Sr no.

Items
1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Functions of stock exchange
4. Features of stock exchange
5. History of stock exchange in India
6. National Stock Exchange (NSE)
7. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
8. Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI)
9. Timings of Stock Exchange in India
10. Terminologies
11. Top 20 Companies (NSE)
12. Portfolio
13. Power Grid Corp
14. Tata Steel
15. Infosys
16. Larsen
17. Bharti Airtle
18. Conclusion
19. Bibliografhy
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With my sincere regards, I wish to acknowledge the
indebtness and gratitude to the contributions of
people who helped me at every stage of the project.
I want to give my sincere thanks to our respected
_____________ma’am/sir. He/she helped me to
understand intricate issues involved in making the
project. Without her/his guidance and support, the
completion of this project wouldn’t be possible.
Also, a special thanks and appreciation goes to my
parents and classmates, who helped ma a lot in
gathering different information and guiding me in
making this project. And lastly, I would like to thank
my school for providing the wonderful opportunity
to do a project in this topic.
INTRODUCTIONS
Stock Market is a place where shares of public listed
companies are traded. A stock exchange facilitates
stock brokers to trade company stocks and other
securities. A stock may be bought or sold only if it is
listed on an exchange.
A stock exchange facilitates stock brokers to trade
company stocks and other securities. A stock may
be bought or sold only if it is listed on an exchange.
Thus, it is the meeting place of the stock buyers and
sellers. India's premier stock exchanges are the
Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock
Exchange.
FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE
1.Role of an Economic Barometer: Stock
exchange serves as an economic barometer that
is indicative of the state of the economy. It
records all the major and minor changes in the
share prices. It is rightly said to be the pulse of
the economy, which reflects the state of the
economy.
2.Valuation of Securities: Stock market helps in
the valuation of securities based on the factors of
supply and demand. The securities offered by
companies that are profitable and growth-
oriented tend to be valued higher. Valuation of
securities helps creditors, investors and
government in performing their respective
functions.
3.Transactional Safety: Transactional safety is
ensured as the securities that are traded in the
stock exchange are listed, and the listing of
securities is done after verifying the company’s
position. All companies listed have to adhere to
the rules and regulations as laid out by the
governing body.
4.Contributor to Economic Growth: Stock
exchange offers a platform for trading of
securities of the various companies. This process
of trading involves continuous disinvestment
and reinvestment, which offers opportunities for
capital formation and subsequently, growth of
the economy.
5.Making the public aware of equity
investment: Stock exchange helps in providing
information about investing in equity markets
and by rolling out new issues to encourage
people to invest in securities.
6.Offers scope for speculation: By permitting
healthy speculation of the traded securities, the
stock exchange ensures demand and supply of
securities and liquidity.
7.Facilitates liquidity: The most important role of
the stock exchange is in ensuring a ready
platform for the sale and purchase of securities.
This gives investors the confidence that the
existing investments can be converted into cash,
or in other words, stock exchange offers
liquidity in terms of investment.
8.Better Capital Allocation: Profit-making
companies will have their shares traded actively,
 and so such companies are able to raise fresh
capital from the equity market. Stock market
helps in better allocation of capital for the
investors so that maximum profit can be earned.
9.Encourages investment and savings: Stock
market serves as an important source of
investment in various securities which offer
greater returns. Investing in the stock market
makes for a better investment option than gold
and silver.

FEATURES OF STOCK EXCHANGE

 A market for securities- It is a wholesome
market where securities of government,
corporate companies, semi-government
companies are bought and sold.
 Second-hand securities- It associates with
bonds, shares that have already been announced
by the company once previously.
  Regulate trade in securities- The exchange
does not sell and buy bonds and shares on its
own account. The broker or exchange members
do the trade on the company’s behalf.
 Dealings only in registered securities- Only
listed securities recorded in the exchange office
can be traded.
 Transaction- Only through authorised brokers
and members the transaction for securities can
be made.
 Recognition- It requires to be recognised by the
central government.
 Measuring device- It develops and indicates the
growth and security of a business in the index of
a stock exchange.
 Operates as per rules– All the security dealings
at the stock exchange are controlled by exchange
rules and regulations and SEBI guidelines.

HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE

 Stock trading in India goes back to the 18th
century when the East India Company began
trading in loan securities. Later in 1830s,
corporate shares started being traded in
Bombay with the stock of Bank and Cotton
presses.
Stock Exchange in India began informally back in
1850s when 22 stockbrokers began trading
opposite the Town Hall of Bombay under a
banyan tree.
The companies act was introduced in 1850,
following which investors started showing an
interest in corporate securities. The concept of
limited liability also put an appearance around
this time.
The number of brokers continued to grow
constantly shifting their locations to finally
settle in 1874 at place that at present is called
Dalal Street.
An informal group known as the Native Share
and Stockbrokers Association organized
themselves as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
in 1875.
A SERIES OF STOCK EXCHANGES
--In 1$94, me BSE was fotlowed by the Ahmedabad
Stak Exchange
which Focused on trading in shares o f texrile mitls.
--Shares of plantations and jute mills commenced
being traded
at the Calcutta Stock Exrhange in 1908.
--The Madras Stock Exchange followed, being set up
in 1920.

