unit.
Instead of having a circular cam ring a balanced designed vane pump has an elliptical housing which
forms two separate pumping chambers on opposite sides of the rotor.
d) This eliminates the bearing side loads and thus permit, higher operating pressure.
Motor is used to drive the vane pump. Two pressure gauges are used. One is attached to suction side
and other is attached to delivery side. Rotameter is used to measure the discharge. Filters and strainers
are used for filtering two relief valves: one for protecting the pump and the other for regulation of load.

Specifications:
1) Motor: 2 HP 4) Pressure range: 0 to 50 bar
2) Speed: 1440 rpm 5) Oil used: ENCL068
3) Capacity: 5 LPM

Observation Table:

Sr no P1 P2 Discharge Q Input Speed (rpm)

(kg/cm2) (LPM) Power
(kW)
1 0 22 2.23 0.8 1350
2 0 19 4.1 0.7 1350
3 0 13 6 0.5 1350
4 0 6 7 0.5 1350
 Result Table:
Sr no Change in P Q (m3/s) Output Efficiency
= P2 – P1 Power (kw)
1 22 3.72 * 10-5 0.0802 10.25
2 19 6.83 * 10-5 0.127 18.14

3 13 1.0 * 10-4 0.127 25.4

4 6 1.16 * 10-4 0.068 13.6

Conclusions:
a) As delta P increases, volumetric efficiency decreases. This is due to internal leakage flow. Hence Q is
less than expected.
b) Due to constant speed, mechanical losses are constant. As delta P increases, efficiency initially
increases, reaches a maximum value. Further if delta P is increases efficiency decreases.
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Power (ME 3253)

Laboratory Manual

Name –Yash Jignesh Dhandhukia

Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No – 5
Title - A TRIAL ON GEAR PUMP
 A TRIAL ON GEAR PUMP

AIM :- To study the gear pump and conduct the trial on gear pump.
INTRODUCTION :-
A. CONSTRUCTION OF THE GEAR PUMP :-

The basic gear pump consists of

i. Two mesh gears
ii. A case or a housing to encompass the gears
iii. Two cover plates that enclose the ends of these gears.

a) Each gear is mounted on the shaft which is supported on the bearings at the end covers. one
of these shafts is a drive shaft which is coupled to the prime mover.
b) Two ports : inlet port and outlet port are provided. Their exterior position on the pump
is relatively unimportant, but they are often located on the opposite side of the gear casing.
c) It is absolutely essential for these ports to open directly on the opposite sides of meshing
points of the gears.
d) For the best performance, these ports should be as large as possible.

A Diagram of the external gear pump is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: External gear pump

Spur gears and helical gears, both are used. Helical gears run diagonally across the width of the
gear at an angle determined by the design. However, there is a limit on helical angle as one end of gear is
on suction side while other is on delivery side. Helical gears are quicker but costlier.

The flat end faces of the gears are closed off by the wear plates. Leakage between wear plates and
gear end faces must be reduced to a minimum. On the other hand, clearance is necessary to permit the gear to
rotate without friction. Most designs, therefore use floating wear plates. Thus, frictional losses become
approximately proportional to the pressure, with seals getting tighter with higher pressure, and contracting the
tendencies of increased volumetric losses.
B. PUMPING ACTION :-

The tooth space of one of the gears is filled by a tooth of the other gear. As the meshed gears start
rotating, one tooth space after other is evacuated and vacuum is created in the resulting spaces.
Atmospheric pressure in the tank forces the oil into the teeth space from the port located at that point. This
tooth space full of oil is carried around the periphery of the gear until the teeth again mesh and the oil is
forced out of the space by meshing tooth and flows out of the delivery port located at that side of mesh
point. The elimination of this prevents the oil from crossing over to the intake side and thus the ump
dispels one tooth full of oil per teeth per revolution. From the suction side to the delivery side, the pressure
develops tooth by tooth which may be taken as linear characteristic.

