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Cement Stabilizationof Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggbasesand Subbases
Cement Stabilizationof Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggbasesand Subbases
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Khalid Al-shamsi
Sultan Qaboos University
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Abstract: Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction generates large quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement 共RAP兲 aggregate, and
recycling into new asphalt paving mixtures is the predominant application. RAP acceptance in road bases and subbases has been limited,
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because of the lack of laboratory and field performance data. In the Sultanate of Oman, recycling of pavement materials is not practiced.
A previous study conducted at Sultan Qaboos Univ. indicated that RAP-virgin aggregate mixtures could be utilized in the subbase layer
rather than in the base course. This paper presents the results of a laboratory evaluation of cement stabilized RAP and RAP-virgin
aggregate blends as base materials. Compaction and unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted on the following RAP/virgin
aggregate mixtures: 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 0/100%. Samples were prepared using 0, 3, 5, and 7% Type I portland cement and
were cured for 3, 7, and 28 days in plastic bags at room temperature. A pavement design analysis of using various cement stabilized
RAP-virgin aggregate mixtures as base materials was also undertaken. Results indicate that the optimum moisture content, maximum dry
density, and strength of RAP will generally increase with the addition of virgin aggregate and cement. Longer curing periods will yield
higher strength results. The ability of RAP aggregate to function as a structural component of the pavement is more pronounced when it
is stabilized with cement rather than when blending with only virgin aggregate. A 100% RAP aggregate should not be recommended for
use as a base material unless stabilized with cement. Cement stabilized RAP-virgin aggregate mixtures seem to be a viable alternative to
dense-graded aggregate used in road base construction.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0899-1561共2002兲14:3共239兲
CE Database keywords: Asphalt pavements; Aggregates; Cement; Recycling.
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution for reclaimed asphalt pavement 共RAP兲 and Virgin aggregates
Physical Properties
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Compaction Testing
Various laboratory tests were conducted to determine the physical
properties of RAP and virgin aggregates. These tests included Sample Preparation
gradation, Atterberg limits, moisture content, specific gravity, Various blends were prepared using 0, 3, 5, and 7% Type I port-
water absorption, sand equivalent, and toughness 共Taha et al. land cement 共by dry weight of the aggregate兲 with 100/0, 90/10,
1999兲. 80/20, 70/30, and 0/100% RAP to virgin aggregates.
The compaction test was performed by the modified proctor
testing procedure 共AASHTO T180, Method C兲. The mold dimen-
Gradation sions were 102 mm in diameter by 127 mm in height. The ham-
Sieve analyses were performed on RAP and virgin aggregates in mer weight was 4.5 kg, and it had a free-fall distance of 457 mm.
accordance with AASHTO T27 共Fig. 1兲. RAP was generally clas- The RAP and virgin aggregates were air dried for 48 h to remove
sified as well-graded gravel 共GW兲. The uniformity coefficient any moisture. All particle sizes greater than 19 mm were rejected
(Cu) was 6, and the coefficient of curvature (Cc) was 1.5. The from the mix. Each mix was compacted in five layers with 25
virgin aggregate was a mixture of well-graded sands and gravelly blows per layer.
sands with little or no fines 共SW兲. The uniformity coefficient was
15, and the coefficient of curvature was 1.
Table 2. Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density Results for All Blends
100% RAPa 90% RAPa 80% RAPa 70% RAPa 100% virgin aggregate
Percent OMC b
Max ␦ d OMC b
Max ␦ d OMC b
Max ␦ d OMC b
Max ␦ d OMCb Max ␦ d
cement 共%兲 共g/cm3兲 共%兲 共g/cm3兲 共%兲 共g/cm3兲 共%兲 共g/cm3兲 共%兲 共g/cm3兲
0 7.0 1.885 7.2 1.937 8.0 1.952 8.2 2.174 5.7 2.250
3 7.8 1.921 8.0 1.988 8.2 2.060 8.6 2.187 6.0 2.313
5 8.2 1.993 8.8 2.056 8.4 2.104 8.8 2.238 6.4 2.381
7 8.5 2.014 9.0 2.096 9.0 2.116 9.1 2.246 7.4 2.387
a
Reclaimed asphalt pavement.