POST-INDEPENDENCE SCENARIO
--Post-independence, BSE dominated the volume of
trading. However, the low level of transparency &
undependable clearing & settlement systems, apart
from other macro factors, increased the need for a
Financial market regulator.
-- As a consequence, in 1988, the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was born as a non-
statutory body, which was further given statutory
status by passing SEBI Act an 30 January,
1992.
-- After the Harshad Mehta scam in 1992, there was
pressing need for anther stock exchange large
enough to compete with the BSE & bring
transparency to the stock market. This gave birth to
the National Stock Exchange (NSE).
-- In 2015, SEBI was merged with the Forward
Markets Commission (FMS) to strengthen
commodities market regulation, facilitate domestic
& foreign institutional participation & launch new
products.
-- After independence, 23 stock exchange where
added apart from BSE, but in present, there are only
5 recognised stock exchanges, apart from NSE &
BSE.
 Calcutta stock exchange ltd.
 Magadh stock exchange ltd.
 Metropolition stock exchange of India ltd.
  India international exchange (india INX)
All other exchanges have been granted exit by SEBI.
-- In other past, securities were bought & sold on
the floor of the stock exchange through open outcry
system or action system. Deals were struck among
brokers, prices were shouted out & shares were sold
to the highest bidder.
-- However, in present, this has been replaced by an
online screen based electronic trading system. All
buying and selling is done in the brokers office
through a computer terminal, i.e., trading has
shifted from the stock market floor to the brokers
office.
NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE)

National Stock Exchange of India

Limited (NSE) is one of the leading stock
exchanges in India, based in Mumbai. NSE is
under the ownership of various financial
institutions such as banks and insurance
companies. It is the world's largest derivatives
exchange by number of contracts traded[a] and
the third largest in cash equities by number of
trades for the calendar year 2022. It is the 7th
largest stock exchange in the world by
total market capitalization, as of January 2024.
NSE's flagship index, the NIFTY 50, a 50 stock
index is used extensively by investors
in India and around the world as a barometer of
the Indian capital market. The NIFTY 50 index
was launched in 1996 by NSE.
History
National Stock Exchange was incorporated in
the year 1993 to bring about transparency in
the Indian equity markets. NSE was set up at
the behest of the Government of India, based
on the recommendations laid out by
the Pherwani committee in 1991 and the
blueprint was prepared by a team of five
members (Ravi Narain, Raghavan Puthran, K
Kumar, Chitra Sankaran and Ashishkumar
Chauhan) along with R H Patil and SS
Nadkarni who were deputed by IDBI in
1992. Instead of trading memberships being
confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured
that anyone who was qualified, experienced,
and met the minimum financial requirements
was allowed to trade.
NSE commenced operations on 30 June 1993
starting with the wholesale debt market (WDM)
segment and equities segment on 3 November
1994 . It was the first exchange in India to
introduce an electronic trading facility. Within
one year of the start of its operations, the daily
turnover on NSE exceeded that of the BSE.
Operations in the derivatives segment
commenced on 12 June 2000.] In August 2008,
NSE introduced currency derivatives.
NSE EMERGE
NSE EMERGE is NSE's new initiative for Small
and medium-sized enterprises
(SME) & Startup companies in India. These
companies can get listed on NSE without
an Initial public offering (IPO). This platform will
help SME's & Startups connect with investors
and help them with the raising of funds. In
August 2019, the 200th company listed on
NSE's SME platform.
BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE (BSE)

BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay

Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock
exchange which is located on Dalal Street,
known as the Wall Street of Mumbai,[8] in turn
described as the New York of India.
[9]
Established in 1875 by cotton
merchant Premchand Roychand,[10] it is the
oldest stock exchange in Asia,[11] and also the
tenth oldest in the world.[12] The BSE is
the world's 8th largest stock exchange with
a market capitalization exceeding US$4.5
trillion as of January 2024.[13]
History[edit]
Bombay Stock Exchange logo until June 2023
Bombay Stock Exchange was founded
by Premchand Roychand in 1875.[14] While BSE
Limited is now synonymous with Dalal Street, it
was not always so. In the 1850s, five stock
brokers gathered together under a Banyan tree
in front of Mumbai Town Hall, where Horniman
Circle is now situated.[15] A decade later, the
brokers moved their location to under the
banyan trees at the junction of Meadows Street
and what was then called Esplanade Road,
now Mahatma Gandhi Road. With a rapid
increase in the number of brokers, they had to
shift places repeatedly. At last, in 1874, the
brokers found a permanent location, the one
that they could call their own. The brokers
group became an official organization known as
"The Native Share & Stock Brokers
Association" in 1875.[16]
On 12 March 1993, a car bomb exploded in the
basement of the building during the 1993
Bombay bombings.[17] The BSE is also a
Partner Exchange of the United Nations
Sustainable Stock Exchange initiative, joining in
September 2012.[18] BSE established
India INX on 30 December 2016. India INX is
the first international exchange of India.[19] BSE
became the first stock exchange in the country
to launch commodity derivatives contract in
gold and silver in October 2018.[20]
BSE was demutualized and corporatized on 19
May 2007, pursuant to the BSE
(Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme,
2005 notified by SEBI.[21][22] It was listed on NSE
on 3 February 2017.[23][24][a]
Market statistics[edit]
 The Bimal Jalan Committee report
estimated that barely 3% of India's
population invested in the stock market,
as compared to 27% in the United
States and 10% in China.[26][27][28][29]
 The Economic Times estimated that as of
April 2018, 6 crore (60 million) retail
investors had invested their savings in
stocks in India, either through direct
purchases of equities or through mutual
funds.[30]
 Morgan Stanley has noted that the Indian
stocks have been through four bear
markets in 25 years, or since foreign
investors became actively involved with
Indian equities.[31] The Economic
Times estimate that the Indian stock
market sees a bear market on average
once every 3 years, similar to the US
market. It uses the Nifty 50 index as a
 reference point and identifies eight 20%
drops in the last 25 years.[32]
 According to SEBI, during FY 2022–23,
73% of mutual fund units were redeemed
within 2 years of investment. Only
investments in 3% of the units continued
for more than 5 years.[33][34]
 Another study conducted by the SEBI,
approximately 89% of individual stock
traders in the equity Futures & Options
(F&O) segment incurred losses during the
financial year 2021-22.[35][36][37]
 According to a Reserve Bank of
India report, mutual funds attracted 6% of
household savings in FY2023 and less
than 1% went into direct equities.[38][39]
[40]
Almost 95% of household savings in
India are held in bank deposits,
including fixed deposit, provident
fund, PPF, life insurance, and various
small savings schemes.[38][41][40]
 Maharashtra accounts for the most
number of investors. More than 15 million
or 21 percent of registered investors with
the BSE are from the state, followed
by Gujarat (8.6 million), Uttar
Pradesh (5.3 million), Tamil Nadu (4.3
million) and Karnataka (4.2 million). These
five states account for more than half or
53 percent of all the registered investors.
[42][43]
 SEBI
The Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI) is the regulatory
body for securities and commodity
market in India under the administrative
domain of Ministry of Finance within
the Government of India. It was established on
12 April 1988 as an executive body and was
given statutory powers on 30 January 1992
through the SEBI Act, 1992.[1][5]SEBI's
establishment brought about a centralized
regulatory framework, consolidating regulatory
functions related to securities trading, issuance,
and intermediation under one umbrella.[6]
History[edit]
The Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI) was first established in 1988 as a non-
statutory body for regulating the securities
market. Before it came into existence, the
Controller of Capital Issues was the market's
regulatory authority, and derived power from
the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.[7] SEBI
became an autonomous body on 30 January
1992 and was accorded statutory powers with
the passing of the SEBI Act, 1992 by
the Parliament of India.[8] It has its headquarters
at the business district of Bandra Kurla
Complex in Mumbai and has Northern, Eastern,
Southern and Western Regional Offices in New
Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ahmedabad,
respectively. Up until June 2023, it also had 17
local offices spread all over India to promote
investor education; however, 16 of them were
closed as part of a restructuring exercise.[9][10]
SEBI is managed by its board of members,
which consist of the following people:
 The chairman, who is nominated by
the Union Government of India.
 Two members from the Union Finance
Ministry.
 One member from the Reserve Bank of
India.
 The remaining five members are
nominated by the Union Government of
India, and out of them at least three
should be whole-time members.
After the amendment of 1999, collective
investment schemes were brought under SEBI
except nidhis, chit funds and cooperatives.
Functions and responsibilities[edit]
The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange
Board of India describes the basic functions of
the Securities and Exchange Board of India as
"...to protect the interests of investors in
securities and to promote the development of,
and to regulate the securities market and for
matters connected there with or incidental there
to".
SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three
groups, which constitute the market:
 issuers of securities
 investors

 market intermediaries

SEBI has three powers rolled into one

body: quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-
executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative
capacity, it conducts investigation and
enforcement action in its executive function and
it passes rulings and orders in its judicial
capacity. Though this makes it very powerful,
there is an appeal process to create
accountability. There is a Securities Appellate
Tribunal which is a three-member tribunal and
is currently headed by Justice Tarun Agarwala,
former Chief Justice of the Meghalaya High
Court.[16] A second appeal lies directly to
the Supreme Court. SEBI has taken a very
proactive role in streamlining disclosure
requirements to international standards.[17]
 Timings of Stock Exchange in India
To effectively trade or invest in the financial
markets, you need to have the right knowledge about
the stock market timings in India. All over the
country, the share market timings are the same.
Therefore, once you get to know what the stock
market timings are, you can buy, sell, or invest in
shares from any part of the country during that time.
These timings are also the same whether you want to
trade on any of the two major stock exchanges in
India, namely the BSE and the NSE.
The regular market trading hours are from 09:15 AM
and close at 03:30 PM. There’s a pre-opening
session before 09:15 AM and a post-closing session
after 03:30 PM.