Figure 2: Development of pressure in a gear pump

C. PRESSURE BALANCING :-

As the pump operates, it carries oil form a point of less-than-atmospheric pressure (vacuum) to
the point of high pressure (discharge). This action creates a pressure gradient around the perimeter of the
gear inside the pump. Due to this undesirable gradient, the confining surfaces tend to distort. This
distortion is result of unbalanced pressure force. If this force is balanced, this distortion can be eliminated.
So, bearings have to take this unbalanced force. The common practice is to rely on roller bearings.
Because of pressure balancing number of holes result which pass through shaft center, but are not allowed

to run into each other.

Figure 3 - Pressure balancing in the gear pump

D. WEAR PLATES :-

Wear plates are placed at the ends of the pump gears between the gears and the cover plates. The function
of wear plates is to provide the contact surfaces of superior bearing quality. Most wear plates used are made
up
of bronze, but aluminum is also commonly used. Many pumps have no wear plates and use the ground
surfaces of the cast iron cover plates as the bearing surface because cast iron itself is an excellent
bearing material.

Figure 4: Pressure balancing

4, 5, 9 and 10: Chambers diagonally opposite

7 and 8: Duct line connected to suction line

1 and 2: Duct line connected for delivery

line
E. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS :-

1) Clearance range:
i. 0.025 mm diametral and end clearance in small pumps of 25 mm diameter gears.
ii. 0.1 mm to 0.125 mm end clearance and 0.150 mm diametral clearance on pumps with 90
mm diametral gears.
2) Gears:
i. Commonly 14 1/2th or 20th involute teeth.
ii. The minimum number of teeth on 14 1/2th pressure angle should be about 16.
iii. One should keep in mind that pump gears are different than the transmission gears.
Transmission gears have sliding action but pump gears are required to have rolling action in
order to have high longevity and good pumping action.
iv. If the involute angle is increased, shape of teeth becomes more triangular.
v. In general, gear pumps having 11 to 15 teeth through 8 to 9 gears are also used.

F. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY :-

Volumetric efficiency is generally low to minimum in most gear pumps. The oil is carried around the
periphery from suction to delivery side. Some of the oil (10%) is trapped in the clearance spaces of
meshing gears as described earlier. This trapped volume of oil creates a heavy load on bearings. This effect
however, can be minimized by providing the relief grooves.

Figure 5: Volumetric efficiency of the gear pump

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE GEAR PUMP:-
1. Size of the pump: 25mm* 25mm
2. Motor: 1.5KW
3. Oil: SAE 40
4. Tank size: 300mm* 300mm
5. Energy meter constant: 200 rev/ KW hr
6. Capacity: 70 LPM
7. Speed: 1440 rpm
8. Density of SAE 40 oil: 880kg/m3
9. Static head: 0.53m
PROCEDURE:-
i. Fill the empty tank with required height say 3/4th of the tank.
ii. Open the gate valve in the delivery pipe fully.
iii. Start the power so that air flows in.
iv. Throttle the gate valve to get required head.
v. Note pressure gauge and vacuum gauge, time for 3 revolutions, time for energy meter.

PRECAUTIONS :-
i. Keep delivery valve completely open before starting power.
ii. Keep ball valve fully open before starting motor.
iii. Check oil level.

OBSERVATIONS :-

Sr No. P1 P2 Time for 3 rev. Time for Speed (rpm)

of energy 10 cm rise
meter (s)
(s)

1. -0.35 0.5 62.4 3.9 750

2. -0.35 0.8 62.4 9.7 690
3. -0.30 1.3 61.2 15.33 590
4. -0.28 1.7 60.6 17.29 520
 RESULT TABLE:-

Sr No. Discharge Input Output Efficiency Head

(m3/s) (kW) (kW) (%) (m)

1. 2.307 x 10-3 0.865 0.1923 22.23 9.6590

2. 9.278 x 10-4 0.865 0.1047 12.10 13.0681

3. 5.870 x 10-4 0.882 0.0921 10.44 18.1818

4. 5.205 x 10-4 0.891 0.1011 11.34 22.5000

CONCLUSION:-
a) From graph of output power vs head, it is clear that output power is directly proportional to the head.
b) As ‘H’ increases, ‘η’ also increases and eventually goes on decreasing.
c) As head (H) increases, discharge (Q) decreases.
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Power (ME 3253)

