(GROUP 1)
Epistemology is the study of knowledge and
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY and
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY derived from the Ancient Greek
words "philo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), is a
broad and systematic study of fundamental
questions about existence, knowledge, values,
reason, and the nature of reality. It is a discipline
that seeks to understand the world and our place in
it through rational inquiry, critical thinking, and
logical analysis.
Philosophy encourages us to question assumptions,
challenge beliefs, and engage in reasoned
arguments. It seeks to provide a deeper
understanding of ourselves, the world around us,
and the fundamental principles that govern our
existence.
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY IN ARTS
APPRECIATION?
Philosophy in Arts Appreciation refers to the
application of philosophical principles and
concepts in the process of analyzing, interpreting,
and appreciating artworks. It involves exploring
the philosophical themes and ideas conveyed by
the artist and contemplating the deeper
philosophical implications of artistic expression.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Metaphysics: This branch of philosophy deals
with understanding the fundamental nature of
reality, including the relationship between mind
and matter, substance andbattribute, potentiality
and actuality. For example, questions like "What is
the meaning of life?" or "Do we have free will?"
fall under Metaphysics. In arts appreciation,
metaphysics can be explored through the
examination of artworks that raise questions about
thennature of reality or the existence of
abstractnconcepts.
2.
belief. It explores the nature, origin, and scope of
knowledge, as well as thebreliability of claims of
knowledge. For instance, "How do we know what
we know?" or "What is truth?" are typical
epistemological questions. Epistemology in arts
appreciation involves examining the nature and
limits of knowledge and how it is represented in
art.
3. Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is
concerned with what is good for individuals and
society. It involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong
behavior. For example, questions like "What is the
right thing to do?" or "What does it mean to lead a
good life?" pertain to Ethics.
Ethics in arts appreciation involves considering the
moral and ethic dimensions of artworks.
4. Logic is the study of valid reasoning,
argumentation, and inference. It involves the
systematic study of the form of valid inference and
the most general laws of truth. Questions in this
branch might include "What constitutes a valid
argument?" or "How can fallacies be avoided?"
Logic in arts appreciation can be applied to
analyze the structure and reasoning behind an
artwork's composition or the coherence of its
message.
5. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that
explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste. It
seeks to understand the feelings and ideas that art
and beauty provoke in us. Questions like "What is
beauty?" or "What is the purpose of art?" fall
under Aesthetics.
Aesthetics is closely tied to arts appreciation as it
involves the study of beauty, taste, and the nature
of art itself. When appreciating art through an
aesthetic lens, one might analyze the use of color,
form, and composition in an artwork.
(GROUP 2)
DIFFERENT MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
FROM FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS
Plato
Philosophy is a pursuit of wisdom, the love of
wisdom, and the process of searching for truth and
understanding fundamental principles of reality.
Aristotle
Aristotle considered philosophy to be the science
that studies the ultimate causes and principles of
things, aiming at knowledge for its own sake.
Immanuel Kant
Kant defined philosophy as the systematic, critical
examination of foundational concepts and
principles underlying human knowledge, ethics,
and metaphysics.
Bertrand Russell
Russell described philosophy as a combination of
logical analysis and speculative inquiry, aiming to
clarify concepts, resolve contradictions, and
explore the nature of reality and knowledge.
Overall, philosophy encompasses a wide range of
inquiries into fundamental questions about
existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
language, among other topics. It involves critical
thinking, rational inquiry, and reflection on the
nature of reality and human experience.
FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
Socrates - Known for the Socratic Method, a form
of cooperative argumentative dialogue to stimulate
critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
Plato - Famous for his theory of forms, the
Allegory of the Cave, and his dialogues exploring
ethics, politics, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Aristotle - His contributions include formal logic,
the classification of sciences, ethics (virtue ethics),
metaphysics, politics, and his systematic approach
to knowledge.
René Descartes - Known for his statement "Cogito,
ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), Descartes
made significant contributions to rationalism,
skepticism, and the mind-body problem.
Immanuel Kant - Notable for his Critique of Pure
Reason, Kant revolutionized metaphysics and
epistemology, establishing transcendental idealism
and categorical imperative in ethics.
David Hume - Contributed to empiricism,
skepticism, and moral philosophy, challenging
traditional notions of causality and arguing against
the existence of innate ideas.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Known for his social
contract theory, Rousseau's ideas influenced
political philosophy, education theory, and
romanticism.