Pre-opening session
The pre-opening session starts at 09:00 AM and goes
on till 09:15 AM. It’s further divided into three
sections. During one of these time slots, you can
place orders to buy or sell shares for a limited
period. Let’s look at the details of the pre-opening
session below.
Section 1: From 09:00 AM to 09:08 AM
During these 8 minutes, you can place orders to buy
or sell different shares in the stock market. You can
also modify or cancel any orders that you may have
placed. When the normal trading session begins at
09:15 AM, the orders placed during this section of
the pre-opening session get preference in the queue
of orders.
Section 2: From 09:08 AM to 09:12 AM
During these 4 minutes, you cannot place any new
orders, modify existing ones, or cancel any order.
This section is necessary so that price matching can
be performed. Price matching involves comparing
demand and supply. It helps determine the final
prices at which different shares will be traded when
the market opens at 09:15 AM.
Section 3: From 09:12 AM to 09:15 AM
This 3-minute window of time is like a connection
section between the pre-opening session and the
normal trading hours. It behaves like a buffer to ease
the transition into the regular trading session. Again,
during these 3 minutes as well, you cannot place,
modify, or cancel any orders.
Normal session
This is also known as the continuous trading session,
and it runs from 09:15 AM to 03:30 PM. During this
session, you can trade freely, place orders to buy or
sell stocks, and modify or cancel your buy or sell
orders without any limitations. During this window,
a bilateral order matching system is followed. This
means that each sell order is matched with a buy
order that has been placed at the same stock price,
and each buy order is matched with a sell order that
has been placed at the same stock price.
Post-closing session
This session begins when the regular trading session
comes to a close at 03:30 PM. The post-closing
session, which runs up to 04:00 PM, consists of two
sections.
Section 1: From 03:30 PM to 03:40 PM
In these 10 minutes, the closing prices of stocks are
calculated by taking the weighted average of the
stock prices traded between 03:00 PM and 03:30
PM. The closing prices of indices like Sensex and
Nifty are calculated by considering the weighted
average prices of all the securities that are listed in
that index.
Section 2: From 03:40 PM to 04:00 PM
In this 20-minute section, you can still place buy and
sell orders. But the orders are confirmed only if there
are sufficient numbers of buyers and sellers in the
market.
Muhurat trading
In India, the stock market typically remains closed
on public and national holidays. However, on Diwali
each year, the stock market is open for one hour for
a Muhurat trading session; this is in place since
Diwali is considered to be an auspicious day. The
time and the date for this session changes each year,
and investors often make use of a Share trading
app during this special trading hour.
TERMINOLOGY

The terms in market which I came across

are:-

 Annual Report
An annual report is a yearly report that
every company prepares to impress the
shareholders of their company. The annual
report consists of lots of information about
a company, from cash flow to
management strategy.
Several people read the annual report to
look at the company’s solvency and judge
their financial position.
 Arbitrage
Arbitrage means purchasing something
like foreign money from one place and
selling it to another place where the price
of the foreign money is higher than buying
place.
For example: if stock is trading out $20
from one Market and $21 on other
markets, the trader must buy shares at $20
 from one Market and sell them for $21 on
the different Market, getting the difference
amount between both the markets price.
 Averaging Down
Averaging down means the investor buys
more stock when the price of a particular
stock goes down. This decreases the
average purchase price of your specific
stock.
Several investors use this strategy if they
feel that consensus about a specific
company is wrong, so they expect the
stock price to jump back and earn profit.
 Bear Market
It is a market where investors talk about
the stock market performing in a
downward trend, or it is a certain period
where the prices of multiple stocks are
falling.
 Broker
A broker is a person who buys and sells
investment on your behalf and, in
exchange, takes a certain amount of
money called commission or fee.
 Dividend
A dividend means when the company
earns profit, a particular portion of their
earnings is distributed to shareholders or
the people who own the company stock on
a quarterly or annual basis. Not every
company pays dividends, and if you’re
after penny stocks, you’ll likely not get
any dividends.
 Sensex
Sensex is a figure that indicates all the
relative share prices that are listed on the
Bombay Stock Exchange.
 Nifty
The Nifty 50 Index, called the National
Stock Exchange of India, is the primary
and brad based stock market index for the
equity market of India.
The Nifty 50 consists of 50 Indian
company stocks in 12 different sectors,
and it is one out of two stock indices that
are mainly used in the stock market.
 Quote
 The stock’s latest trading prices contain
information that is given in a quote.
Sometimes, the quote is delayed by 20
minutes unless you’re an actual
stockbroker working in an existing trading
platform.
 Share Market
A share market is a market in which shares
of a particular company are purchased and
sold. The stock market is a definite
example of a share market.
 Bull Market
It is a market where investors talk about
the stock market performing in an upward
trend, or it is a certain period where the
prices of multiple stocks are increasing.
 Bid Price
A bid price is nothing but the amount that
you desire to pay for a particular share.
 Ask Price
Ask price is a specific price at which you
are looking to sell a share.
 Order
 Order means the purpose of buying and
selling shares in a given range of price.
For example, you have placed an order to
buy 200 shares from company A, at a
maximum price of Rs 50 per share.
 Trading Volume
Trading volume means the number of
shares that are traded on a particular day.
 Market Capitalisation
It simply means the value of a company
according to the stock market. That is the
current value of all the shares of a
company put together.
 Intra-Day Trading
Intraday trading means buying and selling
your desired stocks on the same day so
that before trading hours get over, all your
trading positions will be closed within the
same day.
 Market Order
A market order is an order to buy and sell
shares at the market price. Several
investors don’t go with this Order because
 the trade price in the market order remains
volatile.
 Day Order
A day order is an order that remains good
till the end of the trading day. If the Order
does not perform by the time the market
closes, the Order will be canceled.
 Limit Order
A limit order is to buy shares below a
fixed price and sell shares above a fixed
price. It is advisable to use a limit order to
trade shares.
 Portfolio
The portfolio is a collection of all the
investments that an investor has made
right from purchasing a share for the first
time.
 Liquidity
Liquidity means how stocks can be sold
off quickly. Shares that get sold consist of
high trade volumes quickly and are called
highly liquid.
 IPO
 IPO means a private company is turning
into a public company by issuing its shares
to the public for the first time. In the case
of an IPO, the investor can buy the shares
directly from the company.
 Secondary Sharing
It is another offering used to sell more
stocks and gain more money from the
public.
 Going Long
Betting on the price of a stock that will
increase so that you can buy at a low price
and sell at a high price.
 TOP 20 COMPANIES (NSE)
https://www.nseindia.com/market-data/most-
active-equities
PORTFOLIO
A portfolio may be defined as a collection of
financial assets & investment tools that are held by
an individual, a financial institution or an investment
firm.
Imaginary portfolio totalling a sum of approximately
RS.50,000 in the following companies:-
 Power Grid Corp
 Tata steel
 Infosys
  Larsen & Toubro
 Bharti Airtle