Laboratory Manual

Name –Yash Jignesh Dhandhukia

Division – D
Roll number – 75
Batch – B3
Experiment No –
6
Title - Study of pressure control valves, flow control
valves and direction control valves.
Aim:- Study of pressure control valves, flow control valves and
direction control valves.
Theory:-
a) Pressure control valves -
Pressure control valves perform functions such as limiting the
maximum system pressure or regulating the reduced pressure in certain
prepositions of the circuits and other functions wherein their actuation is a
result of change in operating pressure. This operation base on a balance
between pressure and spring force. Most are infinite positioning that is the
valves can assume various positions between fully open, depending upon
flow rate and pressure differential.
Pressure controls are usually named for their primary functions, such
as relief valve. Sequence valve, brake valve, etc. They are classified by size,
pressure operating range and type of connections.

b) Relief valves:-
It is found in virtually every hydraulic system. It is normally closed
valve connected between the pressure live and the reservoir. Its purpose
is to limit the pressure in the system to a present maximum by diverging
the same or all of the pumps output to tank when the pressure setting in
reached.

c) Direct relief valves / Simple relief valves :

It may consist of, as shown in the figure, nothing but a ball or poppet
held seated in the valve body by a heavy spring. When pressure at the inlet
is insufficient to overcome the force of the spring, the valve remains
closed. When the present pressure is reached, the ball or poppet is forced
off its seat and allows flow through the outlet to tank for as long as
pressure is maintained.
 In most of these valves, an adjusting screw is provided to vary
the spring force. Is, the valve can be set to open at any pressure within
a specified range.
HYDRAULIC GRAPHICAL SYMBOL

Sr.no NAME SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

I TRANSMISSION LINE
A pipe, tube or
Working other conductors
1.
line of handling ,major
flow in the circuit
Pilot line have
much small fluid
2. Pilot line
carrying capacity
than working
line
Fluid drain and
air exhaust lines
3. Drain line
are made of light
weight materials
Pipes that cross
Passing each other are
4.
line drawn with small
loop
Joined A conductor dot
5. worked is placed to show
line junction
Flexible Flexible lines are
6.
line show with a
curve
Energy
Hollow arrow for
flow in
7. air solid arrow for
one
direction liquid
Plugged To block fluid
8. terminal flow plug is
point used as
indicated
Fixed A fixed size,
9.
restriction non adjustable
pipe
 restriction is
shown
II FLUID STORAGE
Pipe Working line
terminated doesn’t touch
10
above bottom of
fluid level reservoir
Pipe Working line is
terminated shown touching
11
below the bottom of
fluid level reservoir
Vented Hydraulic fluid
12 tank or reservoir to
reservoir tank

III PUMPS
Basic envelop
Basic pump
13. symbol for a
symbol
pump
is circle
Single triangle
Fixed
denotes
14. displacement
unidirectional
unidirectional
flow
Variable
Arrow indicated
displacement
pumped
15. simplified
displacement
and
can be varied
unidirectional
IV ACTUATORS
Variable
Motor has a
displacement
16. variable
unidirectional
motor displacement
Device doesn’t
Motor
17. permit rotation in
oscillating
one direction
B CYLINDERS

It can be
Single acting
18. actuated only in
cylinders
one direction
Double
It can be
19. acting
actuated in both
cylinders
direction
There are be
identical areas on
Cylinder each side of
20. double end piston, and they
rod can provide
equal
forces in either
direction
 METHOD OF OPERATION
Check valve
with bias
Spring spacing open
21.
Control when
inlet>outlet
+spring
Operation is
Spring by the release
22. centered pilot of pressure
control and pilot
actuated
It is used with
Detent mechanical or
23.
Control pilot operated
valve
Electrically
Solenoid controlled
control with with
24. mechanical or
pilot
actuation pilot operated
valve

