Federal University of Petroleum Resources

Effurun

Drilling Engineering & Well

Completion

Course Code: PEE 711

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 Drilling Engineering & Well Completion

Lecturer:
Ogbarode N. Ogbon

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 Drilling Engineering & Well Completion
 Course Content
1. Introduction to Drilling and Completion
2. Pressures in Drilling
3. Drilling Techniques
4. Drilling Structures (Equipment)
5. Drilling Rig Component Systems
6. Fundamentals of Drilling Process and Operations
7. Drilling fluids
8. Frilling Hydraulics
9. Casings, Casing and Cementing Processes
10. Formation Evaluation
11. Well completion

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 Drilling Engineering & Well Completion
Bibliography
1. Applied Drilling Engineering – Adam T. Bourgoyne – SPE Textbook

2. Fundamental of Drilling Engineering – Miska and Mitchell – SPE

Textbook Volume 12

3. Drilling Engineering Handbook – Volume II – Robert Mitchell

4. Mode of Delivery
i. PowerPoint slides
ii. Videos

• Homework & Quizzes 30%

• Final exam 70%

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 Drilling Engineering & Well Completion

Module 1

Introduction to Drilling Processes and Operations

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 Module I Content

What is Drilling

Information Required for Drilling

Challenges of Drilling

The Oil and Gas Well

Types of Well

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 What is Drilling
Definition
The Act of making hole (Well) by cutting the formation rock with a
bit.

How do you drill?

Through the application of a drilling structure(Equipment) called
Rig and a rock cutting tool called Bit

Where do you drill?

On Land, Swamps, Rivers and Sea.

Objectives
To Find and Exploit Hydrocarbon Content of Reservoir.

To Generate Necessary Information for:

The Study of the Reservoir
The Design of Appropriate, Effective and Efficient
Production Facilities for the Hydrocarbon Content.
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 What is Drilling
Drill Bits Typical Land Drilling Rig

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 What is Drilling
Drilling Method
Rotary Drilling Method
Bit Crushes Rock by Rotating Action and Applied Force (Weight)

Rock Pieces(Cuttings) are Carried Out of Hole by Drilling Fluid(Mud)

Circulated Through the Hole in the Bit.

Mud is Sucked From Tanks and Pumped Through a Kelly Hose Into the
Kelly Through a Swivel Down the Drill String, Out of the Bit, Up the
Annulus and Out through the Well Head to Shale Shaker Back to the Mud
Tanks.

Engines Activate Drawwalks that Empower the Rotary Table and the Up
and Down Movement of the Drill String

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 What is Drilling
Operation of
Rotary Drilling Rig

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 What is Drilling
Operation of Rotary
Drilling Rig

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 Information Required for Drilling
Lithology
 Provided by Seismic Processes
 Gives Geology to enable one decide whether to drill or not

Seismic Operations

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 Information Required for Drilling
Formation Pressure Gradient

Formation Fracture Gradient

Formation Fluid Content

Information Needed for Drilling Provided by:

Seismic Exploration

Geological/Geophysical Survey

Exploration Well

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 Challenges of Drilling
 Drilling & Well Engineering is an aspect of Petroleum Engineering that
involve the design and construction of a well for the efficient production of
reservoir fluid with integrity throughout the oil field life span .

 It requires the understanding and application of Petroleum Geology, the

principles of reservoir fluid flow, drilling fluid(mud) and reservoir fluid
hydrostatic and flowing pressures, wellbore fortification through casing and
cementing, formation evaluation and well completion.

 It also involves the understanding and application of basics of equipment and

methods used for drilling and completion of oil wells.
 It is the process that provides communication between the surface fluids
(drilling & completion) and subsurface fluid (formation)

 The drilling and engineering of wells poses high risk and cost to the extent
that it represents a huge part of the overall expenditure of E&P Companies

 Consequently, the processes involved require proper planning to reduce the

risk of failure and achieve wells that will provide high productivity and quality
service during their lifespan

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 Challenges of Drilling
 The drilling industry is the most rapidly developing aspect of the oil and gas
industry with respect to advancement in technology.

 The driving forces are largely economic, state of the art technology and expert
innovations necessary to break the frontiers of earth surface difficult terrains
and challenging subsurface geological structures where hydrocarbons are
discovered.

 Drilling and Well Engineering require well trained professionals and

maintenance of international safety standards to guarantee well delivery with
the intricate processes and equipment involved and in the risky environment
where wells are drilled.

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 Challenges of Drilling
 Challenges of the Drilling Industry Nigeria
 The effects of increased governmental regulations in the search for oil
and gas in the Niger delta

 Major operational constraints as a result of Youth restiveness and

community agitation for increase share and participation in the oil and
gas activities

 The above factors increase the cost of discovery and production of oil
and gas.

 Stringent environmental regulations and demands

 Requirement to maintain safety standards coupled with the severe fines

resulting from operational accidents – the Gulf of Mexico Mobil oil spill

 Instability in the world oil market makes operational planning more

challenging

 Pressure to reduce operating costs while improving drilling and

production performance.
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 Challenges of Drilling
 Challenges of the Drilling Industry Nigeria
 Operation in the harshest areas of earth in the deep sea and arctic
regions

 World Deep offshore operation areas include the

 Gulf of Mexico, North Sea and Niger Delta

 Some of the huge deep offshore discoveries in Nigeria are the

 Shell’s Bonga and Bonga extension,
 Total’s Amenam Kpono,
 Chevron’s Agbami and
 other fields discovered by Exxon Mobil and Agip

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 Drilling Operation
 Once the decision to drill has been made, the drilling is then awarded
to a contractor who provides the men and equipment to drill the well

 Thereafter a suitable access road(board road) is constructed and the

surface location and cellar are prepared to accommodate the specific
rig before drilling process commences

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 Drilling Teams
Drilling operation involved interdisciplinary teams comprising of:
 Geologists
 They recommend wild cat locations as possible prospects and
identify lithology.