Karl Marx - Famous for his theories on historical
materialism, capitalism, socialism, and
communism, Marx's ideas shaped modern political
and economic thought.
Bertrand Russell - Contributed to logic, analytic
philosophy, and the philosophy of mathematics,
Russell also wrote on ethics, politics, and the
nature of knowledge.
Ludwig Wittgenstein - His work in the philosophy
of language, logic, and the nature of meaning
influenced both analytic and continental
philosophy.
These philosophers, among others, have made
significant contributions to various fields within
philosophy, shaping the way we think about the
world and our place in it.
(GROUP 3)
LITERATURE AND KINDS OF
LITERATURE
What is literature?
Literature (from the Latin Littera meaning
'letters' and referring to an acquaintance with the
written word) is a body of work, either written,
oral or visual, containing imaginative language
that realistically portrays thought, emotions, and
experiences of the human condition of a
specific culture, sub-
culture, religion, philosophy or the study of such
written work.
Brief history of literature
Literature traces back to ancient civilizations
like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
During the classical period, Greek and Roman
writers produced influential works in poetry,
drama, and philosophy.
Literature in the middle ages was often religious
and courtly, they reflected themes of spirituality
and chivalry.
The renaissance saw a revival of classical
learning and a flowering of creativity in Europe.
During the enlightenment, literature reflected the
era’s focus on reason, science, and humanism.
The 19th century saw the rise of romanticism,
realism, and other literary movements
In the 20th century and beyond, literature has
continued to evolve , with writers exploring
diverse themes and styles.
Philippine literature in the precolonial period
consisted of oral traditions passed down through
generations.
Early literary works during the Spanish colonial
period were predominantly religious in nature,
written in Spanish and Latin and included
devotional poetry, religious dramas, and
chronicles.
American colonization brought English as a
medium of instruction and literary expression to
the Philippines alongside Spanish.
Works from the period of the Japanese
occupation reflects themes of patriotism,
sacrifice, and resistance against oppression.
The post-war period saw the continuation of
Philippine literature in English and the
emergence of vernacular literature in Filipino
and regional languages.
Kinds of Literature
Written literature - refers to any form of written
work that has artistic or intellectual value.
Drama
Drama is a play in that is performed on a stage
in a theatre, radio or on big screens as in films
and is composed by a playwright.
It portrays fictional or non-fictional stories.
It follows a plot structure with a proper
beginning, middle and end.
It has a storyline, characters, settings and
dialogue.
The characters in a drama have to deal certain
conflicts, emotions and unexpected situations.
Autobiography
Story of one's own life.
Describes his life from his own perspective and
experiences.
It gives you an insight on the author.
They share their true-life events and thoughts.
The authors are the famous personalities who
tells their story to the world.
A famous and spectacular example of
autobiography is 'The Diary of a Young Girl' by
Anne Frank.
Biography
Biography is a story of person from someone
else's perspective.
The author can be somebody close to or
somebody who had studied about the person that
the story is about.
A great example of biography is 'Unbroken: A
World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and
Redemption', by Laura Hillenbrand.
Poetry
Poetry in literature is a composition of rhythm,
sound, and lyrics.
According to William Wordsworth, poetry is
"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings".
The poet chooses words carefully, including
different poetic devices.
The four main types of poetry are haiku, free
verse, sonnets, and acrostic poems.
Prose
Prose is plain and simple.
It has no special grammar structure or a writing
pattern to follow.
Written in a common tone, forming into a
natural speech or a conversational tone.
Paragraphs or sentences can be long or short.
Science Fiction
Science fiction, also called "sci-fi," is mostly
imaginary, out of assumptions, but can
sometimes be true.
The stories are about the future technology.
These fiction stories Iso have a relationship to
real science laws, because science considers
those things possible in future.
Some examples of science fiction are, 'The Time
Machine' by H. G. Wells, 'Spies in Disguise' by
Blue Sky Studios, 'A Wrinkle in Time' by
Madeleine L'Engle, etc.
Journalistic Literature
Also known as Narrative or New Journalism
Nonfiction
The journalist gathers, creates and publishes
information
Requires clever strategies and narrative
techniques to make a report engaging and
interesting.
Oral Literature - refers to traditional stories,
myths, songs, and other forms of narrative
expression that are passed down orally from one
generation to another, rather than being written
down. It is a vital part of cultural heritage and
reflects the history, values, and beliefs of a
community.
Ballads - are a powerful form of oral literature
that combines storytelling, music, and emotion.
They have been passed down through
generations, preserving historical events,
legends, and cultural values.
Myths - are traditional stories or legends that
explain the origins of the world, natural
phenomena, cultural beliefs, and the actions of
gods, goddesses, and heroes.
Rhyme - is the repetition of similar sounds in
words, commonly found in poetry and songs. It
adds musicality, rhythm, and aesthetic appeal to
the language, enhancing the overall impact and
enjoyment of the piece.