Power Grid Corp

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited is
an Indian central public sector
undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry
of Power, Government of India. It is engaged
mainly in transmission of bulk power across
different states of India. It is headquartered
in Gurugram. Power Grid transmits about 50%
of the total power generated in India on its
transmission network.

History
The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
was incorporated on 23 October 1989 under the
Companies Act, 1956 with an authorized share
capital of Rs. 5,000 Crore (subsequently
enhanced to Rs. 10,000 Crore in Financial Year
(FY) 2007–08) as a public limited company,
wholly owned by the Government of India with
51.34% stake in the company as on 31
December 2020 and as principal electric power
transmission company for the country.
Its original name was the "National Power
Transmission Corporation Limited", was
charged with planning, executing, owning,
operating and maintaining high-voltage
transmission systems in the country. On 8
November 1990, the firm received its Certificate
for Commencement of Business. Their name
was subsequently changed to Power Grid
Corporation of India Limited, on 23 October
1992.
Power Grid management started functioning in
August 1991 and subsequently took over
transmission assets from National Thermal
Power (NTPC), National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation (NHPC)], North Eastern Electric
Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCO), Neyveli
Lignite Corporation (NLC), and other
companies such as NPC, THDC, SJVNL in a
phased manner; it commenced commercial
operation in January 1993. It also took over the
operation of existing Regional Load Despatch
Centers (RLDCs) from the Central Electricity
Authority (CEA), in a phased manner from 1994
to 1996, which have been upgraded and
modernized with Unified Load Despatch and
Communication (ULDC) schemes. The National
Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) was established
in 2009 for overall coordination at the national
level. Later the company had diversified into the
telecom sector for efficient use of its spare
telecommunication capacity of unified load
dispatch center (ULDC) schemes and also
leverage on its country-wide transmission
infrastructure.
According to its mandate, the corporation, apart
from providing a transmission system for
evacuation of central sector power, is also
responsible for the establishment and operation
of regional and national power grids to facilitate
the transfer of power within and across the
Regions with reliability, security, and economy
on sound commercial principles. Based on its
performance, the firm was recognized as a
Mini-Ratna Category-I Public Sector
Undertaking in October 1998. It was conferred
with the status of "Navratna" by the
Government of India in May 2008 and
"Maharatna" status in October 2019.

