NAME: MOUSA FIRAS JABBAR

CLASS: A

STATIC

STRESS and STRAIN

Abstract
The concept of the phonon-mode tensor is reviewed as method to determine the elastic strains
across crystals from the changes in the wavenumbers of Raman-active phonon modes relative
to an unstrained crystal. The symmetry constraints on the phonon-mode tensor are discussed
and the consequences for which combinations of strains can be determined by this method are
.stated

Introduction

comparing them to those of an unstrained reference crystal. This is the basis of using
diffraction measurements to determine the thermal expansion and equations of state of
minerals The measurement of elastic strains in crystals has many applications, including the
determination of thermal expansion coefficients and compressibility's, the characterization of
structural phase transitions and crystals under non-hydrostatic stress states inside diamond-
anvil cells (DACs), as well as the stress states of individual crystal grains within a rock or
ceramic composite. When the sample crystal is uniformly stressed, for example when it is
under hydrostatic pressure inside a fluid pressure medium, then the strains are uniform across
.the sample, and they can be determined by measuring the unit-cell parameters of the crystal

Strain is the concept used to compare the elongation of a material to its original, un deformed
length, Stress and strain are calculated from easily measurable quantities (normal load,
diameter, elongation, original length) and can be plotted against one another. Such Stress
Strain diagrams are used to study the behavior of a material from the point it is loaded until it
.breaks. Each material produces a different stress-strain diagram

Stress and strain are fundamental concepts in engineering used to describe the
mechanical behavior of materials under various loading conditions. Understanding
stress and strain is crucial in designing and analyzing structures, as it allows engineers
to predict how materials will behave and it ensures that these materials can withstand
their real-world applications.

Strain, the underlying core of any FEA solver, measures the deformation of an object.
Objects that are stretched, compressed, bent, or twisted undergo a change in shape.
Strain is defined as this change in length divided by its original length. Although it is
commonly presented as a percentage, strain itself is the unit less measure of
deformation
The strain in the bar is defined by the change of length (in this case due to tension)
divided by its original length.

The tensile stress in this bar can be calculated by taking the amount of
force applied and dividing by the cross-sectional area of the member.
The Stress-Strain Curve
The relationship between stress and strain can be graphed using what is called the
Stress-Strain Curve. Each material has its own unique stress-strain curve. Materials
that have similar characteristics, like ductile metals or elastomeric foams, will all
share a similar looking Stress-Strain Curve. A stress-strain curve representative of
most common metals is shown below for reference.
The Stress-Strain Curve

The relationship between stress and strain can be graphed using what is called the
Stress-Strain Curve. Each material has its own unique stress-strain curve. Materials
that have similar characteristics, like ductile metals or elastomeric foams, will all
share a similar looking Stress-Strain Curve. A stress-strain curve representative of
most common metals is shown below for reference.

The yield point (marked on the graph above) is described as the point when “severe”
permanent deformation begins to occur. Technically speaking, permanent deformation
begins immediately after exceeding the proportional limit. The yield point, however,
is defined when 0.2% plastic strain is achieved. This value is an industry standard for
defining the elastic limit of a material because it is too difficult to experimentally
record the exact point when plastic deformation begins to occur. The 0.2% offset
yield ensures that empirical data remains reliable and repeatable.

The stress-strain curve is a fundamental concept in material science and

engineering. When performing FEA, it’s very important to ensure the
material properties in your model are accurately defined. You now
should understand the defining points needed to create the graph.

The Elastic Region

The graph starts with a linear segment (left of the dashed line) referred to as the
elastic region. This region is characterized by the linear relationship between stress
and strain: as strain increases, stress increases by a proportional amount. The
Proportional Limit marks the point when the stress-strain relationship moves away
from being linear.

As implied by its name, any strain that occurs in the elastic region of the graph is
considered recoverable. This means an object that is loaded short of the proportional
limit will be able to return to its original shape. After loading exceeds the proportional
limit, permanent deformation begins to occur.
Young’s modulus (E) describes the linear relationship between stress (σ) and strain
(ε) of a material. It can be calculated by taking the slope from the elastic region of the
stress-strain curve.

Young’s modulus is a convenient way to quantify the stiffness of various materials. A

large Young’s modulus means that high amounts of stress (load) is required to
achieve small amounts of strain. Stiff materials such as steel will have a large
Young’s modulus (E~200,000 MPa), whereas more compliant materials such as nylon
will have a much lower value (E~2,000 MPa).

Final Thoughts
The stress-strain curve is a fundamental concept in material science and engineering.
When performing FEA, it’s very important to ensure the material properties in your
model are accurately defined. You now should understand the defining points needed
to create the graph.

REFERNCES

https://www.fidelisfea.com/post/stress-and-strain-what-are-they-and-
what-is-their-relationship

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zkri-2018-2112/html

https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/sciadv.abd7416