Songs - are musical compositions that combine

lyrics and melody to create a unique artistic
expression. They have the ability to convey
emotions, tell stories, and connect people
through the power of music.

Folktales - are traditional stories that have been

passed down through generations within a
culture or community. They serve as a means of
entertainment, education, and cultural
preservation, and is often contain moral lessons
and reflect the values and beliefs of a particular
society.
(GROUP 4) 3. Plot: The plot is the sequence of events that
make up the story. It includes the introduction of
DEFINITION OF SHORT STORY AND ITS the conflict, the development of the conflict, and
ELEMENTS its resolution. The plot structure may vary, but it
typically follows a beginning, middle, and end
format, with rising action, climax, and falling
SHORT STORY action.

A short story is a work of prose fiction 4. Conflict: Conflict is a central element in a

that can be read in one sitting—usually between
20 minutes to an hour. There is no maximum
length, but the average short story is 1,000 to
7,500 words, with some outliers reaching 10,000
or 15,000 words
A short story is a concise work of fiction
that focuses on a single incident, character, or
theme. It is typically characterized by its brevity,
limited number of characters, specific setting,
and condensed narrative structure. Short stories
aim to engage and entertain readers by telling a
complete story within a shorter format, often
exploring various aspects of human experience
or conveying a specific message.
short story. It refers to the struggle or problem
that the characters face. It can be an internal
conflict within a character's mind or an external
conflict between characters, nature, or society.
Conflict creates tension and drives the story
forward.
5. Theme: The theme is the underlying message
or central idea of the story. It is the deeper
meaning or insight that the author wants to
convey to the reader. Themes can vary widely
and may include love, loss, identity, power, or
morality. They provide a unifying thread
throughout the narrative.

ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY

1. Setting: The setting refers to the time and

place in which the story takes place. It helps
establish the context, atmosphere, and mood of
the narrative. The setting can be a specific
location, such as a city or a house, or it can be
more abstract, like a particular time period or a
cultural background.

2. Characters: Characters are the individuals

who drive the story. They can be fictional or
based on real people. Short stories often focus
on a limited number of characters due to their
brevity. These characters may have distinct
personalities, motivations, and conflicts that
shape the events of the story.
(GROUP 5)
DEFINITION OF POETRY AND ITS
ELEMENTS
DEFINITION OF POETRY
The word "poetry" is derived from the Greek
word "poiesis", which means "to make" or "to
create". It is a form of literature that uses aesthetic
and rhythmic qualities of language—such as
phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to
evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the
prosaic ostensible meaning. It emphasizes the
expression of feelings and ideas by the use of
distinctive style and rhythm.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
>METER
In poetry, meter refers to the rhythmic
structure and pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line of verse. It involves the
arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables to
create a specific rhythmic pattern, which
contributes to the overall musicality and flow of
the poem.
>STANZAS
In poetry, stanzas refer to the grouping of
lines within a poem. They are similar to
paragraphs in prose writing, providing a structural
organization to the poem. Stanzas are separated by
line breaks or white space and consist of a set
number of lines. The lines within a stanza often
share a common theme, idea, or form a cohesive
unit within the poem.
>FORM
refers to the physical structure of the poem;
elements like its line lengths and meters, stanza
lengths, rhyme schemes and systems of repetition.
>RHYME
Rhyme is the repetition of syllables,
typically at the end of a verse line.
>VOICE
Voice is an expression denoting the
comprehensive style of a speaker adopted by the
author in a poem.
>IMAGERY
Imagery is the part of a poem that appeals
to the five senses (sight, taste, sound, touch, and
smell) in a way that creates a vivid and
emotionally resonant picture for readers.
>FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Figurative language refers to language that
is not literal. It suggest a comparison to something
else, so that one thing is seen in terms of another.
>SYMBOLISM
Refers to a symbol of any object or action
that means more than itself, any object or action
that represents something beyond itself.
>SOUND
Are the technique writers use to make them
sound more prominent in a piece of writing.Part of
the meaning of a poem is carried by the sound of
the word used. As in music, every word has it's
tone color.
>RHYTHM
The beat of the poem heard in the pattern
of stressed and unstressed syllables. Its can help to
strengthen the meaning of word and ideas in a
poem.
>THEME
Underlying message that the writers wants to
convey.Talk about the central idea , thought
behind what the poem want to convey.
>DICTION
 Language used in poetry vocabulary phrasing, NOTE: These tempos are not specific—but
usage.Each word suggests a different attitude, RELATIVE to each other.
image or connection
• METER: Beats organized into
(GROUP 7) recognizable/recurring accent patterns. Meter
can be seen/felt through the standard patterns
MUSIC AND ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
used by conductors.
Music