Date Open High Low Close

 TATA STEEL
Tata Steel Limited is an
Indian multinational steel-making company,
based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand and
headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a
part of the Tata Group.
Formerly known as Tata Iron and Steel
Company Limited (TISCO), Tata Steel is
among the largest steel producing companies in
the world, with an annual crude steel capacity
of 35 million tonnes. It is one of the world's most
geographically diversified steel producers, with
operations and commercial presence across
the world. The group (excluding SEA
operations) recorded a consolidated turnover of
US$31 billion in the financial year ending 31
March 2023. It is the largest steel company in
India (measured by domestic production) with
an annual capacity of 21.6 million tonnes
after Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL). Tata
Steel, SAIL, and Jindal Steel and Power, are
the only three Indian steel companies that have
captive iron-ore mines, which gives the three
companies price advantages.[5]
Tata Steel operates in 26 countries with key
operations in India, the Netherlands, and
the United Kingdom, and employs around
80,500 people.[6] Its largest plant (10 MTPA
capacity) is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
In 2007, Tata Steel acquired the UK-based
steel maker Corus. It was ranked 486th in the
2014 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's
biggest corporations. It was the seventh most
valuable Indian brand of 2013 according to
Brand Finance.
Tata Steel was listed amongst India's Best
Workplaces in Manufacturing by Great Place to
Work for the fifth time in 2022.
History
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was
founded by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and
established by Sir Dorabji Tata on 26 August
1907. TISCO started pig iron production in 1911
and began producing steel in 1912 as a branch
of Jamsetji's Tata Group. The first steel ingot
was manufactured on 16 February 1912. During
the First World War (1914–1918), the company
made rapid progress.
In 1920, The Tata Iron & Steel Company also
incorporated The Tinplate Company of India Ltd
(TCIL), as a joint venture with then Burmah
Shell to manufacture Tinplate. TCIL is now Tata
Tinplate and holds 70% market share in India.
By 1939, it operated the largest steel plant in
the British Empire. The company launched a
major modernisation and expansion program in
1951. Later, in 1958, the program was
upgraded to 2 million metric tonnes per annum
(MTPA) project. By 1970, the company
employed around 40,000 people at
Jamshedpur, and a further 20,000 in the
neighbouring coal mines.
In November 2021, Tata Steel was the most
profitable company in the Tata Group. In July
2019 Tata Steel Kalinganagar (TSK) was
included in the list of the World Economic
Forum's (WEF) Global Lighthouse Network.
The Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) at Tata
Steel Limited India are Koushik Chatterjee as
CFO (KMP) and Parvatheesam Kanchinadham
as Company Secretary. Koushik Chatterjee,
Mallika Srinivasan, Chandrasekaran Natarajan
and 7 other members are presently associated
as directors.

Nationalisation attempts
There have been two attempts to nationalise
Tata Steel, one attempt in 1971 and another in
1979, both were unsuccessful. In 1971, Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi tried to nationalise the
company, but failed. In 1979, Prime
Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nationalise
TISCO (now Tata Steel), spurred by Minister for
Industries George Fernandes, and Minister of
Steel, Mines, and Coals Biju Patnaik. However,
union protests prevented such nationalisation
efforts.
In 1990, the company expanded and
established a subsidiary, Tata Inc., in New
York. The company changed its name from
TISCO to Tata Steel Ltd. in 2005.

Labour welfare
Tata Steel was among the first Indian
companies to provide various labour welfare
benefits, such as eight-hour workdays since
1912, free medical care since 1915, school
facilities for the children of employees since
1917, paid time off since 1920, formation of
a provident fund and accident compensation in
1920, vocational training since 1921, maternity
benefits since 1928, profit sharing bonuses
since 1934, and retiring gratuity since 1937.
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 Infosys
Infosys Limited is an
Indian multinational information
technology company that provides business
consulting, information
technology and outsourcing services. The
company was founded in Pune and is
headquartered in Bangalore. Infosys is the
second-largest Indian IT company, after Tata
Consultancy Services, by 2020 revenue figures.
On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth
Indian company to reach US$100 billion
in market capitalization. It is one of the top Big
Tech (India) companies.
History
Infosys was founded by seven engineers
in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Its initial capital
was $250. It was registered as Infosys
Consultants Private Limited on 2 July 1981. In
1983, it relocated to Bangalore, Karnataka.
The company changed its name to Infosys
Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and
to Infosys Technologies Limited when it
became a public limited company in June
1992. It was renamed Infosys Limited in June
2011.
An initial public offering (IPO) was floated in
February 1993 with an offer price
of ₹95 (equivalent to ₹690 or US$8.60 in 2023)
per share against a book value
of ₹20 (equivalent to ₹150 or US$1.80 in 2023)
per share. The IPO was undersubscribed but it
was "bailed out" by US investment
bank Morgan Stanley, which picked up a 13%
equity stake at the offer price. Its shares were
listed in June 1993 with trading opening
at ₹145 (equivalent to ₹1,100 or US$13 in
2023) per share.
Infosys shares were listed on the Nasdaq stock
exchange in 1999 as American depositary
receipts (ADR). It became the first Indian
company to be listed on Nasdaq. The share
price surged to ₹8,100 (equivalent to ₹35,000
or US$440 in 2023) by 1999, making it the
costliest share on the market at the time. At that
time, Infosys was among the 20 biggest
companies by market capitalization on the
Nasdaq. The ADR listing was shifted from
Nasdaq to NYSE Euronext to give European
investors better access to the company's
shares.
In July 2010, then-British Prime Minister David
Cameron visited Infosys HQ in Bangalore and
addressed Infosys employees.
In 2012, Infosys announced a new office
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to serve Harley-
Davidson. Infosys hired 1,200 United States
employees in 2011 and expanded the
workforce by 2,000 employees in 2012.
In April 2018, Infosys announced expansion
in Indianapolis, Indiana.
In July 2014, Infosys started a product
subsidiary called EdgeVerve Systems, focusing
on enterprise software products for business
operations, customer service, procurement and
commerce network domains. In August 2015,
assets from Finacle Global Banking Solutions
were transferred from Infosys, thus becoming
part of the product company EdgeVerve
Systems' product portfolio.
Its annual revenue surpassed US$10 million in
FY 1995, US$100 million in FY 1999, US$1
billion in FY 2004, and US$10 billion in FY
2017. Its most up to date report, as of Dec
2023, shows US$18 billion.