25. Push Button

Manually
26. Lever
Operated

VALVES
V
Flow control
Variation in
valve with
pressure and
pressure and
temperature
27 temperature
does not
compensation
affect the
and integral
flow control
check
For overload
28 Relief Valve
protection
 To achieve
Sequential sequencing of
29.
Valve hydraulic
actuators
Pump is
unloaded at
Unloading
30. zero pressure,
valve thus saving
the
horsepower
Flow is only
31. Check Valve in one
direction
Three way
32.
valve
Four Way
33.
Valve
Four way,
spring
centered,
three-
34. position,
manually
actuated
valve
Two position,
spring offset,
35.
four way
valve
Air pilot
actuated, four
way, three-
position,
36. spring
centered
direction
control valve
 Various center position for three position four way
valve

37 Open center

Pressure and B closed, A opened

38
to tank

39 All port closed

Pressure closed, A and B opened

40
to tank

B closed, pressure
opened to tank
through A

Tandem

Miscellaneous

Introduct
ion of
heat and
energy
Heaters into
 major
line

Pressure Gauge

Strainer or Filter

PNEUMATIC GRAPHICAL SYMBOL

ENERGY TRANSMISSION
PRESSURE Working
source line
Plot of Exhaust
control line line
Dash –dot enclosure to
indicate
assembly of combine group
Electrical Flexible
lead line
Lines
Line joining passing not
joined
EXHAUST POINTS
Connected
No pipe
to the
connection
pipe
PRESSURE CONNECTION
Connection
Plugged
line
QUICK COUPLING
 Coupled no Couple with
mechanical mechanicall
open stop y open stop
valves valve
Uncoupled
Uncouple line closed
line by stop
valves
ROTATING LINE CONNECTION
One way Three way
Air receiver (drawn horizontally)
AIR LINE SERVICE
Separator,
Filter manually
operator
Separator
Filter with
automaticall
separator
y
Services unit combined filter,
separator, regulator, lubricator,
dot dash enclosuer indicates
one assembly or combined
group

Simplified
symbol for
Dryer
combined
service unit
Cooler not Cooler
showing showing
coolant lines coolant lines
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Shaft- Shaft-
Rotatig in Rotatig in
 one two
direction direction

Block -
Detent- Added to
Added to indicate
indicate service is
certain blocked in
operating certain
position position
retained and
from direction.
actutation Symbol for
Actuating
means.
Jump-
Device
jumps over Articul
dead point a ted
into one or joints
another
position
ACTUATORS
Manual Mechanical

General Plunger

Button Roller

Idle
Lever Retur
n
Roller

Pedal Spring

Electrical Pneumatic
Solenoid Pressure

Solenoid
and
pneumat Bleed
ic pilot
valve
Differen
tial
pressure
ENERGY CONVERSION

Compres Vacuum
sor Pump

AIR MOTORS
Non
Reversin
reversing
g two
single
direction direction

Limited rotations

CYLINDERS
Single-
acting:
Spring
Return by
return
external
force
Feed unit with continuous
drive and hydraulic check
cylinder

Continuo
Adjustable
us
cushioning
drive(reci
e.g. both
procating
sides
)

Intensifier
Air-oil
(air
reservoir
hydraulics)
ENERGY CONTROL AND
REGULATION
212- way 2/2- way
valve: valve:
Flow P Flow P
to A to A open
closed in in normal
normal position
position
3/2- way 2/2- way
valve: valve:
Flow P Flow P
to A to A open
closed in in normal
normal position
position
3/3 —
way
valve:
closed 4/2 —
center (all way
ports valve
closed in
normal
,position)
 4/3 —
way
valve:
413 — open
way valve: center
closed (operatin
center On g outlets
ports hand A
closed in open to
normal Exhaust
position) Inlet P
closed
in
normal
position)

NON-RETURN VALVE

Shuttle
Check Valve
Valve

Restrictor check valve ,

adjustable
restrictor(speed control
valve)

Two-
Quick exhaust
pressure
valve valve
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES

Pressure Sequence
limiting valve valve
 pressure pressure
regulator no regulator with
relief port relief port

FLOW CONTROL VALVES

Restrictor
Orifice valve
valve
Restrictor
valve
mechanically
Adjustable adjusted by
restrictor lever,
valve actuator,
spring
return
SHUT OFF VALVES

Simplifie
d
Symbol