Music is an art form that combines either vocal

DYNAMICS
or instrumental sounds, sometimes both, formed
mainly for the beauty of a chosen form, harmony, All musical aspects relating to the relative
and expression of emotion. loudness (or quietness) of music fall under the
general element of DYNAMICS.
Music and Noise
The terms used to describe dynamic levels are
Music is a sound which produces a pleasing
often in Italian:
sensation while noise is an unwanted and
unpleasant sound. Music is produced by musical •Pianissimo [pp] = (very quiet)
instruments like piano, guitar, flute, etc. Noise is
produced by horns of vehicles, crackers, •Piano [p] = (quiet)
machines.
•Mezzo-piano [mp] = (moderately quiet)
RHYTHM
•Mezzo-forte [mf ] = (moderately loud)
is the element of “TIME” in music. When you
•Forte [f ] = (loud)
tap your foot to the music, you are “keeping the
beat” or following the structural rhythmic pulse •Fortissimo [ff ] = (very loud)
of the music. There are several important
aspects of rhythm: MELODY

DURATION: how long a sound (or silence) lasts. Melody is the LINEAR/HORIZONTAL
presentation of pitch (the word used to describe
TEMPO: the speed of the BEAT. the highness or lowness of a musical sound).
Many famous musical compositions have a
(Note: Tempo indications are often designated
memorable melody or theme.
by Italian terms): Largo = “large” or labored
(slow) THEME: a melody that is the basis for an
extended musical work
Adagio = slow
Melodies can be derived from various scales
Andante = steady “walking” tempo
(families of pitches) such as the traditional major
Moderato = moderate and minor scales of tonal music, to more unusual
ones such as the old church modes (of the
Allegro = fast (“happy”) Medieval and Renaissance periods: c. 500–
1600), the chromatic scale and the whole tone
Presto = very fast
scale (both used in popular and art-music styles
of the late 19th and 20th-century periods), or
unique scale systems devised in other cultures
around the world.
Melodies can be described as:
CONJUNCT (smooth; easy to sing or play)
DISJUNCT (disjointedly ragged or jumpy;
difficult to sing or play).
HARMONY
Harmony is the VERTICALIZATION of pitch.
Often, harmony is thought of as the art of
combining pitches into chords (several notes
played simultaneously as a “block”). These
chords are usually arranged into sentence-like
patterns called chord progressions.
Harmony is often described in terms of its
relative HARSHNESS:
DISSONANCE: a harsh-sounding harmonic
combination
CONSONANCE: a smooth-sounding harmonic
combination
TONE COLOR (or TIMBRE -pronounced
“TAM-BER”)
If you play a “C” on the piano and then sing that
“C”, you and the piano have obviously produced
the same pitch; however, your voice has a
different sound quality than the piano. Although
the scientific principles of musical acoustics are
beyond the scope of this course, it is safe to say
that each musical instrument or voice produces
its own characteristic pattern of “overtones,”
which gives it a unique "tone color" or timbre.
Composers use timbre much like painters use
colors to evoke certain effects on a canvas. For
example, the upper register (portion of the range
or compass) of a clarinet produces tones that are
brilliant and piercing, while its lower register
gives a rich and dark timbre. A variety of
timbres can also be created by combining
instruments and/or voices.
EXAMPLE of ORCHESTRAL TONE
COLORS
BRITTEN: The Young Persons’ Guide to the
Orchestra
TEXTURE
Texture refers to the number of individual
musical lines (melodies) and the relationship
these lines have to one another.
NOTE: Be careful not to confuse the number of
musical lines with the number of performers
producing the musical lines.
Monophonic (single-note) texture:
Music with only one note sounding at a time
(having no harmony or accompaniment).
Homophonic texture:
Music with two or more notes sounding at a the
same time, but generally featuring a prominent
melody in the upper part, supported by a less
intricate harmonic accompaniment underneath
(often based on homogenous chords—BLOCKS
of sound).
Polyphonic texture:
Music with two or more independent melodies
sounding at the same time. The most intricate
types of polyphonic texture— canon and
fugue—may introduce three, four, five or more
independent melodies simultaneously! This
manner of writing is called COUNTERPOINT.
Imitative texture:
Imitation is a special type of polyphonic texture
produced whenever a musical idea is ECHOED
from “voice” to “voice”. Although imitation can
be used in monophonic styles, it is more
prevalent in polyphonic art-music— especially
from the Renaissance and Baroque periods.