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 Larsen & Toubro
Larsen & Toubro Limited, abbreviated
as L&T, is
an Indian multinational conglomerate, with
interests in industrial technology, heavy
industry, engineering, construction, manufacturi
ng, power, information
technology, military and financial services. It is
headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
L&T was founded in 1938 in Bombay by Danish
engineers Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren
Kristian Toubro.
As of March 31, 2022, the L&T Group
comprises 93 subsidiaries, 5 associate
companies, 27 joint ventures and 35 jointly held
operations, operating across basic and heavy
engineering, construction, realty, manufacturing
of capital goods, information technology, and
financial services.
On October 1, 2023, Shri. S N
Subrahmanyan took charge as Chairman and
Managing Director of L&T.
History
Larsen and Toubro were in India to represent
the interests of the Danish dairy equipment
manufacturer FLSmidth when they founded
L&T through an oral agreement in 1938. The
company was legally incorporated in 1946.
The start of the World War II in 1939 and the
resulting blockade of trade, led Larsen and
Toubro to undertake jobs and provide service
facilities. The German invasion of Denmark in
April 1940 stopped supplies of Danish products.
The war-time need to repair, refit, and degauss
ships offered L&T an opportunity, and led to the
formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to
handle these operations. L&T also started to
repair and fabricate ships. The internment of
German engineers in India who were to
construct a soda ash plant for the Tata
Group gave L&T a chance to enter the field of
installation.
In 1946, they incorporated Engineering
Construction & Contracts Ltd. (ECC) to focus
on construction projects. ECC now exists as the
construction division of L&T. By 1947, the
company represented the manufacturers of
equipment used to manufacture products such
as hydrogenated oils, biscuits, soaps and glass.
In 1947, the company signed an agreement
with Caterpillar Tractor Company to
market earth moving equipment. At the end of
the war, large numbers of war-surplus
Caterpillar equipment were available at
attractive prices, but the finances required were
beyond the capacity of the partners. This
prompted them to raise additional equity capital,
and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro
Private Limited was incorporated.[11]
In 1947, the firm set up offices
in Calcutta and Madras and New Delhi. In 1948,
55 acres of undeveloped marsh and jungle was
acquired in Powai, Mumbai. In December 1950,
L&T became a public company with a paid-up
capital of ₹20 lakh (equivalent to ₹22 crore or
US$2.8 million in 2023). The sales turnover in
that year was ₹1.09 crore (equivalent
to ₹120 crore or US$15 million in 2023). In
1956, a major part of the company's Bombay
office moved to ICI House in Ballard Estate,
which would later be purchased by the
company and renamed as L&T House, its
present headquarters.
During the 1960s, ventures included the Utkal
Machinery Limited (UTMAL) (set up in 1960),
Audco India Limited (1961), Eutectic Welding
Alloys (1962) and Tractor Engineers Limited
(TENGL) (1963).
In 1965, the firm had been chosen as a partner
for building nuclear reactors. Dr. Homi Bhabha,
chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission had approached L&T in the 1950s
to fabricate critical components for nuclear
reactors. L&T has since been a significant
contributor to the Indian nuclear programme.
During the 1970s, L&T was contracted to work
with Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO). Chairman Vikram
Sarabhai chose L&T as manufacturing partner.
In 1976, ECC bid for a large
airport project in Abu Dhabi. ECC's balance
sheet, however, did not meet the bid's financial
qualification requirement. So it was merged into
L&T. ECC was eventually rechristened L&T
Construction and now accounts for the largest
slice of the group's annual revenue.
In 1985, L&T entered into a partnership
with Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO). L&T was not yet allowed
by the government to manufacture defence
equipment but was permitted to participate in
design and development programmes with
DRDO. After the design and development was
done, the firm had to hand over all the drawings
to DRDO. The government would then assign
the production work to a public sector defence
unit or ordnance factory for manufacture. The
firm currently makes a range of weapon and
missile systems, command and control
systems, engineering systems, and submarines
through DRDO.