 Drilling Engineering Group

 Comprises of Petroleum, Mechanical, Electrical engineers,
surveyors and other professionals
 They make preliminary well designs and cost estimates for the
proposed well, supervise and monitor the drilling process.
 The Legal Team
 secures all necessary drilling and production rights and
establishes the clear title and right-of-way for access
 Surveyors
 Establish and stake the well location.

 Community Liaison Officers

 Resolve all local and community interests to facilitate safe and
uninterrupted operation particularly in the Niger Delta where
community problems are a major source of operational concern for
most operators. 19
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 Drilling Rig Operational Organizational Chart

Drilling Supervisor/Company man

Rig Superintendent/Tool Pusher Service Engineers Assist

Drilling
Supervisor
Assist Mechanic Electrician
Tool Pusher
MWD Directional Casing Mud
Driller Engineer Driller Crew Engineer

Crane Material Camp

Assist Wireline Formation
operator man boss
Driller Operator Evaluation
(Engineers)
Derrickman

Roughnecks
(Floormen)

Roustabout
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 The Drilling Process
The Drilling Process
The drilling process is initiated when the drill bit gets to the wellbore bottom,
while rotation and drilling fluid circulation.

 Sequence of activities initiating drilling process

 Flow is Initiated with bit  1 ft. off Btm

 Rotation is Started and Bit Lowered to Hole Btm

 Weight (WOB) is then Released(Applied) on Drill String to Enforce

Penetration

 Thereafter other drilling parameters are controlled to achieve optimum

drilling condition

 Parameters of Optimum Drilling Condition

 Maximum ROP at that drilling condition without endangering drill
string and formation
 Balanced Drilling Pressure
 Effective Cuttings Removal

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 Well Completion
 After drilling of the well is completed, complete formation evaluation is
carried out.
 A careful interpretation and consideration on well test data (coring, logging
etc) is carried out and a decision is made whether to set production casing and
complete the well or to plug and abandon it.

 Decision to abandon is made when the well is not capable to produce oil or
gas in commercial quantities.

 However, sometimes wells that were plugged and abandoned at one time in
the past may be reopened and produced if the price of oil or gas has become
more favorable.

 Well Completing is installing equipment in the well to allow a safe and

controlled flow of petroleum from the well.
 It is a series of activities to prepare an oil well or a gas well, so that the well
can be flowed in a controlled manner.

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 Well Completion
 It involves
Installation of:
 Production Casing
 Perforation
 Tubing
 System of flow valves
 System of production control
devices.

 Well completion is a multi-

discipline operation involving the
drilling, production, reservoir
engineering and the completion
disciplines.

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 Well Completion
A Completed Well

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 Types of Wells

Well Types by Well Function

Well Types by Geometry(Pattern)

Well Types by Application

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 The Oil and Gas Well
An oil or gas well is a conduit of any configuration cut into the
subsurface from the earth surface to a subterranean layer of
sedimentary (sometimes igneous) rock containing petroleum for the
purpose of petroleum extraction or fluid injection for petroleum
production.

Its wall is normally fortified with steel tubulars called casings

Smaller metallic tubulars are mostly installed hanged from a

production head (on the surface) called Christmas tree to the
producing/injection layer called reservoir as the petroleum extraction
or fluid injection passage.

Various equipment and devices are also installed on the tubing for
the purpose of the production/injection process control and
optimization.

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 The Oil and Gas Well
Conventional Well
Christmas Oil or
Injector Well Producer Wells
Tree Oil or
Gas production
Gas production
Oil or Gas in Tubing
SSCSV

Surface
Casing
Intermediate
Casing
Production
Casing
Oil or gas Water or Gas Perforations
Reservoir Injection

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 Types of Wells by Function
Conventional Well Injector Well Producer Wells

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 Types of Wells by Function
Relief Well

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 Well Types by Geometry (Pattern)
Deviated or Directional Well
Vertical
Horizontal Well
Well

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 Well Types by Geometry (Pattern)
Multi-Branch and Multi-Lateral Wells

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 Well Types by Geometry (Pattern)
Factors for Consideration in Hole Trajectory
Expected Reservoir Target

Number of Reservoirs in Blocks or Pay Zones

Defined Well Spacing in Area

Down-hole Completion Facilities/Strategy, Efficiency and

Production Plan

Location of Platform and Other Structures

Number of Proposed Casings

Hole Trajectory

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 Well Types by Application
Exploratory Wells
To Confirm Hydrocarbon Presence

Scanty or No Formation Knowledge Available

Gathering of Maximum Information Required on

Geological Features
Lithology
Hydrocarbon Types
Reservoir Dynamic Properties

Information Bank Establishment Compulsory

Flexible Planning Subject to Modification

Wildcats
First Exploration Drilled in a New Field
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 Well Types by Application
Appraisal Wells
Drilled to Determine Reservoir Extent and Configuration

All Info as in Wildcats

Development or infill Wells

Formation Information Known

Require Thorough Planning

Generally Less Expensive

Meant For Efficient Reservoir Depletion

Strict Adherence to Planning

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