MUSICAL FORM

The large-scale form of a musical composition

can be projected via any combination of the
musical elements previously studied.
Traditionally, however, musical form in Western
music has been primarily associated with the
order of melodic, harmonic and rhythmic events
(or the text) in a piece. Letters (i.e., A, B, C) are
used to designate musical divisions brought
about by the repetition of melodic material or
the presentation of new, contrasting material.
Some of the most common musical forms are
described below:

BASIC FORMS

Strophic Form: a design in VOCAL music, in

which the same music is used for several
different verses (strophes) of words. [Example:
“Deck the Halls” has many verses of words sung
to the same music.]

Verse 1 . . . Verse 2 . . . Verse 3 (etc.)

Through-composed a structure in which there is

no repeat or return of any large-scale musical
section. [Example: Schubert’s “Erlkönig”.]

A B C D E...

Binary Form a two-part form in which both

main sections are repeated (as indicated in the
diagram by “repeat marks”). The basic premise
of this form is CONTRAST:

Ternary Form a three-part form featuring a

return of the initial music after a contrasting
section. Symmetry and balance are achieved
through this return of material:
(GROUP 8)
DEFINITION OF MUSIC & KINDS OF
MUSIC
What is music?
Music is an art form that involves the
arrangement and combination of sounds in
succession, in harmony, and in temporal
relationships to create a composition having
unity and continuity. It includes elements like
pitch, melody, rhythm, texture, and more. It's a
pattern of sounds made by musical instruments,
voices, or computers, intended to give pleasure
to people listening to it. The definition of music
can vary depending on culture, but it's an aspect
of all human societies and a cultural universal.
Kinds of Music
1. Rock: Rock music is characterized by a strong
beat, usually driven by the electric guitar. It
emerged in the 1950s and has various sub-genres
like classic rock, punk rock, and alternative rock.
Rock music is often associated with an energetic
and rebellious attitude.
example:
1. "Stairway to Heaven" - Led Zeppelin
2. "Bohemian Rhapsody" - Queen
2. Classical: Classical music This is the music of
the old days, most of which we have forgotten,
et listen to everyday because most of what we
hear now is derived from what the great classical
composers created decades and centuries ago.
The main categories in classical music are
orchestral music, chamber music, and opera.
example:
1. Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 -
Ludwig van Beethoven
2. The Four Seasons - Antonio Vivaldi
3. Jazz: Originating in the African-American
communities of New Orleans, Jazz is known for
its complex melodies, improvisation, and unique
rhythms. It's a genre that values individual
expression and often involves a lot of
spontaneous creation.
examples:
1. take five by dave brubeck
2. so what by miles davis
4. Rap/Hip Hop: This genre emerged in African-
American and Latino communities in the U.S. in
the 1970s. It's characterized by spoken lyrics
(rapping) over a rhythmic beat. Rap music often
tackles social issues and personal experiences,
and it's known for its wordplay and lyrical
complexity.
examples:
1. lose yourself by Eminem
2. juicy by notorious B.I.G
5. Country: Country music, rooted in the
Southern United States, is typically
characterized by simple melodies and lyrics that
often focus on everyday life, love, and hardship.
It often features instruments like the guitar,
banjo, and harmonica.
examples:
1. take me home, county roads by John Denver
2. Jolene by dolly parton
6. Pop: Pop music is designed to be catchy and
appeals to a wide audience. It often features
simple, memorable melodies and lyrics that
usually revolve around themes of love and
relationships. Pop songs are typically short,
repetitive, and have a basic structure of verses
and choruses.