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Bharti Airtel
Bharti Airtel Limited, commonly known
as Airtel, is an
Indian multinational telecommunications service
s company based in New Delhi. It operates in
18 countries across South Asia and Africa, as
well as the Channel Islands. Currently, Airtel
provides 5G, 4G and LTE Advanced services
throughout India. Currently offered services
include fixed-line broadband, and voice
services depending upon the country of
operation. Airtel had also rolled out its Voice
over LTE (VoLTE) technology across all Indian
telecom circles. It is the second largest mobile
network operator in India and the second
largest mobile network operator in the world.
Airtel was named India's 2nd most valuable
brand in the first ever Brandz ranking by
Millward Brown and WPP plc.
Airtel is credited with pioneering the strategic
management of outsourcing all of its business
operations except marketing, sales and finance
and building the 'minutes factory' model of low
cost and high volumes. The strategy has since
been adopted by several operators. Airtel's
equipment is provided and maintained
by Ericsson, Huawei, and Nokia
Networks whereas IT support is provided
by Amdocs. The transmission towers are
maintained by subsidiaries and joint venture
companies of Bharti including Bharti
Infratel (merged with Indus Towers) and Indus
Towers in India. Ericsson agreed for the first
time to be paid by the minute for installation and
maintenance of their equipment rather than
being paid upfront, which allowed Airtel to
provide low call rates of ₹1 (1.3¢ US)/minute.

History
In 1984, Sunil Mittal started assembling push-
button phones in India, which he earlier used to
import from a Singaporean company, Singtel,
replacing the old-fashioned, bulky rotary
phones that were in use in the country then.
Bharti Telecom Limited (BTL) was incorporated
and entered into a technical tie-up with
Siemens AG of Germany for the manufacture of
electronic push-button phones. By the early
1990s, Bharti was making fax machines,
cordless phones and other telecom gear. He
named his first push-button phone as 'Mitbrau'.
In 1992, he successfully bid for one of the four
mobile phone network licenses auctioned
in India. One of the conditions for the Delhi
cellular licenses was that the bidder have some
experience as a telecom operator. So, Mittal
clinched a deal with the French telecom
group Vivendi. He was one of the first Indian
entrepreneurs to identify the mobile telecom
business as a major growth area. His plans
were finally approved by the Government in
1994 and he launched services in Delhi in
1995, when Bharti Cellular Limited (BCL) was
formed to offer cellular services under the brand
name AirTel. Within a few years, Bharti became
the first telecom company to cross the 2 million
mobile subscriber mark. Bharti also brought
down the STD/ISD cellular rates in India under
the brand name 'India one'.
In 1999, Bharti Enterprises acquired control of
JT Holdings, and extended cellular operations
to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In 2000,
Bharti acquired control of Skycell
Communications, in Chennai. In 2001, the
company acquired control of Spice Cell
in Kolkata. Bharti Enterprises went public in
2002, and the company was listed on Bombay
Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange
of India. In 2003, the cellular phone operations
were re-branded under the single Airtel brand.
In 2004, Bharti acquired control of Hexacom
and entered Rajasthan. In 2005, Bharti
extended its network to Andaman and Nicobar.
This expansion allowed it to offer voice services
all across India.
Airtel launched "Hello Tunes", a caller ring back
tone service (Ringing Tone), in July 2004
becoming the first operator in India to do so.
The Airtel theme song, composed by A.R.
Rahman, was the most popular tune in that
year.
In May 2008, it emerged that Airtel was
exploring the possibility of buying the MTN
Group, a South Africa-based
telecommunications company with coverage in
21 countries in Africa and the Middle
East. Financial Times reported that Bharti was
considering offering US$45 billion for a 100%
stake in MTN, which would be the largest
overseas acquisition ever by an Indian firm.
However, both sides emphasize the tentative
nature of the talks, while The
Economist magazine noted, "If anything, Bharti
would be marrying up," as MTN has
more subscribers, higher revenues and broader
geographic coverage. However, the talks fell
apart as MTN Group tried to reverse the
negotiations by making Bharti almost a
subsidiary of the new company. In May 2009,
Bharti Airtel again confirmed that it was in talks
with MTN and the companies agreed to discuss
the potential transaction exclusively by 31 July
2009. Talks eventually ended without
agreement, some sources stating that this was
due to opposition from the South African
government.
In 2009, Bharti negotiated for its strategic
partner Alcatel-Lucent to manage the network
infrastructure for the fixed-line business. Later,
Bharti Airtel awarded the three-year contract
to Alcatel-Lucent for setting up an Internet
Protocol access network across the country.
This would help consumers access internet at
faster-speed and high-quality internet browsing
on mobile handsets.
In 2009, Airtel launched its first international
mobile network in Sri Lanka. In June 2010,
Bharti acquired the African business of Zain
Telecom for $10.7 billion making it the largest
ever acquisition by an Indian telecom firm. In
2012, Bharti tied up with Walmart, the US retail
giant, to start a number of retail stores across
India. In 2014, Bharti planned to acquire Loop
Mobile for ₹7 billion (US$88 million), but the
deal was called off later.
On 18 November 2010, Airtel rebranded itself in
India in the first phase of a global rebranding
strategy. The company unveiled a new logo
with 'airtel' written in lower case. Designed by
London-based brand agency, Superunion, the
new logo is the letter 'a' in lowercase, with
'airtel' written in lowercase under the logo. On
23 November 2010, Airtel's Africa operations
were rebranded to 'airtel'. Sri Lanka followed on
28 November 2010 and on 20 December 2010,
Warid Telecom rebranded to 'airtel'
in Bangladesh.

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