b
Optimum moisture content.
being compacted. This could be partially attributed to the open- samples were prepared for each mixture. Samples were cured for
graded nature of the RAP aggregate. The moisture-holding capa- 3, 7, and 28 days in sealed plastic bags at room temperature.
bility of RAP is negligible, because there is little minus No. 200 The test was performed in accordance with ASTM D1633
fraction, and most RAP aggregates are coated with asphalt. Thus, using a 100 kN DARTEC machine with a loading rate of 0.5
in field applications, the addition of virgin aggregate and cement kN/s. Figs. 3共a–e兲 show the unconfined compressive strength
would make it much easier to compact RAP as a base or subbase
results obtained from the test. The data indicate that as virgin
material.
aggregate and cement contents in the blend increase, the
strength value increases. Also, longer curing periods will increase
Unconfined Compressive Strength Testing strength.
Sample preparation and compaction for unconfined compressive In an earlier study 共Taha et al. 1999兲, it was established that
strength testing were similar to the above section on ‘‘sample the addition of virgin aggregate to RAP would increase the CBR
preparation.’’ However, for strength-based tests, duplicate value. Possible reasons for this increase in CBR may be due to
better load transfer between particles of the virgin aggregate and tion would consist of an asphalt concrete surface, a base, a sub-
the slip surfaces developed between the asphalt-coated particles base, and a subgrade. The pavement was designed for the condi-
of the RAP. Furthermore, as virgin aggregate content in the blend tions presented in Table 3. The surface, subbase, and subgrade
increases, better interlocking between aggregate particles will de- properties were constant in the analysis 共Table 4兲. Only base ma-
velop. This will lead to further increases in the shear strength of terial properties were varied. The resilient modulus and layer co-
the blend. efficient values for the base layer are listed in Table 5. No modu-
lus laboratory tests were conducted, and the layer coefficient
Pavement Design Analysis charts included in the AASHTO guide for design of pavement
structures 共1993兲 were used as a reference in obtaining these val-
Design Parameters ues. The addition of cement to RAP has a more pronounced effect
A pavement design analysis using cement stabilized RAP-virgin on the resilient modulus and layer coefficient values than with the
aggregate blends was considered. A typical pavement cross sec- addition of only virgin aggregate 共Table 5兲.
Five different RAP-virgin aggregate mixtures stabilized with 0, 3, 90% RAPa ⫹0% cement 165 13 114
5, and 7% Type I portland cement were evaluated for use in road ⫹3% cement 76 318 114
base construction. A pavement design analysis was also per- ⫹5% cement 76 292 114
formed on these mixtures. ⫹7% cement 76 292 114
80% RAPa ⫹0% cement 165 51 114
⫹3% cement 76 292 114
Table 4. Pavement Layers Characteristics ⫹5% cement 76 292 114
Properties/layer Surface Subbase Subgrade ⫹7% cement 76 280 114
Resilient modulus M r , MPa 2,760 103.5 69 70% RAPa ⫹0% cement 152 76 114
Layer coefficient (a 1 ) 0.42 0.11 NAa ⫹3% cement 76 292 114
Drainage factor (m 1 ) NAa 1.0 NAa ⫹5% cement 76 280 114
a a
Not applicable. Reclaimed asphalt pavement.
Consultant, Fla.
References Taha, R., Ali, G., Basma, A., and Al-Turk, O. 共1999兲. ‘‘Evaluation of
reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate in road bases and subbases.’’
AASHTO guide for design of pavement structures. 共1993兲. American As- Transportation Research Record 1652, 1, 7th Int. Conf. on Low-
sociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, Volume Roads, Transportation Research Board, National Research
D.C. Council, Washington, D.C., 264 –269.