examples:

1. love grows by Edison lighthouse

2. love story by Taylor swift

7. Electronic: Electronic music primarily uses

electronic instruments and technology for
production. It includes a wide range of sub-
genres like house, techno, and dubstep. This
genre is characterized by its ability to create
sounds that traditional instruments cannot.

examples:

1. midnight city by m83

2. one more time by daft punk

8. Soul/Funk: These genres originated in the

African-American community and are known
for their strong rhythms, emphasis on melody
and vocals, and the use of improvisation. Soul
music is often emotional and expressive, while
funk is more rhythmic and dance-oriented.

examples:

1. Stand by me by Ben E. King (soul)

2. thankyou by slay and the family stone (funk)

(GROUP 9) in Philippine native languages, most ofter
Tagalog, but with Western music conventions
Definition of Music and Philippines Music and style.

But OPM is distinct and different in other ways

MUSIC
The music of the Philippines (Filipino:
Musika ng Pilipinas) includes the musical
performance arts in the Philippines and the
music of Filipinos composed in various local
and international genres and styles. Philippine
musical compositions are often a mixture of
Indigenous styles, and various Asian styles, as
well as Spanish/Latin American and (US)
American influences through foreign rule from
those countries.
ORIGIN OF PHILIPPINES MUSIC
OPM ( Original Philippine Music) is the
music originated in the philippines. Original
Pilipino Music or more commonly termed
Original Pinoy Music or OPM, initially referring
to Filipino pop ballads in the late 1970s and
during 1980s. Nowadays, the term is used to
categorize all popular music that is composed
and performed by Filipino or originating from
the country.
as well. As musicologists Arwin Tan, Teresita
Gimenez-Maceda, and Cristina Cayabyab have
pointed out, the genre grew to be a major force
in the aftermath of the martial law era that ended
in 1986. OPM originally developed from the
manila sound of the 1970s, which combined
western pop composing style with Filipino lyrics.
The sound was particularly influenced by R&B
stylistic and was irreverent in tone.
Later, OPM developed into a wide rage of forms
such as ballads, novelty songs, folk songs, rock,
jazz, and rap. It is easy then to make the
assumption that OPM is simply Western-style
music sung using Philippine languages. But this
is too simple an explanation and does not really
get to heart of how Filipinos have used Western
music to express themselves.

The Origin and The Rise

OPM emerged during the 1970s, took a rise and

has become more diversified now. One of the
key factors contributing to the increasing
popularity of OPM has been major music
competitions for OPM singers and songwriters
since the emergence of OPM.

OPM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO FILIPINO

CULTURE

OPM stands for Original Pilipino Music, a

label meant to differentiate music composed by
Filipinos in the Philippines from popular music
derived from other countries. It is usually sung
(GROUP 10) S.Ballroom dancing: this types involves a
number of partner- dance styles such as the
DEFINITION OF DANCE AND KINDS OF waltz, tongo,and Sala.
DANCE
6. Folk dancing : these are traditional dances that
reflect the life of certain groups of people from
Definition of dance: specific regions.
dance can be defined in many ways. depending 7.Latin dance: this category includes various
on the context dances from latin america, including salsasamba,
At ts most basic, dance can be deseribed as a and cha - cha
form of expression that uses movement of ie
8.Belly dancing: an xpressicve danc that
body, usually rhythmic and to emphasizes complex movements of he tolso.
music.communicate an idea or emotion, release
energy,or simple Each of these dance styles has it's own unique
characteristics history and cultural significant
take delight in the movement itself.
The thought artists the expression and mnusic.
Kinds of dance:

There are numerous types of dance style around

the world.

Here are some of the most popular ones.

1. Top dancing : this style is characterized by

using the sounds of top shoes striking the loor as
a

form of percussion.

2. Jazz dance : it's a performance dance

technique and style that arose in the united state
in the

mid 20th century.

3. Balleta highly technical form of dancewith its

own vacanolary based on french terminology.

4. Hep hop: it refers to street dance style

primarily performed to bip - hop music or that
have

evolved as part bip- hop culture.

(GROUP 11)
 Definition of Drama and Theatre
Elements of Drama
Drama is the specific mode of art represented in
the form of performance. The term comes from a
Greek word “dran” meaning “action” which is
derived from to do or “to act”. Drama is an art
form that explores human conflict and tension. It
takes the form of a story presented to audience
through dialogue and action. Drama is also a
type of play written for theatre, television,radio
and film.
Drama developed as a result of the evolution of
theatre as an art. A number of elements
contribute to the specific nature of drama. It has
a plot-it reproduces a course of events, ita action
has dramatic tension and is broken down into
scenes and episodes, characters have continuity.
The purpose of drama is to “have an effect on
the crowd, the many ,and to attract their
curiosity.
Drama is defined as a form of performance that
involves conflicts, emotions, and the portrayal of
human experiences through dialogue and action.
It typically presents a story or situation that
engages the audience's emotions, evoking
intense feelings such as tension, excitement, or
empathy. Words such as theater, dramatics, and
theatrical performances are often synonymous
with drama.
THEATRE
Theatre is a collaborative art form which
combines words, voice, movement and visual
elements to express meaning. The field of
theatre encompasses not only live improvised
and scripted work, but also dramatic forms such
as film, television and other electronic media.
Due to the increasingly pervasive influence of
contemporary theatrical media, theatre has
enormous importance in citizens’ lives. It is not
possible for students to achieve media literacy
without understanding and having hands-on
experience with theatre. Theatre is about the
examination and resolution of fundamental
human issues, and is built on understanding and
presenting interactions between people.
Processes of the Theater :
CREATING
Creating in drama/theatre is a process in using
the voice, body, and imagination to express
concepts, ideas, and feelings.
PERFORMING
The core process of performing in theatre and
drama refers to the myriad of choices an actor or
technician makes to bring to life a characteror
visual design and present it to a specific
audience.
RESPONDING
Responding in theatre involves students in
perceiving and interpreting drama and theatre
work. Responding may include students’
reactions to ideas, stories, scripts, designs,
artistic choices, performances, and actions of
others.
CONNECTING
The core process of connecting in theatre
recognizes that drama/theatre work happens ina
complex context comprised of societal, personal,
and historical forces, all of which have an
impact on the other artistic processes of creating,
performing, and responding.
Elements of Drama speech or song) or non-verbally (facial
expressions, a written note in a movie).

Aristotle considers it important that a work

Aristotle wondered about many things, including
drama. He came to the conclusion that there
were 6 elements of drama. They are: plot,
character, thought, diction, melody, and
spectacle.
1. Plot (“Mythos”)
When we think of a movie or play, the first thing
we probably think of is the plot. The plot is the
progression of events from A to Z, from
beginning to end. Our knowledge of the
situation grows as the story goes on, even if it’s
being told in a non-chronological order.
Aristotle explains that plot shows a “reversal of
fortune” – in other words, the situation in a play
or film may start out good and become bad or
start out bad and become good ( ex. romantic
comedies, or any story with a happy ending).
2. Character (“Ethos”)
strikes the proper balance between poetic and
prosaic (regular) diction.
5. Melody (“Melos”)
Melody refers to music and how it’s
implemented in the story. Of course, back in
ancient Greek plays, there was a chorus that
would comment on the events and – at certain
moments – dance and sing.
Melody also refers to the natural flow of events.
Like a piece of music, plot has a certain flow
that has to feel natural in order to “function”
properly.
6. Spectacle (“Opsis”)
Spectacle refers to what a film or play looks like.
In a play, fancy costumes and meticulously-
designed set pieces help the audience become
more invested in the narrative.

For Aristotle, the characters in a drama are

secondary to the plot. Characters are mainly
representative of certain morals or qualities and
how those morals or qualities affect the outcome
of the plot.

3. Thought (“Dianoia”)

The thought of a drama is its theme.

There may literally be a specific thought

(recognition or realization) that prompted an
author to create the work, something that’s then
woven throughout the story.

4. Diction (“Lexis”)

By diction, Aristotle meant the language through

which the story is presented. Information can be
presented verbally (whether that’s through